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Peng X, Zhang X, Sharma G, Dai C. Thymol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6803-6814. [PMID: 38507708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases pose a growing global health challenge, with limited effective therapeutic options. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy are common underlying mechanisms in these diseases. Thymol is a phenolic monoterpene compound that has gained attention for its diverse biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Thymol supplementation could provide potential neuroprotection and improve cognitive deficits, depressant-like effects, learning, and memory impairments in rodents. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the neuroprotective effects of thymol involve the improvement of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory response. Several signaling pathways, including mitochondrial apoptotic, NF-κB, AKT, Nrf2, and CREB/BDNF pathways are also involved. In this review, the neuroprotective effects of thymol, the potential molecular mechanisms, safety, applications, and current challenges toward development as a neuroprotective agent were summarized and discussed. We hope that this review provides valuable insights for the further development of this promising natural product as a promising neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Chongshan Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Sokol MB, Sokhraneva VA, Groza NV, Mollaeva MR, Yabbarov NG, Chirkina MV, Trufanova AA, Popenko VI, Nikolskaya ED. Thymol-Modified Oleic and Linoleic Acids Encapsulated in Polymeric Nanoparticles: Enhanced Bioactivity, Stability, and Biomedical Potential. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:72. [PMID: 38201737 PMCID: PMC10781094 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA), are promising antimicrobial and cytostatic agents. We modified OA and LA with thymol (TOA and TLA, respectively) to expand their bioavailability, stability, and possible applications, and encapsulated these derivatives in polymeric nanoparticles (TOA-NPs and TLA-NPs, respectively). Prior to synthesis, we performed mathematical simulations with PASS and ADMETlab 2.0 to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetics of TOA and TLA. TOA and TLA were synthesized via esterification in the presence of catalysts. Next, we formulated nanoparticles using the single-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. We applied dynamic light scattering, Uv-vis spectroscopy, release studies under gastrointestinal (pH 1.2-6.8) and blood environment simulation conditions (pH 7.4), and in vitro biological activity testing to characterize the nanoparticles. PASS revealed that TOA and TLA have antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutic potential. ADMETlab 2.0 provided a rationale for TOA and TLA encapsulation. The nanoparticles had an average size of 212-227 nm, with a high encapsulation efficiency (71-93%), and released TOA and TLA in a gradual and prolonged mode. TLA-NPs possessed higher antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus and pronounced cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, K562, and A549 cell lines compared to TOA-NPs. Our findings expand the biomedical application of fatty acids and provide a basis for further in vivo evaluation of designed derivatives and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Sokol
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Vera A. Sokhraneva
- N.A. Preobrazhensky Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.S.); (N.V.G.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 11999 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nataliya V. Groza
- N.A. Preobrazhensky Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.S.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Mariia R. Mollaeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Nikita G. Yabbarov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Margarita V. Chirkina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Anna A. Trufanova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Vladimir I. Popenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 11999 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena D. Nikolskaya
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.M.); (N.G.Y.); (M.V.C.); (A.A.T.)
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Liu Y, Xu N, Ai X, Zhang H. Effects of diets rich in Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides on the growth, antioxidant, immunity, and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri in channel catfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108941. [PMID: 37463648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
To promote the application of Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides (ABPs) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) culture, we evaluated the effects of ABPs on the growth, immunity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of channel catfish. When the amount of ABPs was 250 mg/kg, channel catfish's weight gain and specific growth rates increased significantly while the feed coefficient decreased. We also found that adding ABPs in the feed effectively increased the activities of ACP, MDA, T-SOD, AKP, T-AOC, GSH, and CAT enzymes and immune-related genes such as IL-1β, Hsp70, and IgM in the head kidney of channel catfish. Besides, long-term addition will not cause pathological damage to the head kidney. When the amount of ABPs was over 125 mg/kg, the protection rate of channel catfish was more than 60%. According to the intestinal transcriptome analysis, the addition of ABPs promoted the expression of intestinal immunity genes and growth metabolism-related genes and enriched multiple related KEEG pathways. When challenged by Yersinia ruckeri infection, the immune response of channel catfish fed with ABPs was intenser and quicker. Additionally, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that the composition of the intestinal microbial community of channel catfish treated with ABPs significantly changed, and the abundance of microorganisms beneficial to channel catfish growth, such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidota increased. In conclusion, feeding channel catfish with ABPs promoted growth, enhanced immunity and antioxidant, and improved resistance to bacterial infections. Our current results might promote the use of ABPs in channel catfish and even other aquacultured fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Xia Zhu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China.
