1
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Wang L, Cui Y, Lu Y, Zhao Z. Comprehensive Analysis of Allulose Production: A Review and Update. Foods 2024; 13:2572. [PMID: 39200499 PMCID: PMC11354089 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in D-allulose production have seen significant strides in recent years, focusing on enzymatic conversion methods. Key developments include traditional immobilization techniques, the discovery of novel enzymes, directed evolution studies, and biosynthesis through metabolic pathway modification. Enzymatic conversion, particularly utilizing D-allulose 3-epimerase, remains fundamental for industrial-scale production. Innovative immobilization strategies, such as functionalized nano-beads and magnetic MOF nanoparticles, have significantly enhanced enzyme stability and reusability. Directed evolution has led to improved enzyme thermostability and catalytic efficiency, while synthetic biology methods, including phosphorylation-driven and thermodynamics-driven pathways, have optimized production processes. High-throughput screening methods have been crucial in identifying and refining enzyme variants for industrial applications. Collectively, these advancements not only enhance production efficiency and cost-effectiveness but also adhere to sustainable and economically viable manufacturing practices. The past five years have witnessed critical developments with significant potential impact on the commercial viability and global demand for allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Grain Bioprocessing, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Grain Bioprocessing, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yujie Lu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Grain Bioprocessing, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zongpei Zhao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Grain Bioprocessing, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Xie X, Li C, Ban X, Yang H, Li Z. D-allulose 3-epimerase for low-calorie D-allulose synthesis: microbial production, characterization, and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38973014 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2368517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
D-allulose, an epimer of D-fructose at C-3 position, is a low-calorie rare sugar with favorable physiochemical properties and special physiological functions, which displays promising perspectives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, D-allulose is extremely sparse in nature and is predominantly biosynthesized through the isomerization of D-fructose by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). In recent years, D-allulose 3-epimerase as the key biocatalyst for D-allulose production has received increasing interest. The current review begins by providing a summary of D-allulose regarding its characteristics and applications, as well as different synthesis pathways dominated by biotransformation. Then, the research advances of D-allulose 3-epimerase are systematically reviewed, focusing on heterologous expression and biochemical characterization, crystal structure and molecular modification, and application in D-allulose production. Concerning the constraint of low yield of DAEase for industrial application, this review addresses the various attempts made to promote the production of DAEase in different expression systems. Also, various strategies have been adopted to improve its thermotolerance and catalytic activity, which is mainly based on the structure-function relationship of DAEase. The application of DAEase in D-allulose biosynthesis from D-fructose or low-cost feedstocks through single- or multi-enzymatic cascade reaction has been discussed. Finally, the prospects for related research of D-allulose 3-epimerase are also proposed, facilitating the industrialization of DAEase and more efficient and economical bioproduction of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongshun Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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Molonia MS, Salamone FL, Speciale A, Saija A, Cimino F. D-Allulose Reduces Hypertrophy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Palmitic Acid in Murine 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4059. [PMID: 38612868 PMCID: PMC11012259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural rare sugars are an alternative category of sweeteners with positive physiologic and metabolic effects both in in vitro and animal models. D-allulose is a D-fructose epimer that combines 70% sucrose sweetness with the advantage of an extremely low energy content. However, there are no data about the effect of D-allulose against adipose dysfunction; thus, it remains to be confirmed whether D-allulose is useful in the prevention and in treatment of adipose tissue alterations. With this aim, we evaluated D-allulose's preventive effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes exposed to palmitic acid (PA), a trigger for hypertrophic adipocytes. D-allulose in place of glucose prevented adipocyte hypertrophy and the activation of adipogenic markers C/EBP-β and PPARγ induced by high PA concentrations. Additionally, D-allulose pretreatment inhibited the NF-κB pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by PA, through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, these effects were also observed as D-allulose post PA treatment. Although our data need to be confirmed through in vivo models, our findings suggest that incorporating D-allulose as a glucose substitute in the diet might have a protective role in adipocyte function and support a unique mechanism of action in this sugar as a preventive or therapeutic compound against PA lipotoxicity through the modulation of pathways connected to lipid transport and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
