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Tikhomirova A, McNabb ER, Petterlin L, Bellamy GL, Lin KH, Santoso CA, Daye ES, Alhaddad FM, Lee KP, Roujeinikova A. Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:45. [PMID: 38693534 PMCID: PMC11064354 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water. Importantly, C. jejuni infections have a range of short- and long-term sequelae such as irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain Barre syndrome. C. jejuni triggers disease by employing a range of molecular strategies which enable it to colonise the gut, invade the epithelium, persist intracellularly and avoid detection by the host immune response. The objective of this review is to explore and summarise recent advances in the understanding of the C. jejuni molecular factors involved in colonisation, invasion of cells, collective quorum sensing-mediated behaviours and persistence. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the pathogenicity of C. jejuni will enable future development of effective preventative approaches and vaccines against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emmylee R McNabb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Luca Petterlin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Georgia L Bellamy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kyaw H Lin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher A Santoso
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ella S Daye
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Fatimah M Alhaddad
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kah Peng Lee
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Ortega-Sanz I, Bocigas C, Melero B, Rovira J. Phase variation modulates the multi-phenotypes displayed by clinical Campylobacter jejuni strains. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104397. [PMID: 37918995 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the food supply chain entail the importance to understand their mechanisms developed to withstand harsh environmental conditions encountered. Different stress conditions and phenotypic approaches were evaluated to study the behaviour of five clinical C. jejuni isolates with different genotypes, including the tolerance to oxygen and the oxidants hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide, the motility and the ability to form biofilm on polystyrene and stainless steel at different temperatures and atmospheres. Whole Genome Sequencing was performed to analyse the occurrence of 216 genes involved in these mechanisms plus phase variation. The isolates showed high tolerance to oxygen and peroxide stress with different swimming motility performances and biofilm formation abilities. Aerotolerance was related with a reduced sensitive to peroxide stress and a loss of motility that promotes biofilm formation depending on the material surface. Comparative genomics did not reveal any clear gene pattern, although phase variation occurring during host infection was observed to be crucial for the modulation of the different survival mechanisms adopted by the bacteria. These findings reveal that the bacteria can combine diverse and complex strategies in an efficient manner to survive and persist in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ortega-Sanz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carolina Bocigas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Beatriz Melero
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
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Ortega-Sanz I, García M, Bocigas C, Megías G, Melero B, Rovira J. Genomic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Associated with Perimyocarditis: A Family Case Report. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:368-373. [PMID: 37366876 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of foodborne gastrointestinal infections in humans worldwide. This study reports the first case of four family members who had contact with the same source of Campylobacter jejuni contamination with different results. Only the little siblings were infected by the same C. jejuni strain, but with different symptoms. Whereas the daughter was slightly affected with mild enteritis, the son suffered a longer campylobacteriosis followed with a perimyocarditis. This is the first case of the youngest patient affected by C. jejuni-related perimyocarditis published to date. The genomes of both strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and compared with the C. jejuni NCTC 11168 genome to gain insights into the molecular features that may be associated with perimyocarditis. Various comparison tools were used for the comparative genomics analysis, including the identification of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, phase variable (PV) genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identification. Comparisons of the strains identified 16 SNPs between them, which constituted small but significant changes mainly affecting the ON/OFF state of PV genes after passing through both hosts. These results suggest that PV occurs during human colonization, which modulates bacteria virulence through human host adaptation, which ultimately is related to complications after a campylobacteriosis episode depending on the host status. The findings highlight the importance of the relation between host and pathogen in severe complications of Campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ortega-Sanz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Marcial García
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carolina Bocigas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gregoria Megías
- Microbiology Department of the University Hospital of Burgos (HUBU), Burgos, Spain
| | - Beatriz Melero
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Soro AB, Ekhlas D, Marmion M, Scannell AGM, Whyte P, Bolton DJ, Burgess CM, Tiwari BK. Investigation of differences in susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni strains to UV light-emitting diode (UV-LED) technology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9459. [PMID: 37301882 PMCID: PMC10257703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni remains a high priority in public health worldwide. Ultraviolet light emitting-diode technology (UV-LED) is currently being explored to reduce Campylobacter levels in foods. However, challenges such as differences in species and strain susceptibilities, effects of repeated UV-treatments on the bacterial genome and the potential to promote antimicrobial cross-protection or induce biofilm formation have arisen. We investigated the susceptibility of eight C. jejuni clinical and farm isolates to UV-LED exposure. UV light at 280 nm induced different inactivation kinetics among strains, of which three showed reductions greater than 1.62 log CFU/mL, while one strain was particularly resistant to UV light with a maximum reduction of 0.39 log CFU/mL. However, inactivation was reduced by 0.46-1.03 log CFU/mL in these three strains and increased to 1.20 log CFU/mL in the resistant isolate after two repeated-UV cycles. Genomic changes related to UV light exposure were analysed using WGS. C. jejuni strains with altered phenotypic responses following UV exposure were also found to have changes in biofilm formation and susceptibility to ethanol and surface cleaners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo B Soro
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Infectious Diseases in Humans, Service Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Maitiú Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Amalia G M Scannell
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Declan J Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05, Dublin, Ireland.
