1
|
Mittra D, Mahalik S. Improving the production of recombinant L-Asparaginase-II in Escherichia coli by co-expressing catabolite repressor activator ( cra) gene. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:709-719. [PMID: 38692288 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2279097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Identification of a single genetic target for microbial strain improvement is difficult due to the complexity of the genetic regulatory network. Hence, a more practical approach is to identify bottlenecks in the regulatory networks that control critical metabolic pathways. The present work focuses on enhancing cellular physiology by increasing the metabolic flux through the central carbon metabolic pathway. Global regulator cra (catabolite repressor activator), a DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator was selected for the study as it controls the expression of a large number of operons that modulate central carbon metabolism. To upregulate the activity of central carbon metabolism, the cra gene was co-expressed using a plasmid-based system. Co-expression of cra led to a 17% increase in the production of model recombinant protein L-Asparaginase-II. A pulse addition of 0.36% of glycerol every two hours post-induction, further increased the production of L-Asparaginase-II by 35% as compared to the control strain expressing only recombinant protein. This work exemplifies that upregulating the activity of central carbon metabolism by tuning the expression of regulatory genes like cra can relieve the host from cellular stress and thereby promote the growth as well as expression of recombinant hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashrita Mittra
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, India
| | - Shubhashree Mahalik
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frantz R, Gwozdzinski K, Gisch N, Doijad SP, Hudel M, Wille M, Abu Mraheil M, Schwudke D, Imirzalioglu C, Falgenhauer L, Ehrmann M, Chakraborty T. A Single Residue within the MCR-1 Protein Confers Anticipatory Resilience. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0359222. [PMID: 37071007 PMCID: PMC10269488 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03592-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope stress response (ESR) of Gram-negative enteric bacteria senses fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental changes to avert damage and promote survival. It has a protective role toward antimicrobials, but direct interactions between ESR components and antibiotic resistance genes have not been demonstrated. Here, we report interactions between a central regulator of ESR viz., the two-component signal transduction system CpxRA (conjugative pilus expression), and the recently described mobile colistin resistance protein (MCR-1). Purified MCR-1 is specifically cleaved within its highly conserved periplasmic bridge element, which links its N-terminal transmembrane domain with the C-terminal active-site periplasmic domain, by the CpxRA-regulated serine endoprotease DegP. Recombinant strains harboring cleavage site mutations in MCR-1 are either protease resistant or degradation susceptible, with widely differing consequences for colistin resistance. Transfer of the gene encoding a degradation-susceptible mutant to strains that lack either DegP or its regulator CpxRA restores expression and colistin resistance. MCR-1 production in Escherichia coli imposes growth restriction in strains lacking either DegP or CpxRA, effects that are reversed by transactive expression of DegP. Excipient allosteric activation of the DegP protease specifically inhibits growth of isolates carrying mcr-1 plasmids. As CpxRA directly senses acidification, growth of strains at moderately low pH dramatically increases both MCR-1-dependent phosphoethanolamine (PEA) modification of lipid A and colistin resistance levels. Strains expressing MCR-1 are also more resistant to antimicrobial peptides and bile acids. Thus, a single residue external to its active site induces ESR activity to confer resilience in MCR-1-expressing strains to commonly encountered environmental stimuli, such as changes in acidity and antimicrobial peptides. Targeted activation of the nonessential protease DegP can lead to the elimination of transferable colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. IMPORTANCE The global presence of transferable mcr genes in a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria from clinical, veterinary, food, and aquaculture environments is disconcerting. Its success as a transmissible resistance factor remains enigmatic, because its expression imposes fitness costs and imparts only moderate levels of colistin resistance. Here, we show that MCR-1 triggers regulatory components of the envelope stress response, a system that senses fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental changes, to promote bacterial survival in low pH environments. We identify a single residue within a highly conserved structural element of mcr-1 distal to its catalytic site that modulates resistance activity and triggers the ESR. Using mutational analysis, quantitative lipid A profiling and biochemical assays, we determined that growth in low pH environments dramatically increases colistin resistance levels and promotes resistance to bile acids and antimicrobial peptides. We exploited these findings to develop a targeted approach that eliminates mcr-1 and its plasmid carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Frantz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konrad Gwozdzinski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Swapnil Prakash Doijad
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martina Hudel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria Wille
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Partner Site: Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Hessian University Competence Center for Hospital Hygiene, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Hessian University Competence Center for Hospital Hygiene, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Hessian University Competence Center for Hospital Hygiene, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu YY, Zhu XQ, Nang SC, Xun H, Lv L, Yang J, Liu JH. Greater Invasion and Persistence of mcr-1-Bearing Plasmids in Escherichia coli than in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0322322. [PMID: 36975832 PMCID: PMC10100767 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03223-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the plasmid-borne polymyxin resistance gene mcr-1 threatens the clinical utility of last-line polymyxins. Although mcr-1 has disseminated to various Enterobacterales species, the prevalence of mcr-1 is the highest among Escherichia coli isolates while remaining low in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The reason for such a difference in prevalence has not been investigated. In this study, we examined and compared the biological characteristics of various mcr-1 plasmids in these two bacterial species. Although mcr-1-bearing plasmids were stably maintained in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae, the former presented itself to be superior by demonstrating a fitness advantage while carrying the plasmid. The inter- and intraspecies transferability efficiencies were evaluated for common mcr-1-harboring plasmids (IncX4, IncI2, IncHI2, IncP, and IncF types) with native E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains as donors. Here, we found that