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Strnad M, Rudenko N, Rego RO. Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi. Virulence 2023; 14:2265015. [PMID: 37814488 PMCID: PMC10566445 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi often triggers pathophysiologic perturbations that are further augmented by the inflammatory responses of the host, resulting in the severe clinical conditions of Lyme disease. While our apprehension of the spatial and temporal integration of the virulence determinants during the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi is constantly being improved, there is still much to be discovered. Many of the novel virulence strategies discussed in this review are undetermined. Lyme disease spirochaetes must surmount numerous molecular and mechanical obstacles in order to establish a disseminated infection in a vertebrate host. These barriers include borrelial relocation from the midgut of the feeding tick to its body cavity and further to the salivary glands, deposition to the skin, haematogenous dissemination, extravasation from blood circulation system, evasion of the host immune responses, localization to protective niches, and establishment of local as well as distal infection in multiple tissues and organs. Here, the various well-defined but also possible novel strategies and virulence mechanisms used by B. burgdorferi to evade obstacles laid out by the tick vector and usually the mammalian host during colonization and infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strnad
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Rudenko
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O.M. Rego
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
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Hem S, Jarocki VM, Baker DJ, Charles IG, Drigo B, Aucote S, Donner E, Burnard D, Bauer MJ, Harris PNA, Wyrsch ER, Djordjevic SP. Genomic analysis of Elizabethkingia species from aquatic environments: Evidence for potential clinical transmission. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100083. [PMID: 34988536 PMCID: PMC8703026 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of closely related (< 50 SNV) clinical and environmental aquatic Elizabethkingia anophelis isolates. Identification of a provisional novel species Elizabethkingia umaracha. Novel blaGOB and blaB carbapenemases and extended spectrum β-lactamase blaCME alleles identified in Elizabethkingia spp. Analysis of the global phylogeny and pangenome of Elizabethkingia spp. Identification of novel ICE elements carrying uncharacterised genetic cargo in 67 / 94 (71.3%) of the aquatic environments Elizabethkingia spp.
Elizabethkingia species are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, colonize water systems in healthcare settings and are emerging opportunistic pathogens with reports surfacing in 25 countries across six continents. Elizabethkingia infections are challenging to treat, and case fatality rates are high. Chromosomal blaB, blaGOB and blaCME genes encoding carbapenemases and cephalosporinases are unique to Elizabethkingia spp. and reports of concomitant resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim are known. Here, we characterized whole-genome sequences of 94 Elizabethkingia isolates carrying multiple wide-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase (blaBand blaGOB) and extended-spectrum serine‑β-lactamase (blaCME) genes from Australian aquatic environments and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses against national clinical and international strains. qPCR was performed to quantify the levels of Elizabethkingia species in the source environments. Antibiotic MIC testing revealed significant resistance to carbapenems and cephalosporins but susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Phylogenetics show that three environmental E. anophelis isolates are closely related to E. anophelis from Australian clinical isolates (∼36 SNPs), and a new species, E. umeracha sp. novel, was discovered. Genomic signatures provide insight into potentially shared origins and a capacity to transfer mobile genetic elements with both national and international isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Hem
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dave J Baker
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Drigo
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah Aucote
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Delaney Burnard
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Building 71/918 Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle J Bauer
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Building 71/918 Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Patrick N A Harris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Building 71/918 Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ethan R Wyrsch
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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