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Shao L, Yan P, Ye S, Bai H, Zhang R, Shi G, Hu Y, Pang D, Niu X, Ni X. Soil organic matter and water content affect the community characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Helan mountain, an arid desert grassland area in China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377763. [PMID: 38962139 PMCID: PMC11220269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are vital in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the community structure characteristics and influencing factors of AMF in the forest ecosystems of arid desert grassland areas require further investigation. Methods Therefore, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the soil AMF community characteristics at different elevations in the Helan mountains. Results The results revealed that significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the soil physicochemical properties among different elevations, and these properties exhibited distinct trends with increasing elevation. Through high-throughput sequencing, we identified 986 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 1 phylum, 4 classes, 6 orders, 12 families, 14 genera, and 114 species. The dominant genus was Glomus. Furthermore, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the α-diversity of the soil AMF community across different elevations. Person correlation analysis, redundancy analysis (RDA), and Monte Carlo tests demonstrated significant correlations between the diversity and abundance of AMF communities with soil organic matter (OM) (P < 0.01) and soil water content (WC) (P < 0.05). Discussion This study provides insights into the structural characteristics of soil AMF communities at various altitudes on the eastern slope of Helan mountain and their relationships with soil physicochemical properties. The findings contribute to our understanding of the distribution pattern of soil AMF and its associations with environmental factors in the Helan mountains, as well as the stability of forest ecosystems in arid desert grassland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shao
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peixuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Ye
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangyao Shi
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Danbo Pang
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiang Niu
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xilu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yinchuan, China
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Zhang M, Shi Z, Wang F. Co-occurring tree species drive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in tropical forest. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:917-928. [PMID: 37923942 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
It is still uncertain whether environment or host plant species is more important in determining AMF diversity; although, plant roots are usually associated with abundant AMF species in different environments. This study explored the effect of plant species and environmental factors on AMF diversity based on three co-occurring tree species (Glochidion coccineum, Schefflera octophylla, and Schima superba) on six elevations of Mt. Jianfengling. A total of 185 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) of AMF were found in the three co-occurring dominant tree species. Of which 109 unique OTUs were identified in the three co-occurring plant species, which accounted for the total number of 58.92%. Forty-five OTUs were shared by the three co-occurring tree species, accounting for a total number of 24.32%. The plant species of Schefflera octophylla was identified as having the highest AMF diversity with the largest number of OTUs of 143. The fungi in the genus of Glomus were the dominant AMF species in the three co-occurring tree species. AMF communities and diversity are quite different, either within different plant species at the same elevation or within the same plant species at different elevations. However, the altitude had no significant effect on the ACE index. Therefore, the results suggest that plant species have a more important effect on AMF diversity and community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhaoyong Shi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China.
| | - Fayuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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3
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Liu W, Guo S, Zhang H, Chen Y, Shao Y, Yuan Z. Effect of Altitude Gradients on the Spatial Distribution Mechanism of Soil Bacteria in Temperate Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forests. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1034. [PMID: 38930416 PMCID: PMC11206066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil bacteria are an important part of the forest ecosystem, and they play a crucial role in driving energy flow and material circulation. Currently, many uncertainties remain about how the composition and distribution patterns of bacterial communities change along altitude gradients, especially in forest ecosystems with strong altitude gradients in climate, vegetation, and soil properties. Based on dynamic site monitoring of the Baiyun Mountain Forest National Park (33°38'-33°42' N, 111°47'-111°51' E), this study used Illumina technology to sequence 120 soil samples at the site and explored the spatial distribution mechanisms and ecological processes of soil bacteria under different altitude gradients. Our results showed that the composition of soil bacterial communities varied significantly between different altitude gradients, affecting soil bacterial community building by influencing the balance between deterministic and stochastic processes; in addition, bacterial communities exhibited broader ecological niche widths and a greater degree of stochasticity under low-altitude conditions, implying that, at lower altitudes, community assembly is predominantly influenced by stochastic processes. Light was the dominant environmental factor that influenced variation in the entire bacterial community as well as other taxa across different altitude gradients. Moreover, changes in the altitude gradient could cause significant differences in the diversity and community composition of bacterial taxa. Our study revealed significant differences in bacterial community composition in the soil under different altitude gradients. The bacterial communities at low elevation gradients were mainly controlled by stochasticity processes, and bacterial community assembly was strongly influenced by deterministic processes at middle altitudes. Furthermore, light was an important environmental factor that affects differences. This study revealed that the change of altitude gradient had an important effect on the development of the soil bacterial community and provided a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and management of soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yizhen Shao
