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Liu M, Xue R, Yang C, Han N, Hu Y, Gu K, Zhao J, Guan S, Su J, Jiang Y. Rotation with other crops slow down the fungal process in tobacco-growing soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14160. [PMID: 38898096 PMCID: PMC11187129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous cultivation of tobacco could cause serious soil health problems, which could cause bacterial soil to change to fungal soil. In order to study the diversity and richness of fungal community in tobacco-growing soil under different crop rotation, three treatments were set up in this study: CK (tobacco continuous cropping); B (barley-tobacco rotation cropping) and R (oilseed rape-tobacco rotation cropping). The results of this study showed that rotation with other crops significantly decreased the soil fungal OTUs, and also decreased the community richness, evenness, diversity and coverage of fungal communities. Among them, B decreased the most. In the analysis of the composition and structure of the fungal community, it was found that the proportion of plant pathogens Nectriaceae decreased from 19.67% in CK to 5.63% in B, which greatly reduced the possibility of soil-borne diseases. In the analysis of the correlation between soil environmental factors and fungal communities, it was found that Filobasidiaceae had a strong correlation with TP and AP, and Erysiphaceae had a strong correlation with TK and AK. NO3--N and NH4+-N were the two environmental factors with the strongest correlation with fungal communities. The results of this study showed that rotation with other crops slowed down the process of soil fungi in tobacco-growing soil and changed the dominant species of soil fungi community. At the same time, crop rotation changed the diversity and richness of soil fungal community by changing the physical and chemical properties of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Dali Prefecture Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- SouthWest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rujun Xue
- Weishan City Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Weishan, 672400, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Dali Prefecture Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Ningbo Han
- Weishan City Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Weishan, 672400, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Dali Prefecture Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyuan Gu
- SouthWest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- SouthWest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuyue Guan
- SouthWest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiaen Su
- Dali Prefecture Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yonglei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China.
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Xiong JX, Du LS, Li NN, Wu XT, Xiang Y, Li S, Zou L, Liu D, Huang D, Xie ZF, Wang Y, Li J, Dai J, Yan D, Chao HJ. Pigmentiphaga kullae CHJ604 improved the growth of tobacco by degrading allelochemicals and xenobiotics in continuous cropping obstacles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133466. [PMID: 38219583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant autotoxicity is considered to be one of the important causes of continuous cropping obstacles in modern agriculture, which accumulates a lot of allelochemicals and xenobiotics and is difficult to solve effectively. To overcome tobacco continuous obstacles, a strain Pigmentiphaga kullae CHJ604 isolated from the environment can effectively degrade these compounds in this study. CHJ604 strain can degrade 11 types of autotoxicity allelochemicals and xenobiotics (1646.22 μg/kg) accumulated in the soil of ten-years continuous cropping of tobacco. The 11 allelochemicals and xenobiotics significantly reduced Germination Percentage (GP), Germination Index (GI), and Mean Germination Time (MGT) of tobacco seeds, and inhibited the development of leaves, stems, and roots. These negative disturbances can be eliminated by CHJ604 strain. The degradation pathways of 11 allelochemicals and xenobiotics were obtained by whole genome sequence and annotation of CHJ604 strain. The heterologous expression of a terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase can catalyze 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde, respectively. The phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase can catalyze phthalic acid, diisobutyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate. These two enzymes are conducive to the simultaneous degradation of multiple allelochemicals and xenobiotics by strain CHJ604. This study provides new insights into the biodegradation of autotoxicity allelochemicals and xenobiotics as it is the first to describe a degrading bacterium of 11 types of allelochemicals and xenobiotics and their great potential in improving tobacco continuous obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Ling-Shan Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Na-Na Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Xiu-Ting Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Lei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Duo Huang
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Ze Feng Xie
