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Merhi M, Ahmad F, Taib N, Inchakalody V, Uddin S, Shablak A, Dermime S. The complex network of transcription factors, immune checkpoint inhibitors and stemness features in colorectal cancer: A recent update. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 89:1-17. [PMID: 36621515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunity is regulated by several mechanisms that include co-stimulatory and/or co-inhibitory molecules known as immune checkpoints expressed by the immune cells. In colorectal cancer (CRC), CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM-3 and PD-1 are the major co-inhibitory checkpoints involved in tumor development and progression. On the other hand, the deregulation of transcription factors and cancer stem cells activity plays a major role in the development of drug resistance and in the spread of metastatic disease in CRC. In this review, we describe how the modulation of such transcription factors affects the response of CRC to therapies. We also focus on the role of cancer stem cells in tumor metastasis and chemoresistance and discuss both preclinical and clinical approaches for targeting stem cells to prevent their tumorigenic effect. Finally, we provide an update on the clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in CRC and discuss the regulatory effects of transcription factors on the expression of the immune inhibitory checkpoints with specific focus on the PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassiba Taib
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaaeldin Shablak
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Huldani H, Jasim SA, Sergeenva KN, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Turakulov R, Al-Gazally ME, Ahmadzadeh B, Jawhar ZH, Siahmansouri H. Mechanisms of cancer stem cells drug resistance and the pivotal role of HMGA2. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 234:153906. [PMID: 35468338 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the focus of researchers is on perceiving the heterogeneity observed in a tumor. The researchers studied the role of a specific subset of cancer cells with high resistance to traditional treatments, recurrence, and unregulated metastasis. This small population of tumor cells that have stem-cell-like specifications was named Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). The unique features that distinguish this type of cancer cell are self-renewing, generating clones of the tumor, plasticity, recurrence, and resistance to therapies. There are various mechanisms that contribute to the drug resistance of CSCs, such as CSCs markers, Epithelial mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, other cells, inflammation, and signaling pathways. Recent investigations have revealed the primary role of HMGA2 in the development and invasion of cancer cells. Importantly, HMGA2 also plays a key role in resistance to treatment through their function in the drug resistance mechanisms of CSCs and challenge it. Therefore, a deep understanding of this issue can provide a clearer perspective for researchers in the face of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huldani Huldani
- Department of Physiology, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Borneo, Indonesia
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Klunko Nataliya Sergeenva
- Department of post-graduate and doctoral programs, Russian New University, Building 5, Radio Street, Moscow City, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Bldg. 2, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rustam Turakulov
- Department of Internal diseases, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Behnam Ahmadzadeh
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zheng X, Peng B, Wu X, Ye J, Zhao H, Li Y, Chen R, Gong X, Zhang H, Guo X. Male-specific long non-coding RNA testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 15 promotes gastric cancer cell growth by regulating Wnt family member 1/β-catenin signaling by sponging microRNA let-7a-5p. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8605-8616. [PMID: 35287556 PMCID: PMC9161946 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2053814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed to investigate the regulatory effects and related mechanism of long non-coding RNA testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 15 (TTTY15) in gastric carcinoma (GC) cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). TTTY15 expression in GC tissue samples and cells was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between TTTY15 expression and GC clinicopathological indicators was analyzed. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), BrdU, flow cytometry and Transwell assays were performed for detecting GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Western blot was performed for detecting the expressions of EMT-associated proteins (N-cadherin and E-cadherin), Wnt family member 1 (Wnt1) protein and β-catenin protein. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to verify the targeted relationships of microRNA let-7a-5p (let-7a-5p) with TTTY15 and Wnt1 mRNA 3'UTR. It was found that TTTY15 expression was significantly up-regulated in GC tissues and cells, and was associated with advanced TNM stage and poor tumor differentiation. TTTY15 overexpression promoted GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, the expressions of N-cadherin, Wnt1 and β-catenin protein, and inhibited the apoptosis and E-cadherin expression, while knocking down TTTY15 had the opposite effects. TTTY15 directly targeted let-7a-5p and negatively regulated its expression. Wnt1 was the target gene of let-7a-5p, and TTTY15 could indirectly and positively regulate Wnt1 expression. In conclusion, TTTY15 promotes GC progression, by regulating the let-7a-5p/Wnt1 axis to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYing Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - BingJun Peng
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - XinChun Wu
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Qianxi County People's Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China
| | - JunLing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - HaiYun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Menyuan Hui Autonomous County traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - YanJun Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - RuiHui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - HaiYan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - XinJian Guo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
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