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Nguyen PT, Nguyen-Thi TU, Nguyen HT, Pham MN, Nguyen TT. Halophilic lactic acid bacteria - Play a vital role in the fermented food industry. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:305-321. [PMID: 38372951 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Halophilic lactic acid bacteria have been widely found in various high-salt fermented foods. The distribution of these species in salt-fermented foods contributes significantly to the development of the product's flavor. Besides, these bacteria also have the ability to biosynthesize bioactive components which potentially apply to different areas. In this review, insights into the metabolic properties, salt stress responses, and potential applications of these bacteria have been have been elucidated. The purpose of this review highlights the important role of halophilic lactic acid bacteria in improving the quality and safety of salt-fermented products and explores the potential application of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu-Tho Nguyen
- An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh-Nhut Pham
- Hutech Institute of Applied Science, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Tho Nguyen
- Hutech Institute of Applied Science, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Wu Z, Chao J, Tang H, Liu T, Jiang L, Liu Y. Characterization of key aroma-active compounds in different types of Douchi based on molecular sensory science approaches. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101170. [PMID: 38357375 PMCID: PMC10865218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To attain the differences in the flavor profile of Douchi, the key aroma-active compounds of three types of Douchi were investigated. The "Sauce-like", "Smoky", "Nutty", "Roast", "Caramel", and "Flower" of Douchi were favored by customers. Further, a total of 179 volatile compounds were identified using HS-SPME-GC-MS, and 29 aroma compounds were detected using GC-O-MS. Based on the quantification, 9, 13, and 10 compounds were regarded as aroma-active compounds in Yangjiang Douchi (YJ), Pingjiang Douchi (PJ), and Liuyang Douchi (LY), respectively. Moreover, the mixture of these aroma-active compounds successfully simulated the main aromas of PJ, LY, and YJ. And omission experiments confirmed that guaiacol was the key aroma compound for LY, benzene acetaldehyde, dimethyl trisulfide, and 2-acetyl pyrrole were important for YJ, benzene acetaldehyde and 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine notably contributed to key aroma of PJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jin Chao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Tea Group Corporation Limited, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Guangdong, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512005, China
| | - Tengxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Guangdong, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512005, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
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Liu H, Chen X, Lu J, Wu D. Evaluation of the differences between low-salt solid-state fermented soy sauce and high-salt diluted-state fermented soy sauce in China: from taste-active compounds and aroma-active compounds to sensory characteristics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:340-351. [PMID: 37574531 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to determine the components related to sensory properties in soy sauce and to characterize the differences between low-salt solid-state fermented soy sauce (LSFSS) and high-salt diluted-state fermented soy sauce (HDFSS). The taste and aroma active components of 18 commercially available soy sauces (eight types of LSFSS and 10 types of HDFSS) were characterized. The relationship between these compounds, soy sauce samples, and sensory properties was modeled by partial least squares regression. RESULTS The analysis showed that the 11 taste-active components, including glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, threonine, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, reducing sugar and salt, contributed greatly to the taste of soy sauce. In addition, umami, saltiness and sweetness are the characteristic tastes of HDFSS, whereas sourness and bitterness were the characteristic tastes of LSFSS. At the same time, seven aroma-active compounds, namely 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, 2-phenethyl alcohol, 3-methyl thiopropanol and 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylfuran-3-one, played a decisive role in the flavor of soy sauce. In addition, HDFSS presented the aroma attributes of smoky, alcoholic, floral, fruity and caramel-like, whereas LSFSS mainly presented sour and malty aroma attributes. CONCLUSION The present study reveals new insight into the relationship between the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of soy sauce, which is of great significance for developing an objective measurement system and providing a theoretical basis to improve the sensory quality of soy sauce. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Food Biotechnology Research Institute of Jiangnan University (Rugao), Rugao, China
| | - Xingguang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Food Biotechnology Research Institute of Jiangnan University (Rugao), Rugao, China
| | - Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Wang R, Liang M, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Liu Y. Comparison of Flavor Profile Relationship of Soy Sauce under Different Storage Conditions. Foods 2023; 12:2707. [PMID: 37509799 PMCID: PMC10378946 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the relation of flavor in soy sauce (SS) kept at room temperature (SSAT) and SS kept under accelerated aging condition (SSAA), four analytical instruments, including electronic nose (E-nose), electronic tongue (E-tongue), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactory combined with solvent assisted flavor evaporation, and amino acid analyzer, were applied for analyzing the overall flavor profiles and flavor constituents in SSAT and SSAA. The results of E-nose and E-tongue showed overall flavor profile in SSAT for 3 weeks was similar to that of SSAA for 1 week, and 6 weeks (SSAT) was similar to 2 weeks (SSAA). In SS, a total of 35 odor-active compounds were identified and quantitated, and 22 compounds with odor activity value ≥1 were determined as key odorants. The compounds with the highest concentration were 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (28,756 μg/mL), followed by acetic acid (8838 μg/mL) and maltol (7984 μg/mL). The heatmap and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the concentrations of key odorants and amino acids in SSAT for 3 weeks was close to those of SSAA for 1 week, and 6 weeks (SSAT) was similar to 2 weeks (SSAA). Based on the results obtained above, it was concluded that the flavor changes in SSAA for 1 week were equivalent to those in SSAT for 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Miao Liang
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yajian Wu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Zhou T, Ma Y, Jiang W, Fu B, Xu X. Selection of a Fermentation Strategy for the Preparation of Clam Sauce with Acceptable Flavor Perception. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101983. [PMID: 37238802 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavor, which mainly depends on volatile compounds, is an important index for evaluating the quality of clam sauce. This study investigated the volatile compounds in clam sauce prepared using four different methods and the influence of aroma characteristics. Fermenting a mixture of soybean koji and clam meat improved the flavor of the final product. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 64 volatile compounds. Nine key flavor compounds, namely, 3-methylthio-1-propanol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-octen-3-ol, α-methylene phenylacetaldehyde, phenyl-oxirane, 3-phenylfuran, phenylacetaldehyde, and 3-octenone, were selected using variable importance in projection (VIP). The results of the electronic nose and tongue detection of the aroma characteristics of the samples prepared by four different fermentation methods were consistent with those of GC-MS analysis. The clam sauce prepared by mixing soybean koji with fresh clam meat possessed better flavor and quality than that prepared via other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yunjiao Ma
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Baoshang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xianbing Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Effects of Novel Preparation Technology on Flavor of Vegetable-Soy Sauce Compound Condiment. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061263. [PMID: 36981189 PMCID: PMC10048277 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetables contain important bioactive substances which have unique tastes and aromas and provide beneficial effects to human health. In this study, multiflavor blended soy sauce was prepared with the juice of eight kinds of vegetables, dried shrimp boiled stock, and six kinds of commercial soy sauce as raw materials, and thermal ultrasound was used as the sterilization method. The effects of adding different formulas of vegetable and seafood stock on the basic physical and chemical parameters, nutrition, antioxidant activity, flavor, and taste of soy sauce were investigated. The results showed that the basic physicochemical indices such as pH, total acid, color, soluble solids, and amino acid nitrogen of the product with a ratio of soy sauce to vegetable-seafood stock of 1:0.5 (v/v) could meet the production standards of soy sauce, and its flavor, taste, and sensory scores were relatively good, with the highest likeability (overall acceptability). The mixed soy sauce with a ratio of 1:2 (v/v) had higher vegetable and seafood flavors, and different vegetable flavors (celery, carrot, and onion) were more obvious, but its nutritional index was relatively low. Multiflavor vegetable-soy sauce can be used for quick cooking by chefs of catering enterprises, and may be used as a seasoning bag for prefabricated dishes and convenient foods, attracting increasing attention from manufacturers and consumers.
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Zhao S, Niu C, Wang Y, Li X, Zheng F, Liu C, Wang J, Li Q. Revealing the contributions of sunlight-expose process and core-microbiota metabolism on improving the flavor profile during Doubanjiang fermentation. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Chong SY, Ilham Z, Samsudin NIP, Soumaya S, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI. Microbial consortia and up-to-date technologies in global soy sauce production: A review. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023; 30:1-24. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.30.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Soy sauce is an Oriental fermented condiment, and key ingredient in many Asian cuisines. As consumers around the world are becoming more adventurous with their eating choices and preferences, the demand for and popularity of Asian cuisines are increasing globally. The underlying basis of soy sauce fermentation is intricate microbial interactions which play a vital role in defining the quality, flavour, and smell of the resulting soy sauce. Traditional soy sauce fermentation consists of a two-step process: koji and moromi fermentation. Despite the presence of beneficial microorganisms in soy sauce, various harmful microorganisms can also be found during the koji or moromi step, thus resulting in soy sauce contamination. Therefore, studying the biodiversity and interactions of microorganisms is critical in ensuring soy sauce quality. The present review thus discusses in depth the various bacterial and fungal species that are either beneficial or harmful to soy sauce fermentation. The present review also discusses the advances in soy sauce fermentation such as the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in soy sauce by microorganisms, the enhancement of soy sauce flavour by mixed starter culture, and by genome shuffling starter culture.