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (S.G.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhiliang Yuan
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (S.G.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Chamard J, Faticov M, Blanchet FG, Chagnon PL, Laforest-Lapointe I. Interplay of biotic and abiotic factors shapes tree seedling growth and root-associated microbial communities. Commun Biol 2024; 7:360. [PMID: 38519711 PMCID: PMC10960049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Root-associated microbes can alleviate plant abiotic stresses, thus potentially supporting adaptation to a changing climate or to novel environments during range expansion. While climate change is extending plant species fundamental niches northward, the distribution and colonization of mutualists (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and pathogens may constrain plant growth and regeneration. Yet, the degree to which biotic and abiotic factors impact plant performance and associated microbial communities at the edge of their distribution remains unclear. Here, we use root microscopy, coupled with amplicon sequencing, to study bacterial, fungal, and mycorrhizal root-associated microbial communities from sugar maple seedlings distributed across two temperate-to-boreal elevational gradients in southern Québec, Canada. Our findings demonstrate that soil pH, soil Ca, and distance to sugar maple trees are key drivers of root-associated microbial communities, overshadowing the influence of elevation. Interestingly, changes in root fungal community composition mediate an indirect effect of soil pH on seedling growth, a pattern consistent at both sites. Overall, our findings highlight a complex role of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping tree-microbe interactions, which are in turn correlated with seedling growth. These findings have important ramifications for tree range expansion in response to shifting climatic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Chamard
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre Sève, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Faticov
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Centre Sève, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de mathématiques, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Chagnon
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Centre Sève, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Yang Y, Qiu K, Xie Y, Li X, Zhang S, Liu W, Huang Y, Cui L, Wang S, Bao P. Geographical, climatic, and soil factors control the altitudinal pattern of rhizosphere microbial diversity and its driving effect on root zone soil multifunctionality in mountain ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166932. [PMID: 37690759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in rhizosphere soil microorganisms of dominant plants' response to climate change profoundly impact mountain soil ecosystem multifunctionality; relatively little is known about the relationship between them and how they depend on long-term environmental drivers. Here, we conducted analyses of rhizosphere microbial altitudinal pattern, community assembly, and co-occurrence network of 6 dominant plants in six typical vegetation zones ranging from 1350 to 2900 m (a.s.l.) in Helan Mountains by absolute quantitative sequencing technology, and finally related the microbiomes to root zone soil multifunctionality ('soil multifunctionality' hereafter), the environmental dependence of the relationship was explored. It was found that the altitudinal pattern of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal diversities differed significantly. Higher co-occurrence and more potential interactions of Stipa breviflora and Carex coninux were found at the lowest and highest altitudes. Bacterial α diversity, the identity of some dominant bacterial and fungal taxa, had significant positive or negative effects on soil multifunctionality. The effect sizes of positive effects of microbial diversity on soil multifunctionality were greater than those of negative effects. These results indicated that the balance of positive and negative effects of microbes determines the impact of microbial diversity on soil multifunctionality. As the number of microbes at the phylum level increases, there will be a net gain in soil multifunctionality. Our study reveals that geographical and climatic factors can directly or modulate the effects of soil properties on rhizosphere microbial diversity, thereby affecting the driving effect of microbial diversity on soil multifunctionality, and points to the rhizosphere bacterial diversity rather than the fungi being strongly associated with soil multifunctionality. This work has important ecological implications for predicting how multiple environment-plant-soil-microorganisms interactions in mountain ecosystems will respond to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kaiyang Qiu
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Yingzhong Xie
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaocong Li
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wangsuo Liu
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yeyun Huang
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Luyao Cui
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pingan Bao
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Wang S, Zhou T, Zhao H, Zhang K, Cui J. Temporal and spatial changes in rhizosphere bacterial diversity of mountain Rhododendron mucronulatum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1201274. [PMID: 37415822 PMCID: PMC10321304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To better conserve the ecology of the wild Rhododendron mucronulatum range, we studied the rhizosphere microenvironment of R. mucronulatum in Beijing's Yunmeng Mountain National Forest Park. R. mucronulatum rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities changed significantly with temporal and elevational gradients. The correlations between soil water content (SWC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content (OM), total nitrogen content (TN), catalase activity (CAT), sucrose-converting enzyme activity (INV), and urease activity (URE) were significant and positive in the flowering and deciduous periods. The alpha diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community was significantly higher in the flowering period than in the deciduous period, and the effect of elevation was insignificant. The diversity of the R. mucronulatum rhizosphere bacterial community changed significantly with the change in the growing period. A network analysis of the correlations revealed