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, D15 DY05, Ireland.
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Gu D, Zhang Y, Wang K, Li M, Jiao X. Characterization of the RpoN regulon reveals the regulation of motility, T6SS2 and metabolism in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025960. [PMID: 36620062 PMCID: PMC9817140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen that can colonize the small intestine of the host and cause diarrhea. The alternative sigma factor RpoN plays a vital role in regulating motility, carbon utilization and affects host colonization in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. In this study, transcriptome and phenotypic analysis further expanded our understanding of the RpoN regulon in V. parahaemolyticus. A deletion mutant of rpoN (ΔrpoN) was subjected to RNA-seq for systemic identification of the RpoN-controlled genes. Compared with the wild-type (WT), 399 genes were differentially expressed in the ΔrpoN strain. Moreover, 264 genes were down-regulated in the ΔrpoN strain, including those associated with nitrogen utilization (VP0118), glutamine synthetase (VP0121), formate dehydrogenase (VP1511 and VP1513-VP1515), quorum sensing (opaR and luxZ), polar flagellar systems, and type VI secretion system 2 (T6SS2). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) further confirmed that RpoN could directly bind to the promoters of these genes associated with polar flagellar systems (flgB and fliE), lateral flagellar systems (flgB2 and lafA), T6SS2 (hcp2 and VPA1044) and glutamine synthetase (VP0121), and then positively regulate the expression of these systems. A RpoN-binding motif was identified in V. parahaemolyticus using the MEME suite and verified by the EMSA. Besides, the deletion of rpoN caused a significant decrease in hemolytic activity, adhesion, and cytotoxicity. Our results provide new cues to better understand the regulatory networks of RpoN protein to motility, T6SS2, and metabolism in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Youkun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangru Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xinan Jiao,
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Costigan R, Stoakes E, Floto RA, Parkhill J, Grant AJ. Development and validation of a CRISPR interference system for gene regulation in Campylobacter jejuni. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:238. [PMID: 36199015 PMCID: PMC9533551 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in humans worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni responsible for 80% of these infections. There is an urgent need to understand fundamental C. jejuni biology for the development of new strategies to prevent and treat infections. The range of molecular tools available to regulate gene expression in C. jejuni is limited, which in turn constrains our ability to interrogate the function of essential and conditionally essential genes. We have addressed this by developing and utilising a CRISPR-based interference system known as CRISPRi in C. jejuni to control gene expression. To achieve this, a catalytically inactive ("dead") cas9 and sgRNA backbone from the Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPRi system was combined with C. jejuni-derived promoters of predetermined expression activities to develop a CRISPRi-based repression tool in C. jejuni strains M1Cam and 81-176. RESULTS The CRISPRi tool was validated through successful repression of the arylsulphatase-encoding gene astA using a range of sgRNA target sequences spanning the astA gene. The tool was also applied to target astA in an M1Cam CRISPR-Cas9 deletion strain, which showed that the presence of an endogenous CRISPR-Cas9 system did not affect the activity of the CRISPRi-based repression tool. The tool was further validated against the hippicurase-encoding gene hipO. Following this, the flagella genes flgR, flaA, flaB and both flaA and flaB were targeted for CRISPRi-based repression, which resulted in varying levels of motility reduction and flagella phenotypes as determined by phenotypical assays and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a CRISPRi-based tool in C. jejuni, which will provide a valuable resource to the Campylobacter community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Costigan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Stoakes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Andres Floto
- Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Sher AA, Ashraf MA, Mustafa BE, Raza MM. Epidemiological trends of foodborne Campylobacter outbreaks in the United States of America, 1998-2016. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103751. [PMID: 33653524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major cause of foodborne diarrheal infections in the United States of America (USA). This study aimed to elucidate the patterns of Campylobacter foodborne outbreaks temporally and spatially concerning food vehicles. We collected the data of foodborne outbreaks from 1998 to 2016 reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence rate of outbreaks for each food source was calculated and analyzed for each variable including season, food location, and census region. Overall, 465 single-state outbreaks and 8003 cases were reported during 1998-2016. Outbreaks were frequently attributed to dairy products (32%), chicken (17%) and vegetables (6%). Binomial regression analysis showed that compared to chicken items, the highest rate ratio of outbreaks was associated with dairy products (1.86) followed by vegetables (1.35) and meat products (0.76). More outbreaks were reported in the summer (35%) followed by the spring (26%) and fall (22%) season. We found that the highest number of outbreaks occurred in the West 159 (34%) and Midwest 137 (29%) census regions. The study highlights the role of dairy, chicken, and vegetables as food vehicles in Campylobacter outbreaks. Findings from this study can help in devising strategies to mitigate the increasing occurrence of Campylobacter foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ali Sher
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Muhammad Adnan Ashraf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Bahar E Mustafa
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Sub- Campus, Toba Tek Singh, 36050, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Raza
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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