the conjugation frequencies of mcr-1 plasmids were significantly higher in E. coli than in K. pneumoniae, regardless of the donor species and Inc types of the mcr-1 plasmids. Plasmid invasion experiments revealed that mcr-1 plasmids displayed greater invasiveness and stability in E. coli than in K. pneumoniae. Moreover, K. pneumoniae carrying mcr-1 plasmids showed a competitive disadvantage when cocultured with E. coli. These findings indicate that mcr-1 plasmids could spread more easily among E. coli than among K. pneumoniae isolates and that mcr-1 plasmid-carrying E. coli has a competitive advantage over K. pneumoniae, leading to E. coli being the main mcr-1 reservoir. IMPORTANCE As infections caused by multidrug-resistant "superbugs" are increasing globally, polymyxins are often the only viable therapeutic option. Alarmingly, the wide spread of the plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance gene mcr-1 is restricting the clinical utility of this last-line treatment option. With this, there is an urgent need to investigate the factors contributing to the spread and persistence of mcr-1-bearing plasmids in the bacterial community. Our research highlights that the higher prevalence of mcr-1 in E. coli than in K. pneumoniae is attributed to the greater transferability and persistence of mcr-1-bearing plasmid in the former species. By gaining these important insights into the persistence of mcr-1 in different bacterial species, we will be able to formulate effective strategies to curb the spread of mcr-1 and prolong the clinical life span of polymyxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sue C. Nang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haoliang Xun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luchao Lv
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma W, Jiang X, Dou Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Yuan B, Yang K. Biophysical Impact of Lipid A Modification Caused by Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene on Bacterial Outer Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11629-11635. [PMID: 34817187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expression of mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 results in the addition of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) to the lipid A headgroup in the bacterial outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria, increasing the resistance to the last-line polymyxins. However, the potential biological consequences of such modification remain unclear. Using coarse-grained molecular simulations with quantitative lipidomics models, we discovered pEtN modification of the lipid A headgroup caused substantial changes to the morphology and physicochemical properties of the OM. Single-lipid level structural and energetic analyses revealed that this modification resulted in lipid A-pEtN adopting an abnormally twisted and slanted conformation with a closer packing state because of strengthened inter-lipid attraction. The consequent accumulation of lipid A-pEtN produced a negative curvature of the OM and altered the membrane's tension, fluidity, and rigidity. Our results provide a key mechanistic connection between mcr-1 expression and biophysical changes in the bacterial OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Ma
- School of Electronic Information, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yujiang Dou
- School of Electronic Information, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bing Yuan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Wang HH, Lu Y, Yi LX, Deng Y, Lv L, Burrus V, Liu JH. A ProQ/FinO family protein involved in plasmid copy number control favours fitness of bacteria carrying mcr-1-bearing IncI2 plasmids. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3981-3996. [PMID: 33721023 PMCID: PMC8053102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmid-encoded colistin resistance gene mcr-1 challenges the use of polymyxins and poses a threat to public health. Although IncI2-type plasmids are the most common vector for spreading the mcr-1 gene, the mechanisms by which these plasmids adapt to host bacteria and maintain resistance genes remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the regulatory mechanism for controlling the fitness cost of an IncI2 plasmid carrying mcr-1. A putative ProQ/FinO family protein encoded by the IncI2 plasmid, designated as PcnR (plasmid copy number repressor), balances the mcr-1 expression and bacteria fitness by repressing the plasmid copy number. It binds to the first stem-loop structure of the repR mRNA to repress RepA expression, which differs from any other previously reported plasmid replication control mechanism. Plasmid invasion experiments revealed that pcnR is essential for the persistence of the mcr-1-bearing IncI2 plasmid in the bacterial populations. Additionally, single-copy mcr-1 gene still exerted a fitness cost to host bacteria, and negatively affected the persistence of the IncI2 plasmid in competitive co-cultures. These findings demonstrate that maintaining mcr-1 plasmid at a single copy is essential for its persistence, and explain the significantly reduced prevalence of mcr-1 following the ban of colistin as a growth promoter in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Xian Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Luchao Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Burrus
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Québec, Canada
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu XQ, Liu YY, Wu R, Xun H, Sun J, Li J, Feng Y, Liu JH. Impact of mcr-1 on the Development of High Level Colistin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666782. [PMID: 33981294 PMCID: PMC8108134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 generally confers low-level resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of mcr-1 on the development of high-level colistin resistance (HLCR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. In this study, mcr-1-negative K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains and their corresponding mcr-1-positive transformants were used to generate HLCR mutants via multiple passages in the presence of increasing concentrations of colistin. We found that for K. pneumoniae, HLCR mutants with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin from 64 to 1,024 mg/L were generated. Colistin MICs increased 256- to 4,096-fold for mcr-1-negative K. pneumoniae strains but only 16- to 256-fold for the mcr-1-harboring transformants. For E. coli, colistin MICs increased 4- to 64-folds, but only 2- to 16-fold for their mcr-1-harboring transformants. Notably, mcr-1 improved the survival rates of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains when challenged with relatively high concentrations of colistin. In HLCR K. pneumoniae mutants, amino acid alterations predominately occurred in crrB, followed by phoQ, crrA, pmrB, mgrB, and phoP, while in E. coli mutants, genetic alterations were mostly occurred in pmrB and phoQ. Additionally, growth rate analyses showed that the coexistence of mcr-1 and chromosomal mutations imposed a fitness burden on HLCR mutants of K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, HLCR was more likely to occur in K. pneumoniae strains than E. coli strains when exposed to colistin. The mcr-1 gene could improve the survival rates of strains of both bacterial species but could not facilitate the evolution of high-level colistin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Xun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|