stronger linkages between the rhizosphere bacterial communities in the deciduous period than in the flowering period. Rhizomicrobium was the dominant genus in both periods, but its relative abundance decreased in the deciduous period. Changes in the relative abundance of Rhizomicrobium may be the main factor influencing the changes in the R. mucronulatum rhizosphere bacterial community. Moreover, the R. mucronulatum rhizosphere bacterial community and soil characteristics were significantly correlated. Additionally, the influence of soil physicochemical properties on the rhizosphere bacterial community was larger than that of enzyme activity on the bacterial community. We mainly analyzed the change patterns in the rhizosphere soil properties and rhizosphere bacterial diversity of R. mucronulatum during temporal and spatial variation, laying the foundation for further understanding of the ecology of wild R. mucronulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hewen Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinteng Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Ancient Tree Health and Culture Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Zakavi M, Askari H, Shahrooei M. Bacterial diversity changes in response to an altitudinal gradient in arid and semi-arid regions and their effects on crops growth. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984925. [PMID: 36312986 PMCID: PMC9614161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of soil has a fundamental role in maintaining the health of soil and plants. While the diversity of microbes is one of the most important factors in the environment, little is known about the effects of elevation on the microbiome and the impact of the affected microbiome on plants. The main goal of this study is to expand our knowledge of what happens to the soil bacterial community along an altitudinal gradient and investigate their possibly different impacts on plant growth. Bacteria from soils at various altitudes have been isolated, characterized, and identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to determine the effects of an elevational gradient on the microbiome and plant growth. Furthermore, their effects have been investigated by isolates assessment on maize, wheat, and canola. Based on our results, higher altitude results in a higher diversity of the microbiome and lower bacteria biomass. Bacillus cereus is found in abundance in arid and semi-arid samples. Interestingly, enhanced diversity in higher altitudes shows similarity in response to environmental stress and tolerates these factors well. Furthermore, the inoculation of these bacteria could enhance the overall growth of plants. We prove that bacterial communities could change their biomass and diversity in response to altitude changes. These indicate evolutionary pressure as these bacteria could tolerate stress factors well and have a better relationship with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zakavi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Distinct Elevational Patterns and Their Linkages of Soil Bacteria and Plant Community in An Alpine Meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051049. [PMID: 35630491 PMCID: PMC9143282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbes play important roles in determining plant community composition and terrestrial ecosystem functions, as well as the direction and extent of terrestrial ecosystem feedback to environmental changes. Understanding the distribution patterns of plant and soil microbiota along elevation gradients is necessary to shed light on important ecosystem functions. In this study, soil bacteria along an elevation gradient in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau were investigated using Illumina sequencing and GeoChip technologies. The community structure of the soil bacteria and plants presented a continuous trend along the elevation gradient, and their alpha diversity displayed different distribution patterns; however, there were no linkages between them. Beta diversity of the soil bacteria and plants was significantly influenced by elevational distance changes (p < 0.05). Functional gene categories involved in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling had faster changes than those involved in carbon degradation, and functional genes involved in labile carbon degradation also had faster variations than those involved in recalcitrant carbon degradation with elevational changes. According to Pearson’s correlation, partial Mantel test analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis, soil pH and mean annual precipitation were important environmental variables in influencing soil bacterial diversity. Soil bacterial diversity and plant diversity had different distribution patterns along the elevation gradient.
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9
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Wang Y, Zhang G, Huang Y, Guo M, Song J, Zhang T, Long Y, Wang B, Liu H. A Potential Biofertilizer—Siderophilic Bacteria Isolated From the Rhizosphere of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870413. [PMID: 35615507 PMCID: PMC9125218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demands for crop production have become a great challenge while people also realizing the significance of reductions in synthetic chemical fertilizer use. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are proven biofertilizers for increasing crop yields by promoting plant growth via various direct or indirect mechanisms. Siderophilic bacteria, as an important type of PGPR, can secrete siderophores to chelate unusable Fe3+ in the soil for plant growth. Siderophilic bacteria have been shown to play vital roles in preventing diseases and enhancing the growth of plants. Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPVY) is an important traditional Chinese herb. However, reports about its siderophilic bacteria are still rare. This study firstly isolated siderophilic bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of PPVY, identified by morphological and physio-biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The dominant genus in the rhizobacteria of PPVY was Bacillus. Among 22 isolates, 21 isolates produced siderophores. The relative amount of siderophores ranged from 4 to 41%. Most of the isolates produced hydroxamate siderophores and some produced catechol. Four isolates belonging to Enterobacter produced the catechol type, and none of them produced carboxylate siderophores. Intriguingly, 16 strains could produce substances that have inhibitory activity against Candida albicans only in an iron-limited medium (SA medium). The effects of different concentrations of Fe3+ and three types of synthetic chemical fertilizers on AS19 growth, siderophore production, and swimming motility were first evaluated from multiple aspects. The study also found that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) with high siderophore units (SUs) of AS19 strain could significantly promote the germination of pepper and maize seeds and the development of the shoots and leaves of Gynura divaricata (Linn.). The bacterial solution of AS19 strain could significantly promote the elongation of the roots of G. divaricata (Linn.). Due to its combined traits promoting plant growth and seed germination, the AS19 has the potential to become a bioinoculant. This study will broaden the application prospects of the siderophilic bacteria-AS19 as biofertilizers for future sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gongyou Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Juhui Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaohang Long
