1
|
Mechmechani S, Yammine J, Alhuthali S, El Mouzawak M, Charvourou G, Ghasrsallaoui A, Chihib NE, Doulgeraki A, Karam L. Study of the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm, Biofilm-Detached Cells, and Planktonic Cells to Microencapsulated Carvacrol Used Alone or Combined with Low-pH Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7222. [PMID: 39000327 PMCID: PMC11242642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose severe problems in the medical field and food industry, as they are the cause of many serious infections and food-borne diseases. The extreme biofilms' resistance to conventional anti-microbial treatments presents a major challenge to their elimination. In this study, the difference in resistance between Staphylococcus aureus DSMZ 12463 biofilms, biofilm-detached cells, and planktonic cells against microcapsules containing carvacrol was assessed. The antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of low pH disinfection medium containing the microencapsulated carvacrol was also studied. In addition, the effect of low pH on the in vitro carvacrol release from microcapsules was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of microencapsulated carvacrol was 0.625 mg mL-1. The results showed that biofilms exhibited greater resistance to microencapsulated carvacrol than the biofilm-detached cells and planktonic cells. Low pH treatment alone, by hydrochloric acid addition, showed no bactericidal effect on any of the three states of S. aureus strain. However, microencapsulated carvacrol was able to significantly reduce the planktonic cells and biofilm-detached cells below the detection limit (no bacterial counts), and the biofilm by approximatively 3 log CFU mL-1. In addition, results showed that microencapsulated carvacrol combined with low pH treatment reduced biofilm by more than 5 log CFU mL-1. Thus, the use of microencapsulated carvacrol in acidic environment could be a promising approach to combat biofilms from abiotic surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Jina Yammine
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Sakhr Alhuthali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Georgia Charvourou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
| | - Adem Ghasrsallaoui
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique, CNRS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nour Eddine Chihib
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yammine J, Doulgeraki AI, O'Byrne CP, Gharsallaoui A, Chihib NE, Karam L. The impact of different acidic conditions and food substrates on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms development and removal using nanoencapsulated carvacrol. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 416:110676. [PMID: 38507974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes biofilms present a significant challenge in the food industry. This study explores the impact of different acidic conditions of culture media and food matrices on the development and removal of biofilms developed on stainless steel surfaces by wild-type (WT) L. monocytogenes strains as well as in two mutant derivatives, ΔsigB and ΔagrA, that have defects in the general stress response and quorum sensing, respectively. Additionally, the study investigates the efficacy of nanoencapsulated carvacrol as an antimicrobial against L. monocytogenes biofilms developed in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) culture media acidified to different pH conditions (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5), and in food substrates (apple juice, strained yogurt, vegetable soup, semi-skimmed milk) having the same pH levels. No biofilm formation was observed for all L. monocytogenes strains at pH levels of 3.5 and 4.5 in both culture media and food substrates. However, at pH 5.5 and 6.5, increased biofilm levels were observed in both the culture media and food substrates, with the WT strain showing significantly higher biofilm formation (3.04-6.05 log CFU cm-2) than the mutant strains (2.30-5.48 log CFU cm-2). For both applications, the nanoencapsulated carvacrol demonstrated more potent antimicrobial activity against biofilms developed at pH 5.5 with 2.23 to 3.61 log reductions, compared to 1.58-2.95 log reductions at pH 6.5, with mutants being more vulnerable in acidic environments. In food substrates, nanoencapsulated carvacrol induced lower log reductions (1.58-2.90) than the ones in TSB (2.02-3.61). These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of different acidic conditions on the development of L. monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel surfaces and the potential application of nanoencapsulated carvacrol as a biofilm control agent in food processing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Yammine
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Agapi I Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Conor P O'Byrne
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, El Omari K, Fadel A, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology based on the use of microencapsulated pepsin, trypsin and carvacrol to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:903-915. [PMID: 36451605 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm lifestyle plays a major role in the resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. In this study, two microencapsulated proteases (pepsin ME-PEP and trypsin ME-TRYP) were evaluated for their biofilm dispersal activity and their synergistic effect with microencapsulated carvacrol (ME-CARV). Spray-drying was used to protect enzymes and essential oil and enhance their activities. Cell count analysis proved the synergistic activity of enzymes and carvacrol treatment as biofilms were further reduced after combined treatment in comparison to ME-CARV or enzymes alone. Furthermore, results showed that sequential treatment in the order ME-TRYP - ME-PEP - ME-CARV resulted in more efficient biofilm removal with a maximum reduction of 5 log CFU mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and 4 log CFU mL-1 for E. faecalis. This study proposes that the combination of microencapsulated proteases with ME-CARV could be useful for the effective control of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d'Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Univ Lille, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, Fadel A, El Omari K, Khelissa S, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Microencapsulation of carvacrol as an efficient tool to fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270200. [PMID: 35776742 PMCID: PMC9249205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are involved in serious problems in medical and food sectors due to their contribution to numerous severe chronic infections and foodborne diseases. The high resistance of biofilms to antimicrobial agents makes their removal as a big challenge. In this study, spray-drying was used to develop microcapsules containing carvacrol, a natural antimicrobial agent, to enhance its activity against P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms. The physicochemical properties and microscopic morphology of the realized capsules and cells were characterized. The minimum inhibitory concentration of encapsulated carvacrol (E-CARV) (1.25 mg mL-1) was 4-times lower than that of free carvacrol (F-CARV) (5 mg mL-1) against P. aeruginosa, while it remained the same against E. faecalis (0.625 mg mL-1). E-CARV was able to reduce biofilm below the detection limit for P. aeruginosa and by 5.5 log CFU ml-1 for E. faecalis after 15 min of treatment. Results also showed that F-CARV and E-CARV destabilize the bacterial cell membrane leading to cell death. These results indicate that carvacrol exhibited a strong antimicrobial effect against both bacterial biofilms. In addition, spray-drying could be used as an effective tool to enhance the antibiofilm activity of carvacrol, while reducing the concentrations required for disinfection of abiotic surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, FR 2638 –IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Lille, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mechmechani S, Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Omari KE, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology using encapsulated enzymes and essential oils to fight bacterial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2311-2335. [PMID: 35312826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has become a major public health concern because of the serious problems they can cause in various fields. Biofilm cells are extremely resistant to stressful conditions, because of their complex structure impedes antimicrobial penetration to deep-seated cells. The increased resistance of biofilm to currently applied control strategies underscores the urgent need for new alternative and/or supplemental eradication approaches. The combination of two or more methods, known as Hurdle technology, offers an excellent option for the highly effective control of biofilms. In this perspective, the use of functional enzymes combined with biosourced antimicrobial such as essential oil (EO) is a promising alternative anti-biofilm approach. However, these natural antibiofilm agents can be damaged by severe environmental conditions and lose their activity. The microencapsulation of enzymes and EOs is a promising new technology for enhancing their stability and improving their biological activity. This review article highlights the problems related to biofilm in various fields, and the use of encapsulated enzymes with essential oils as antibiofilm agents. KEY POINTS: • Problems associated with biofilms in the food and medical sectors and their subsequent risks on health and food quality. • Hurdle technology using enzymes and essential oils is a promising strategy for an efficient biofilms control. • The microencapsulation of enzymes and essential oils ensures their stability and improves their biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|