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Dazhong Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Chao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
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Ju J, Zhou B, Yang G, Fu X, Wang X, Guo L, Liu W. Study on the metabolic process of phthalic acid driven proliferation of Rhizoctonia solani. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266916. [PMID: 37885668 PMCID: PMC10598758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Continuous cropping obstacle seriously affects the quality and yield of Salvia miltiorrhiza, and the synergistic effect of root exudates and rhizosphere pathogenic microorganisms may be an important cause of continuous cropping obstacle. This study aimed to explore the effects of representative organic acids on the growth and metabolism of specific microorganisms in the S. miltiorrhiza rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping, and clarify its mechanism. Methods The effect of phthalic acid (PA) on the growth and metabolism of Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated by mycelial growth inhibition method. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify the differential metabolites of R. solani induced by exogenous PA. Results PA exerted a concentration-dependent effect on mycelial growth, biomass, intracellular polysaccharides con-tent, and total protein content in R. solani. A total of 1773 metabolites and 1040 differential metabolites were identified in the blank medium (CK), Fungi (CK + fungi), and PA-Fungi (CK + fungi + acid) groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the differential metabolites were mainly involved in the sugar, lipid, and protein metabolic pathways related to stable membrane structure and cell growth. Discussion The proliferation and metabolism network of R. solani induced by PA was proposed, and the enhancement of sugar, lipid, and amino acid metabolism was presumed to be related to the active resistance of cells to organic acid stress. These results offer new in-sights into the effects of PA metabolism on promoting R. solani proliferation, and provide theoretical support for further optimizing the rhizosphere microecological environment of Salvia miltiorrhiza continuous cropping soil and reducing continuous cropping obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Ju
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Guohong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- Chinese Medicine Resource Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Chen Y, Yang L, Zhang L, Li J, Zheng Y, Yang W, Deng L, Gao Q, Mi Q, Li X, Zeng W, Ding X, Xiang H. Autotoxins in continuous tobacco cropping soils and their management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1106033. [PMID: 37139103 PMCID: PMC10149998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco belongs to the family Solanaceae, which easily forms continuous cropping obstacles. Continuous cropping exacerbates the accumulation of autotoxins in tobacco rhizospheric soil, affects the normal metabolism and growth of plants, changes soil microecology, and severely reduces the yield and quality of tobacco. In this study, the types and composition of tobacco autotoxins under continuous cropping systems are summarized, and a model is proposed, suggesting that autotoxins can cause toxicity to tobacco plants at the cell level, plant-growth level, and physiological process level, negatively affecting soil microbial life activities, population number, and community structure and disrupting soil microecology. A combined strategy for managing tobacco autotoxicity is proposed based on the breeding of superior varieties, and this approach can be combined with adjustments to cropping systems, the induction of plant immunity, and the optimization of cultivation and biological control measures. Additionally, future research directions are suggested and challenges associated with autotoxicity are provided. This study aims to serve as a reference and provide inspirations needed to develop green and sustainable strategies and alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco. It also acts as a reference for resolving continuous cropping challenges in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Chen
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Long Yang, ; Wanli Zeng, ; Xinhua Ding, ; Haiying Xiang,
| | | | - Jianrong Li
- Yuxi Cigarette Factory, Hongta Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Yalin Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Lele Deng
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Qili Mi
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Wanli Zeng
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Long Yang, ; Wanli Zeng, ; Xinhua Ding, ; Haiying Xiang,
| | - Xinhua Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Long Yang, ; Wanli Zeng, ; Xinhua Ding, ; Haiying Xiang,
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Long Yang, ; Wanli Zeng, ; Xinhua Ding, ; Haiying Xiang,