- “Prof. Antonio Imbesi” Foundation, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lina Salamone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
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Bae HR, Shin SK, Han Y, Yoo JH, Kim S, Young HA, Kwon EY. D-Allulose Ameliorates Dysregulated Macrophage Function and Mitochondrial NADH Homeostasis, Mitigating Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2023; 15:4218. [PMID: 37836502 PMCID: PMC10574141 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
D-allulose, a rare sugar, has been proposed to have potential benefits in addressing metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the precise mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which D-allulose influences obesity-induced insulin resistance. We conducted gene set enrichment analysis on the liver and white adipose tissue of mice exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) along with the white adipose tissue of individuals with obesity. Our study revealed that D-allulose effectively suppressed IFN-γ, restored chemokine signaling, and enhanced macrophage function in the livers of HFD-fed mice. This implies that D-allulose curtails liver inflammation, alleviating insulin resistance and subsequently impacting adipose tissue. Furthermore, D-allulose supplementation improved mitochondrial NADH homeostasis and translation in both the liver and white adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice. Notably, we observed decreased NADH homeostasis and mitochondrial translation in the omental tissue of insulin-resistant obese subjects compared to their insulin-sensitive counterparts. Taken together, these results suggest that supplementation with allulose improves obesity-induced insulin resistance by mitigating the disruptions in macrophage and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, our data reinforce the crucial role that mitochondrial energy expenditure plays in the development of insulin resistance triggered by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyong R. Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntae Kim
- Omixplus, LLC., Gaithersburg, MD 20850, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Eun-Young Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Center for Beautiful Aging, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Miyoshi M, Yoshihara A, Mochizuki S, Kato S, Yoshida H, Matsuo T, Kishimoto Y, Inazu T, Kimura I, Izumori K, Akimitsu K. Safety evaluation and maximum use level for transient ingestion in humans of allitol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1193-1204. [PMID: 37355782 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Allitol is a hexitol produced by reducing the rare sugar D-allulose with a metal catalyst under hydrogen gas. To confirm the safe level of allitol, we conducted a series of safety assessments. From the results of Ames mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA, and an in vitro chromosomal aberration test on cultured Chinese hamster cells, allitol did not show any significant genotoxic effect. No significant effects on general condition, urinalysis, hematology, physiology, histopathology, or at necropsy were observed at a dose of 1500 mg/kg body weight of allitol in the acute and 90-day subchronic oral-toxicity assessments for rats. A further study performed on healthy adult humans showed that the acute use level of allitol for diarrhea was 0.2 g/kg body weight for both men and women. The results of current safety assessment studies suggest that allitol is safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Miyoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Fermentation & Food Research Institute, Kagawa Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Shodoshima, Shozu, Kagawa 761-4421, Japan
| | - Akihide Yoshihara
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Susumu Mochizuki
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Shiro Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Faculty of Medicine and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Yuka Kishimoto
- Research Laboratory, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
| | - Tadao Inazu
- Food Research Institute, Kagawa Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Goto, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8031, Japan
| | - Isao Kimura
- Fermentation & Food Research Institute, Kagawa Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Shodoshima, Shozu, Kagawa 761-4421, Japan
| | - Ken Izumori
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akimitsu
- Faculty of Agriculture and International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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6
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Tan JH, Chen A, Bi J, Lim YH, Wong FT, Ow DSW. The Engineering, Expression, and Immobilization of Epimerases for D-allulose Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12703. [PMID: 37628886 PMCID: PMC10454905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare sugar D-allulose is a potential replacement for sucrose with a wide range of health benefits. Conventional production involves the employment of the Izumoring strategy, which utilises D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) or D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) to convert D-fructose into D-allulose. Additionally, the process can also utilise D-tagatose 3-epimerase (DTEase). However, the process is not efficient due to the poor thermotolerance of the enzymes and low conversion rates between the sugars. This review describes three newly identified DAEases that possess desirable properties for the industrial-scale manufacturing of D-allulose. Other methods used to enhance process efficiency include the engineering of DAEases for improved thermotolerance or acid resistance, the utilization of Bacillus subtilis for the biosynthesis of D-allulose, and the immobilization of DAEases to enhance its activity, half-life, and stability. All these research advancements improve the yield of D-allulose, hence closing the gap between the small-scale production and industrial-scale manufacturing of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao Tan
