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Yang T, Chen S, Qiu L, Guo Q, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Bai H, Bi Y, Chang G. Effect of High Dietary Iron on Fat Deposition and Gut Microbiota in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2254. [PMID: 39123780 PMCID: PMC11310990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet the demand of consumers for chicken products, poultry breeders have made improvements to chickens. However, this has led to a new problem in the modern poultry industry, namely excessive fat deposition. This study aims to understand the effects of dietary iron supplementation on fat deposition and gut microbiota in chickens. In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on the growth performance, fat deposition, and gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens. A total of 75 7-week-old silky fowl black-bone chickens were randomly divided into three groups (five replicates per group, five chickens per replicate) and fed them for 28 days using a growing diet (control group), a growing diet + 10% tallow (high-fat diet group, HFD group), and a growing diet + 10% tallow + 500 mg/kg iron (HFDFe500 group), respectively. We detected the effects of iron on the growth performance, fat deposition, and gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens using the growth performance index test, oil red O staining, and HE staining, and found that the high-fat diet significantly increased liver and serum fat deposition and liver injury, while the addition of iron to the diet could reduce the fat deposition caused by the high-fat diet and alleviate liver injury. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to compare the relative abundance of gut microbiota in the cecal contents in different feeding groups. The results showed that the high-fat diet could induce gut microbiota imbalance in chickens, while the high-iron diet reversed the gut microbiota imbalance. PICRUSt functional prediction analysis showed that dietary iron supplementation affected amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, cofactors, and vitamin metabolism pathways. In addition, correlation analysis showed that TG was significantly associated with Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota (p < 0.05). Overall, these results revealed high dietary iron (500 mg/kg) could reduce fat deposition and affect the gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens, suggesting that iron may regulate fat deposition by influencing the gut microbiota of chickens and provides a potential avenue that prevents excessive fat deposition in chickens by adding iron to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shihao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingling Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qixin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Fuentes J, Gregório SF, Fonseca F, Robles-Arozarena R, Martos-Sitcha JA, Moyano FJ. Effect of bile salts on intestinal epithelial function in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1777-1790. [PMID: 38916718 PMCID: PMC11286703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In the context of modern aquaculture, the effort to reduce the reliance on fishmeal/marine ingredients in fish diets has led to the exploration of plant-based protein sources as potential substitutes, a dietary shift that disrupts the bile acid profile in fish. Therefore, bile salts are being sought as additives. However, artificially increased intestinal levels of bile acids may significantly impact mucosal function. Therefore, here, we explored the regulatory role in the intestine of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) of (i) chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), (ii) a mixture formed by two bile acids, 3% cholic acid and 97% deoxycholic acid (MIX), and (iii) a conjugated bile salt sodium taurocholate (TC) in Ussing chambers with the epithelial voltage clamp technique. We tested the bile salts in a 50-500 μg/ml concentration range, and all of them promoted ion absorption. Yet, clear concentration-dependent and more pronounced effects on the ion transport were observed in the posterior intestine. On the other hand, bile salts had no or minor effects on tissue resistance. However, there are indications that the MIX could have adverse effects at high concentrations (500 μg/ml), promoting a threefold increase in tissue permeability measured using FITC-dextran (4 kD) regardless of the intestinal region, thus suggesting an alteration in intestinal permeability at high bile salt concentrations. The findings from our study emphasize the importance of considering intestinal function when contemplating the possible use of a particular bile salt as a dietary supplement. It appears that bile salts, whether acting individually or in combination, play a pivotal role in orchestrating nutrient absorption by influencing the function of epithelial ion transport. However further research is needed to fully grasp the region-dependent nuances of bile salt effects on ion transport and the ultimate consequences for nutrient absorption in the context of fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuentes
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - S F Gregório
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - F Fonseca
- ARNET (Aquatic Network, Associated Laboratory), Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - J A Martos-Sitcha
- Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F J Moyano
- Departamento de Biologia y Geologia Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Fernandes AM, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Pereira GV, Gonçalves AT, Dias J, Johansen J, Silva T, Naya-Català F, Piazzon C, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Costas B, Conceição LEC, Fernandes JMO, Pérez-Sánchez J. Sustainable Fish Meal-Free Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata): Integrated Biomarker Response to Assess the Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense and Immunological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2166. [PMID: 39123694 PMCID: PMC11311052 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients supported proper animal performance in terms of growth and physiological biomarkers of blood/liver/head kidney. A 77-day feeding trial was conducted with three experimental diets (PAP, with terrestrial processed animal protein from animal by-products; NOPAP, without processed animal protein from terrestrial animal by-products; MIX, a combination of alternative ingredients of PAP and NOPAP diets) and a commercial-type formulation (CTRL), and their effects on growth performance and markers of endocrine growth regulation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammatory condition were assessed at circulatory and tissue level (liver, head kidney). Growth performance was similar among all dietary treatments. However, fish fed the PAP diet displayed a lower feed conversion and protein efficiency, with intermediate values in MIX-fed fish. Such gradual variation in growth performance was supported by different biomarker signatures that delineated a lower risk of oxidation and inflammatory condition in NOPAP fish, in concurrence with an enhanced hepatic lipogenesis that did not represent a risk of lipoid liver degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Fernandes
- Sparos Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | | | | | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Sparos Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Johan Johansen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Fernando Naya-Català