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Wang W, He L, Zhang Z, Li W, Chen J, Chen T, Long Y. Activity of the botanical compound thymol against kiwifruit rot caused by Fusarium tricinctum and the underlying mechanisms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2493-2502. [PMID: 36864770 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit rot is an important disease caused by different fungal pathogens, which can lead to huge economic loss in the kiwifruit industry. The aims of this study were to discover an effective botanical compound that significantly inhibits the pathogens causing kiwifruit rot, evaluate its control efficacy against this disease, and reveal the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS A strain of Fusarium tricinctum (GF-1), isolated from diseased kiwifruit, could cause fruit rot in both Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa. Different botanical chemicals were used for antifungal activity test against GF-1 and thymol was the most effective one with a 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) of 30.98 mg L-1 . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of thymol against GF-1 was 90 mg L-1 . Control efficacy of thymol against kiwifruit rot was evaluated and the results indicated that thymol could effectively decrease the occurrence and spread of kiwifruit rot. The mechanisms underlying the antifungal activity of thymol against F. tricinctum were investigated, and it showed that thymol could significantly damage the ultrastructure, destroy the plasma membrane integrity, and instantaneously increase energy metabolisms of F. tricinctum. Further investigations indicated that thymol could extend shelf life of kiwifruit by increasing their storability. CONCLUSION Thymol can effectively inhibit F. tricinctum that is one of the causal agents of kiwifruit rot. Multiple modes of action are involved in the antifungal activity. The results of this study indicate that thymol can be a promising botanical fungicide to control kiwifruit rot and provide useful references for thymol application in agriculture system. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Linan He
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Varga JFA, Brunner SR, Cheng G, Min D, Aucoin MG, Doxey AC, Dixon B. Identification and characterization of a novel peptide from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus iniae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 137:104518. [PMID: 36044968 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species which remain a challenge to treat therapeutically. Novel and efficacious drugs are desperately needed to combat pathogens. One method to facilitate these discoveries is the use of in silico methods. Computational biology has the power to scan large data sets and screen for potential molecules with antibacterial function. In the current study, an in silico approach was used to identify an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from rainbow trout von Willebrand Factor. The AMP was tested against a panel of aquatic bacterial pathogens and was found to possess antibacterial activity against Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae). Since S. iniae is a zoonotic pathogen, this may be useful in other species as well. The peptide was non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic at the concentrations tested in rainbow trout cells. Pre-treatment of rainbow trout cells with the peptide did not result in an upregulation of immune genes but stimulating the rainbow trout macrophage/monocyte-like cell line, RTS11, with heat-killed S. iniae, did result in a significant upregulation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfa) gene. In this study, a new AMP has been identified but its expression, synthesis and role in vivo remains unknown. Nevertheless, the findings presented improve our understanding of fish gill and macrophage responses towards this important zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F A Varga
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sascha R Brunner
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Min
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Liu Y, Yan H, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Wu A, Chen D. Protective Effects of Natural Antioxidants on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Thymol and Its Pharmacological Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101947. [PMID: 36290669 PMCID: PMC9598597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disease that involves chronic mucosal or submucosal lesions that affect tissue integrity. Although IBD is not life-threatening, it sometimes causes severe complications, such as colon cancer. The exact etiology of IBD remains unclear, but several risk factors, such as pathogen infection, stress, diet, age, and genetics, have been involved in the occurrence and aggravation of IBD. Immune system malfunction with the over-production of inflammatory cytokines and associated oxidative stress are the hallmarks of IBD. Dietary intervention and medical treatment suppressing abnormal inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended as potential therapies. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol that is mostly found in thyme, exhibits multiple biological functions as a potential adjuvant for IBD. The purpose of this review is to summarize current findings on the protective effect of thymol on intestinal health in the context of specific animal models of IBD, describe the role of thymol in the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota against gastrointestinal disease, and discuss the potential mechanism for its pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Yan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (D.C.)
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