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Chen S, Zhang F, Ananta E, Muller JA, Liang Y, Lee YK, Liu S. Inoculation of Latilactobacillus sakei with Pichia kluyveri or Saccharomyces boulardii improves flavor compound profiles of salt-free fermented wheat-gluten: Effects from single strain inoculation. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100492. [PMID: 37033740 PMCID: PMC10074509 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat-gluten, the protein-rich portion of wheat, can be processed to produce a highly savory sauce product after solid and liquid-state fermentation (SSF and LSF) with the inoculation of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast under salt-free condition. However, limited research has been done on the impact of different types of microbes in this process. This work studied the flavour impact on fermented wheat-gluten by the single inoculation of Latilactobacillus sakei or one yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii or Pichia kluyveri). Glucose was depleted during LSF in all treatments. Lactic acid production increased over time in L. sakei-fermented samples but not in yeast-fermented samples. Cysteine, serine and arginine remained low over LSF in L. sakei-fermented samples but increased in yeast-fermented samples. More fruity esters such as isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate were detected in samples fermented by P. kluyveri, while S. boulardii boosted the production of alcohols such as 3-methyl butanol and 2-phenylethyl alcohol. Principal component analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile profiles of the samples fermented with different strains. Therefore, the fermented sauce can potentially be processed into different flavor directions, and based on the flavor profile, be used in different food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore
- Nestlé Research and Development Center Singapore, 29 Quality Road, 618802, Singapore
| | - Fanxin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore
| | - Edwin Ananta
- Nestlé Research Center, Rte du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Youyun Liang
- Nestlé Research and Development Center Singapore, 29 Quality Road, 618802, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yuan Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
| | - Shaoquan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore.
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Wang J, Lu R, Li Y, Lu J, Liang Q, Zheng Z, Huang H, Deng F, Huang H, Jiang H, Hu J, Feng M, Xiao P, Yang X, Liang X, Zeng J. Dietary supplementation with jasmine flower residue improves meat quality and flavor of goat. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1145841. [PMID: 37063323 PMCID: PMC10100067 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1145841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmine flower residue (JFR) is a by-product retained in the production process of jasmine tea and can be used as an unconventional feed due to its rich nutrient value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of JFR to the diet of goats on their meat quality and flavor. Twenty-four castrated Nubian male goats were randomly divided into two groups and fed a mixed diet containing 10% JFR (JFR, n = 12) or a conventional diet (CON, n = 12) for 45 days. Meat quality and flavor were measured at the end of the treatment. The addition of JFR to the diet could reduce the shear force of the longissimus dorsi muscle, as well as, the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fibers, indicating that the addition of JFR improved meat quality. JFR also increased the content of glutamic acid and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18:3n3 and C20:5N3) and reduced the content of C24:1 and saturated fatty acid (C20:0 and C22:0). In addition, the use of JFR increased the content of acetaldehyde and hexanal in the meat. Furthermore, JFR introduced new volatile components in the meat. The umami, saltiness, and richness of the meat also improved. In conclusion, the addition of jasmine flower residue to the diet can improve the meat quality and flavor of goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Renhong Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yehong Li
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Junzhi Lu
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zihua Zheng
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- Guangxi Nongken Yongxin Animal Husbandry Group Nasuo Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Huali Huang
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaogan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zeng,