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Wang,
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Hongmei Liu,
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Zuo YW, Zhang JH, Ning DH, Zeng YL, Li WQ, Xia CY, Zhang H, Deng HP. Comparative Analyses of Rhizosphere Bacteria Along an Elevational Gradient of Thuja sutchuenensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881921. [PMID: 35591985 PMCID: PMC9111514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thuja sutchuenensis Franch. is an endangered species in southwestern China, primarily distributed in 800-2,100 m of inaccessible mountainous areas. Rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities play an essential role in managing plant growth and survival. Nonetheless, the study investigating rhizosphere soil properties and bacterial communities of T. sutchuenensis is limited. The present study investigated soil properties, including soil pH, organic matter, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, and bacterial communities in nearly all extant T. sutchuenensis populations at five elevational gradients. Our results demonstrated that the increase in elevation decreased rhizosphere and bulk soil phosphorus content but increased potassium content. In addition, the elevational gradient was the dominant driver for the community composition differentiation of soil bacterial community. Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla distributed in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Co-occurrence network analysis identified key genera, including Bradyrhizobium, Acidicapsa, Catenulispora, and Singulisphaera, that displayed densely connected interactions with many genera in the rhizosphere soil. The dominant KEGG functional pathways of the rhizosphere bacteria included ABC transporters, butanoate metabolism, and methane metabolism. Further correlation analysis found that soil phosphorus and potassium were the dominant drivers for the diversity of soil bacteria, which were distinctively contributed to the phylum of Planctomycetes and the genera of Blastopirellula, Planctomycetes, and Singulisphaera. Collectively, this comprehensive study generated multi-dimensional perspectives for understanding the soil bacterial community structures of T. sutchuenensis, and provided valuable findings for species conservation at large-scale views.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-wei Zuo
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-hui Zhang
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deng-hao Ning
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-lian Zeng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-qiao Li
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-ying Xia
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-ping Deng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Low Carbon and Ecological Environment Protection Research Center, Chongqing, China
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11
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Díaz-Cruz GA, Cassone BJ. Changes in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean in the presence of pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:fiac022. [PMID: 35195242 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is host to an array of foliar- and root-infecting pathogens that can cause significant yield losses. To provide insights into the roles of microorganisms in disease development, we evaluated the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the soybean rhizosphere and phyllosphere. For this, leaf and soil samples of healthy, Phytophthora sojae-infected and Septoria glycines-infected plants were sampled at three stages during the production cycle, and then subjected to 16S and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing. The results indicated that biotic stresses did not have a significant impact on species richness and evenness regardless of growth stage. However, the structure and composition of soybean microbial communities were dramatically altered by biotic stresses, particularly for the fungal phyllosphere. Additionally, we cataloged a variety of microbial genera that were altered by biotic stresses and their associations with other genera, which could serve as biological indicators for disease development. In terms of soybean development, the rhizosphere and phyllosphere had distinct microbial communities, with the fungal phyllosphere most influenced by growth stage. Overall, this study characterized the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean, and described the impact of pathogen infection and plant development in shaping these bacterial and fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, Canada
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Wang P, Dai J, Luo L, Liu Y, Jin D, Zhang Z, Li X, Fu W, Tang T, Xiao Y, Hu Y, Liu E. Scale-Dependent Effects of Growth Stage and Elevational Gradient on Rice Phyllosphere Bacterial and Fungal Microbial Patterns in the Terrace Field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:766128. [PMID: 35095946 PMCID: PMC8794795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The variation of phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities along elevation gradients may provide a potential link with temperature, which corresponds to an elevation over short geographic distances. At the same time, the plant growth stage is also an important factor affecting phyllosphere microorganisms. Understanding microbiological diversity over changes in elevation and among plant growth stages is important for developing crop growth ecological theories. Thus, we investigated variations in the composition of the rice phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities at five sites along an elevation gradient from 580 to 980 m above sea level (asl) in the Ziquejie Mountain at the seedling, heading, and mature stages, using high-throughput Illumina sequencing methods. The results revealed that the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, and