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Chen D, Wang M, Wang G, Zhou Y, Yang X, Li J, Zhang C, Dai K. Functional organic fertilizers can alleviate tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) continuous cropping obstacle via ameliorating soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1023693. [PMID: 36338132 PMCID: PMC9631321 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1023693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacle (CCO) in tobacco is a prevalent and intractable issue and has not yet been effectively solved. Many researchers have favored exploring environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to CCO (e.g, the application of (bio-) organic fertilizers). Therefore, to study the effects of functional organic fertilizers (FOFs) on tobacco CCO, we applied five types of fertilizers in a tobacco continuous cropping field with red soil (i.e., CF: tobacco-special chemical fertilizers; VOF: vermicompost-based FOF; HOF: humic acid-based FOF; WOF: wood biochar-based FOF; COF: compound FOF). The tobacco plant agronomic traits, leaf yield, economic value, and chemical quality (nicotine, total sugar, K2O, Cl contents, etc.) were evaluated via the continuous flow method. Meanwhile, we determined rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, phenolic acids content, and bacterial community diversity by high-throughput sequencing. The results show that FOFs improved the tobacco plant agronomic traits, leaf yield (by 2.9-42.8%), value (by 1.2-47.4%), and chemical quality when compared with CF. More content of NH4 +-N, available P, and available K were discovered in the rhizosphere soil in VOF, HOF, and WOF. The rhizosphere sinapic acid and total phenolic acids content declined in the FOF treatments (1.23-1.56 and 7.95-8.43 mg kg-1 dry soil, respectively) versus those in the CF treatment (2.01 and 10.10 mg kg-1 dry soil, respectively). Moreover, the rhizosphere bacterial community structure changed under FOF functions: the beneficial microbes Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Streptomyces, and Bacillus increased, and the harmful microbes Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadota decreased in abundance. There was a positive correlation between the tobacco leaf yield and soil NH4 +-N, TC content, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota. In summary, the application of VOF and WOF is a modest, practical, and environmentally friendly strategy to alleviate tobacco CCO from the standpoint of recycling solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangzhou Li
- Yuxi Tobacco Company, Ltd. of Yunnan Province, Yuxi, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Yuxi Tobacco Company, Ltd. of Yunnan Province, Yuxi, China
| | - Kuai Dai
- Yuxi Tobacco Company, Ltd. of Yunnan Province, Yuxi, China
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Wu X, Wu C, Lu D, Wu Y, Ye Z, Xia L, Sun Y, Bao E, Ye L, Tang Y, Cao K. Variation of Soil Microbial Community and Sterilization to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Play Roles in Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water-Alleviated Watermelon Continuous Cropping Obstacle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837121. [PMID: 35572699 PMCID: PMC9097028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to exploit technologies for alleviating watermelon continuous cropping obstacle which frequently occurs and results in the limiting production and economic losses of watermelon. This study aimed to explore the effects of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on watermelon continuous cropping obstacles. The results showed that SAEW significantly improved the growth of watermelon seedlings cultivated in continuous cropping soil and caused a mass of changes to the diversity of the soil microbial community. Compared with Con, SAEW decreased the diversity index of bacteria by 2%, 0.48%, and 3.16%, while it increased the diversity index of fungus by 5.68%, 10.78%, and 7.54% in Shannon, Chao1, and ACE index, respectively. Besides, the enrichment level of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) was remarkably downregulated by 50.2% at 14 days of SAEW treatment, which could decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt disease. The wet and dry weights of FON mycelia in the fluid medium were depressed more than 93%, and the number of FON colonies in continuous cropping soil was reduced by 83.56% with SAEW treatment. Additionally, a strong correlation between watermelon, FON, and SAEW was presented by correlation analysis. Furthermore, the content of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) was over quadruply increased by SAEW, which may contribute to the sterilizing effect of SAEW on FON. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that exogenous SAEW could alter the soil microbial diversity and decrease the accumulation of FON, which improved the growth of watermelon seedlings and finally alleviated continuous cropping obstacles of watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuinan Wu
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Daipeng Lu
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liru Xia
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yudong Sun
- Jiangsu Xuhuai Region Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Science, Huai’an, China
| | - Encai Bao
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yingchuan, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Cao
- The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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