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Carla Piazzon
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Toxqui-Rodríguez S, Holhorea PG, Naya-Català F, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Piazzon C, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Reshaping of Skin and Intestinal Microbiota by Stocking Density and Oxygen Availability in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata): A Behavioral and Network-Based Integrative Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1360. [PMID: 39065128 PMCID: PMC11278760 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish were kept for six weeks at three different initial stocking densities and water O2 concentrations (low-LD, 8.5 kg/m3 and 95-70% O2 saturation; medium-MD, 17 kg/m3 and 55-75% O2 saturation; high-HD, 25 kg/m3 and 60-45% O2 saturation), with water temperature increasing from 19 °C to 26-27 °C. The improvement in growth performance with the decrease in stocking density was related to changes in skin and intestinal mucosal microbiomes. Changes in microbiome composition were higher in skin, with an increased abundance of Alteromonas and Massilia in HD fish. However, these bacteria genera were mutually exclusive, and Alteromonas abundance was related to a reactive behavior and systemic growth regulation via the liver Gh/Igf system, while Massilia was correlated to a proactive behavior and a growth regulatory transition towards muscle rather than liver. At the intestinal level, microbial abundance showed an opposite trend for two bacteria taxa, rendering in a low abundance of Reyranella and a high abundance of Prauserella in HD fish. This trend was correlated with up-regulated host gene expression, affecting the immune response, epithelial cell turnover, and abiotic stress response. Most of the observed responses are adaptive in nature, and they would serve to infer new welfare indicators for increased stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Paul George Holhorea
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Fernando Naya-Català
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
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Ruiz A, Gisbert E, Andree KB. Impact of the diet in the gut microbiota after an inter-species microbial transplantation in fish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4007. [PMID: 38369563 PMCID: PMC10874947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Inter-species microbial transplantations offer the possibility of transferring species-specific microbes and their associated functionality. As a conceptual approach, an intestinal microbiota transplant (IMT) between two marine carnivorous fish species that thrive in different environmental conditions was conducted: from donor Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to recipient gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), after obliterating its basal microbiota with an antibiotic treatment. To confirm that the gut microbiota was able to recover after antibiotics without the influence of the diet, a group of gilthead seabream not submitted to the IMT was kept fasted as an internal control. To assess the effect of the diet after the IMT, two groups of gilthead seabream were respectively fed with their typical diet and with Atlantic salmon diet. At 36 days post-IMT, the gut of the individuals fed with their typical diet was dominated by the feed-associated bacteria, while those fed with the salmon diet had developed a unique microbiota from the convergence of the diet, donor, and recipient microbiota. These results suggested that an intestinal microbiota transplantation may be effective if the basal microbiota from the gut is first cleared and a targeted dietary modification is provided to maintain and enrich the novel bacteria species over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, Crta. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, Crta. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, Crta. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain
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Ruiz A, Sanahuja I, Andree KB, Furones D, Holhorea PG, Calduch-Giner JA, Pastor JJ, Viñas M, Pérez-Sánchez J, Morais S, Gisbert E. The potential of a combination of pungent spices as a novel supplement in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) diets to aid in the strategic use of fish oil in aquafeeds: a holistic perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222173. [PMID: 37818366 PMCID: PMC10561386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This work studied the potential of a combination of pungent spices (capsicum, black pepper, ginger, and cinnamaldehyde) to be used as a supplement in diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; 44.1 ± 4.2 g). During 90 days, fish were fed three experimental diets with low inclusion of fish oil and containing poultry fat as the main source of lipids, supplemented with graded levels of the tested supplement: 0 (control), 0.1 (SPICY0.1%), and 0.15% (SPICY0.15%). As a result, the pungent spices enhanced the growth performance, the activity of the bile-salt-activated lipase in the intestine, and decreased fat deposit levels within enterocytes. The SPICY0.1% diet reduced the feed conversion ratio and the perivisceral fat index and lipid deposits in the liver. Moreover, the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid in fillet increased in fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, while the hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed the SPICY0.15% diet. Furthermore, there was an effect on the expression of some biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in 2-h postprandial fish (fasn, elovl6, scd1b, cyp7a1, lpl, and pparβ), and in 48 h fasted-fish fed with the SPICY0.1% diet, a regulation of the intestinal immune response was indicated. However, no significant differences were found in lipid apparent digestibility and proximate macronutrient composition. The spices did not affect biomarkers of hepatic or oxidative stress. No differences in microbial diversity were found, except for an increase in Simpson's Index in the posterior intestine of fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, reflected in the increased relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi and lower relative abundances of the genera Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, and Peptoniphilus. In conclusion, the supplementation of gilthead seabream diets with pungent spices at an inclusion of 0.1% was beneficial to enhance growth performance and feed utilization; reduce fat accumulation in the visceral cavity, liver, and intestine; and improve the fish health status and condition. Results suggest that the tested supplement can be used as part of a nutritional strategy to promote a more judicious use of fish oil in fish diets due to its decreasing availability and rising costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
- Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Dolors Furones
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Paul G. Holhorea
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep A. Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Jose J. Pastor
- Innovation Division, Animal Science Unit, Lucta S.A. Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Viñas
- Sustainability in Biosystems, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Sofia Morais
- Innovation Division, Animal Science Unit, Lucta S.A. Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
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