- Microbial Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore;
| | - Anqi Chen
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
| | - Jiawu Bi
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Microbial Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore;
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7
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Yamazaki M, Okito M, Harada A, Miyake K, Tamiya T, Nakamura T. d-Allulose Supplementation Prevents Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation via miR-130-Mediated Regulation in C57BL/6 Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200748. [PMID: 36461919 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE d-allulose is a low-calorie rare sugar. It has been reported that d-allulose supplementation significantly inhibits diet-induced hepatic fat accumulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study elucidates the mechanism underlying the suppressive effect of d-allulose on hepatic fat accumulation in terms of miRNA regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice are divided into three experimental groups-normal diet and distilled water (CC group), high-fat diet (HFD) and distilled water (HC group), and HFD and 5% d-allulose solution (HA group)-and fed the respective diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain is significantly lower in the HA group than that in the HC group, although the caloric intake is the same in both. Histological analysis of liver tissues reveals excessive lipid accumulation in the HC group; this is greatly attenuated in the HA group. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses demonstrate that, compared to the HC group, the HA group exhibits decreased hepatic PPARγ and CD36 expression. Hepatic miR-130 expression levels are higher in the HA group than those in the CC and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that miRNA changes associated with PPARγ may underlie the suppression of hepatic lipid accumulation induced by d-allulose intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, 761-0123, Japan
| | - Misaki Okito
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, 761-0123, Japan
| | - Akio Harada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakamura
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Jia Q, Zhang H, Zhao A, Qu L, Xiong W, Alam MA, Miao J, Wang W, Li F, Xu J, Lv Y. Produce D-allulose from non-food biomass by integrating corn stalk hydrolysis with whole-cell catalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1156953. [PMID: 36911188 PMCID: PMC9998921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1156953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is a high-value rare sugar with many health benefits. D-allulose market demand increased dramatically after approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The current studies are predominantly focusing on producing D-allulose from either D-glucose or D-fructose, which may compete foods against human. The corn stalk (CS) is one of the main agricultural waste biomass in the worldwide. Bioconversion is one of the promising approach to CS valorization, which is of significance for both food safety and reducing carbon emission. In this study, we tried to explore a non-food based route by integrating CS hydrolysis with D-allulose production. Firstly we developed an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst to produce D-allulose from D-glucose. Next we hydrolyzed CS and achieved D-allulose production from the CS hydrolysate. Finally we immobilized the whole-cell catalyst by designing a microfluidic device. Process optimization improved D-allulose titer by 8.61 times, reaching 8.78 g/L from CS hydrolysate. With this method, 1 kg CS was finally converted to 48.87 g D-allulose. This study validated the feasibility of valorizing corn stalk by converting it to D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jixing Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weigao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shriram Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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The Characterization of a Novel D-allulose 3-Epimerase from Blautia produca and Its Application in D-allulose Production. Foods 2022; 11:3225. [PMCID: PMC9601914 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is a natural rare sugar with important physiological properties that is used in food, health care items, and even the pharmaceutical industry. In the current study, a novel D-allulose 3-epimerase gene (Bp-DAE) from the probiotic strain Blautia produca was discovered for the production and characterization of an enzyme known as Bp-DAE that can epimerize D-fructose into D-allulose. Bp-DAE was strictly dependent on metals (Mn2+ and Co2+), and the addition of 1 mM of Mn2+ could enhance the half-life of Bp-DAE at 55 °C from 60 to 180 min. It exhibited optimal activity in a pH of 8 and 55 °C, and the Km values of Bp-DAE for the different substrates D-fructose and D-allulose were 235.7 and 150.7 mM, respectively. Bp-DAE was used for the transformation from 500 g/L D-fructose to 150 g/L D-allulose and exhibited a 30% of conversion yield during biotransformation. Furthermore, it was possible to employ the food-grade microbial species Bacillus subtilis for the production of D-allulose using a technique of whole-cell catalysis to circumvent the laborious process of enzyme purification and to obtain a more stable biocatalyst. This method also yields a 30% conversion yield.
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