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Liu Z, Wu Y, Zhang L, Tong S, Jin J, Gong X, Zhong J. rocF affects the production of tetramethylpyrazine in fermented soybeans with Bacillus subtilis BJ3-2. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:18. [PMID: 35787694 PMCID: PMC9254598 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is a flavoring additive that significantly contributes to the formation of flavor compounds in soybean-based fermented foods. Over recent years, the application of TTMP in the food industry and medicine has been widely investigated. In addition, several methods for the industrial-scale production of TTMP, including chemical and biological synthesis, have been proposed. However, there have been few reports on the synthesis of TTMP through amino acid metabolic flux. In this study, we investigated genetic alterations of arginine metabolic flux in solid-state fermentation (SSF) of soybeans with Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) BJ3-2 to enhance the TTMP yield. RESULTS SSF of soybeans with BJ3-2 exhibited a strong Chi-flavour (a special flavour of ammonia-containing smelly distinct from natto) at 37 °C and a prominent soy sauce-like aroma at 45 °C. Transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR verification showed that the rocF gene was highly expressed at 45 °C but not at 37 °C. Moreover, the fermented soybeans with BJ3-2ΔrocF (a rocF knockout strain in B. subtilis BJ3-2 were obtained by homologous recombination) at 45 °C for 72 h displayed a lighter color and a slightly decreased pH, while exhibiting a higher arginine content (increased by 14%) than that of BJ3-2. However, the ammonia content of fermented soybeans with BJ3-2ΔrocF was 43% lower than that of BJ3-2. Inversely, the NH4+ content in fermented soybeans with BJ3-2ΔrocF was increased by 28% (0.410 mg/kg). Notably, the TTMP content in fermented soybeans with BJ3-2ΔrocF and BJ3-2ΔrocF + Arg (treated with 0.05% arginine) were significantly increased by 8.6% (0.4617 mg/g) and 18.58% (0.504 mg/g) respectively than that of the BJ3-2. CONCLUSION The present study provides valuable information for understanding the underlying mechanism during the TTMP formation process through arginine metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuoqiu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineeringering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
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Sensory Characteristics of Two Kinds of Alcoholic Beverages Produced with Spent Coffee Grounds Extract Based on Electronic Senses and HS-SPME-GC-MS Analyses. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the hydrothermal extract of spent coffee grounds (SCG) was used to make alcoholic beverages with commercial S. cerevisiae strain D254. The sensory characteristics of the SCG alcoholic beverages were analyzed using sensory description, electronic nose, electronic tongue, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggested that the supplement of 0.20% (NH4)2HPO4 was effective at improving growth and alcohol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D254 in SCG extract. SCG fermented beverages (SFB) and SCG distilled spirits (SDS) produced at the optimized fermentation conditions had appropriate physicochemical properties and different sensory characteristics. Fermentation aromas, especially esters, were produced in SFB, increasing the complexity of aroma and lowing the irritating aroma. The combination of original and fermentation components might balance the outstanding sourness, astringency, and saltiness tastes of SFB. The fermentation aroma was partially lost and the sourness, bitterness, astringency, and saltiness tastes were relieved in distillation, leading to the relatively more prominent aroma typicality of coffee and a soft taste. These findings lay a foundation for producing new high-quality coffee-flavored alcoholic beverages or flavoring liquors.
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Yan Y, Chen S, Nie Y, Xu Y. Quantitative Analysis of Pyrazines and Their Perceptual Interactions in Soy Sauce Aroma Type Baijiu. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020441. [PMID: 33671408 PMCID: PMC7922815 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazines are important compounds in soy sauce aroma type Baijiu (SSAB). In this work, a total of 16 pyrazines were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) in SSAB. The quantitative results showed that 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine were the three most concentrated pyrazines. The highest odor activity value (OAV) was determined for 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine. Quantitative analysis combined with descriptive sensory analysis revealed that sub-threshold pyrazines (2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine) are significantly correlated with the roasted aroma in SSAB. Our study focused on the impact of sub-threshold pyrazines on the perception of roasted aroma in SSAB. The effect of the sub-threshold pyrazines was detected by the addition of various pyrazines in SSAB samples, despite their sub-threshold concentrations. Furthermore, the presence of sub-threshold pyrazines in dilute alcohol solution resulted in a significant reduction in the odor thresholds of supra-threshold pyrazines. Sensory investigation indicated that pyrazines have a synergistic effect on the perception of roasted aroma. The results highlighted the contribution of some pyrazines to the roasted aroma in SSAB despite their sub-threshold concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (Y.Y.); (S.C.)
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (Y.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Yao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (Y.Y.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-510-85197760 (Y.N.); +86-510-85918201 (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (Y.Y.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-510-85197760 (Y.N.); +86-510-85918201 (Y.X.)
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