the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which varied significantly at different elevation sites and growth stages. Elevation had a greater effect on the α diversity of phyllosphere bacteria than on that phyllosphere fungi. Meanwhile, the growth stage had a great effect on the α diversity of both phyllosphere bacteria and fungi. Our results also showed that the composition of bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly along elevation within the different growth stages, in terms of both changes in the relative abundance of species, and that the variations in bacterial and fungal composition were well correlated with variations in the average elevation. A total of 18 bacterial and 24 fungal genera were significantly correlated with elevational gradient, displaying large differences at the various growth stages. Soluble protein (SP) shared a strong positive correlation with bacterial and fungal communities (p < 0.05) and had a strong significant negative correlation with Serratia, Passalora, unclassified_Trichosphaeriales, and antioxidant enzymes (R > 0.5, p < 0.05), and significant positive correlation with the fungal genera Xylaria, Gibberella, and Penicillium (R > 0.5, p < 0.05). Therefore, it suggests that elevation and growth stage might alter both the diversity and abundance of phyllosphere bacterial and fungal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Luyun Luo
- Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Decai Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Youlun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Chai Y, Xie H, Mi N, Li X, Jin Z, Gai J. Elevational distribution and occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in non-host Carex capillacea. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:713-722. [PMID: 34668080 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and community composition in non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, especially along elevational gradients. This study explores this question using a NM plant, Carex capillacea, at Mount Segrila, Tibet. Here, C. capillacea, its rhizosphere soil, and the neighboring mycotrophic plant Poa annua were sampled at four elevations to evaluate and compare their AM fungi colonization and communities. The results showed that AM fungal colonization density of C. capillacea was negatively correlated with elevation and biomass of total NM plants per quadrat. AM fungal diversity and community composition between C. capillacea and P. annua showed a similar pattern. In addition, elevation and soil did not significantly influence the AM community in C. capillacea, while they were important abiotic factors for assemblages in rhizosphere soil and P. annua. These findings support that a broad array of AM fungi colonize the root of C. capillacea, and a mycelial network from a co-occurring host plant might shape the AM fungal communities in C. capillacea along the elevation gradient. The co-occurrence patterns of AM fungi associated with non-mycotrophic species and adjacent mycotrophic species have important implications for understanding AM fungal distribution patterns and plant-AM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yabo Chai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hanjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nana Mi
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhibo Jin
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi Province, 533000, China.
| | - Jingping Gai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi Province, 533000, China.
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Rasool A, Imran Mir M, Zulfajri M, Hanafiah MM, Azeem Unnisa S, Mahboob M. Plant growth promoting and antifungal asset of indigenous rhizobacteria secluded from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) rhizosphere. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104734. [PMID: 33429050 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an important plant in medicine. The Kashmir Valley (J&K, India) is one of the world's largest and finest saffron producing regions. However, over the past decade, there has been a strong declining trend in saffron production in this area. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are free living soil bacteria that have ability to colonize the surfaces of the roots and ability to boost plant growth and development either directly or indirectly. Using the efficient PGPR as a bio-inoculant is another sustainable agricultural practice to improve soil health, grain yield quality, and biodiversity conservation. In the present study, a total of 13 bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil of saffron during the flowering stage of the tubers and were evaluated for various plant growth promoting characteristics under in vitro conditions such as the solubilization of phosphate, production of indole acetic acid, siderophore, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonia production and antagonism by dual culture test against Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum. All the isolates were further tested for the production of hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase, and chitinase. The maximum proportions of bacterial isolates were gram-negative bacilli. About 77% of the bacterial isolates showed IAA production, 46% exhibited phosphate solubilization, 46% siderophore, 61% HCN, 100% ammonia production, 69% isolates showed protease activity, 62% lipase, 46% amylase, 85% cellulase, and 39% showed chitinase activity. Three isolates viz., AIS-3, AIS-8 and AIS-10 were found to have the most plant growth properties and effectively control the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum. The bacterial isolates were identified as Brevibacterium frigoritolerans (AIS-3), Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Phenolicus (AIS-8) and Bacillus aryabhattai (AIS-10) respectively by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Therefore, these isolated rhizobacterial strains could be a promising source of plant growth stimulants to increase cormlets growth and increase saffron production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Rasool
- Department of Environmental Science, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India; Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India.
| | - Mohammad Imran Mir
- Department of Botany, Osmania University, UCS, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Muhammad Zulfajri
- Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia
| | - Marlia Mohd Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia; Center for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Syeda Azeem Unnisa
- Department of Environmental Science, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Mohammed Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India
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