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Kadian LK, Verma D, Lohani N, Yadav R, Ranga S, Gulshan G, Pal S, Kumari K, Chauhan SS. Long non-coding RNAs in cancer: multifaceted roles and potential targets for immunotherapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04933-1. [PMID: 38413478 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major global health concern with high mortality rates mainly due to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of gene expression in human cancer, functioning through various mechanisms including as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and indirectly regulating miRNA expression. LncRNAs have been found to have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in cancer, with the former promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and poor prognosis. Recent research has shown that lncRNAs are expressed in various immune cells and are involved in cancer cell immune escape and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, thus highlighting their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Targeting lncRNAs in cancer or immune cells could enhance the anti-tumor immune response and improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes. However, further research is required to fully understand the functional roles of lncRNAs in cancer and the immune system and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted roles of lncRNAs in human cancers, with a focus on their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. By exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and immune evasion, we provide insights into the diverse therapeutic applications of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Kadian
- Dept of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Dept of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | - Deepika Verma
- Dept of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neelam Lohani
- Dept of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Dept of Genetics, MD University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Shalu Ranga
- Dept of Genetics, MD University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Gulshan Gulshan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanghapriya Pal
- Dept of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Kiran Kumari
- Dept of Forensic Science, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Dept of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Jin C, Wang T, Yang Y, Zhou P, Li J, Wu W, Lv X, Ma G, Wang A. Rational targeting of autophagy in colorectal cancer therapy: From molecular interactions to pharmacological compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115721. [PMID: 36965788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The abnormal progression of tumors has been a problem for treatment of cancer and therapeutic should be directed towards targeting main mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis in tumors. The genomic mutations can result in changes in biological mechanisms in human cancers. Colorectal cancer is one of the most malignant tumors of gastrointestinal tract and its treatment has been faced some difficulties due to development of resistance in tumor cells and also, their malignant behavior. Hence, new therapeutic modalities for colorectal cancer are being investigated. Autophagy is a "self-digestion" mechanism that is responsible for homeostasis preserving in cells and its aberrant activation/inhibition can lead to tumorigenesis. The current review focuses on the role of autophagy mechanism in colorectal cancer. Autophagy may be associated with increase/decrease in progression of colorectal cancer due to mutual function of this molecular mechanism. Pro-survival autophagy inhibits apoptosis to increase proliferation and survival rate of colorectal tumor cells and it is also involved in cancer metastasis maybe due to EMT induction. In contrast, pro-death autophagy decreases growth and invasion of colorectal tumor cells. The status of autophagy (upregulation and down-regulation) is a determining factor for therapy response in colorectal tumor cells. Therefore, targeting autophagy can increase sensitivity of colorectal tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Interestingly, nanoparticles can be employed for targeting autophagy in cancer therapy and they can both induce/suppress autophagy in tumor cells. Furthermore, autophagy modulators can be embedded in nanostructures in improving tumor suppression and providing cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Tianbao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Pin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Juncheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Guoqing Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Aihong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China.
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Moslehian MS, Shabkhizan R, Asadi MR, Bazmani A, Mahdipour M, Haiaty S, Rahbarghazi R, Sakhinia E. Interaction of lncRNAs with mTOR in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:512. [PMID: 37280524 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most widespread cancer and the fourth leading lethal disease among different societies. It is thought that CRC accounts for about 10% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases with high-rate mortality. lncRNAs, belonging to non-coding RNAs, are involved in varied cell bioactivities. Emerging data have confirmed a significant alteration in lncRNA transcription under anaplastic conditions. This systematic review aimed to assess the possible influence of abnormal mTOR-associated lncRNAs in the tumorigenesis of colorectal tissue. In this study, the PRISMA guideline was utilized based on the systematic investigation of published articles from seven databases. Of the 200 entries, 24 articles met inclusion criteria and were used for subsequent analyses. Of note, 23 lncRNAs were prioritized in association with the mTOR signaling pathway with up-regulation (79.16%) and down-regulation (20.84%) trends. Based on the obtained data, mTOR can be stimulated or inhibited during CRC by the alteration of several lncRNAs. Determining the dynamic activity of mTOR and relevant signaling pathways via lncRNAs can help us progress novel molecular therapeutics and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Sadat Moslehian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Shabkhizan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Tabriz Genetic Analysis Centre (TGAC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kumar A, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Hegde M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Autophagy Using Long Non-Coding RNAs (LncRNAs): New Landscapes in the Arena of Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050810. [PMID: 36899946 PMCID: PMC10000689 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a global health hazard accounting for 10 million deaths in the year 2020. Although different treatment approaches have increased patient overall survival, treatment for advanced stages still suffers from poor clinical outcomes. The ever-increasing prevalence of cancer has led to a reanalysis of cellular and molecular events in the hope to identify and develop a cure for this multigenic disease. Autophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process, eliminates protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has implicated the deregulation of autophagic pathways to be associated with various hallmarks of cancer. Autophagy exhibits both tumor-promoting and suppressive effects based on the tumor stage and grades. Majorly, it maintains the cancer microenvironment homeostasis by promoting viability and nutrient recycling under hypoxic and nutrient-deprived conditions. Recent investigations have discovered long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as master regulators of autophagic gene expression. lncRNAs, by sequestering autophagy-related microRNAs, have been known to modulate various hallmarks of cancer, such as survival, proliferation, EMT, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review delineates the mechanistic role of various lncRNAs involved in modulating autophagy and their related proteins in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +91-789-600-5326 (G.S.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +91-789-600-5326 (G.S.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.)
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Islam Khan MZ, Law HKW. Suppression of small nucleolar RNA host gene 8 (SNHG8) inhibits the progression of colorectal cancer cells. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:224-232. [PMID: 36860208 PMCID: PMC9969251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies around the world with high mortality. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in CRC tumorigenesis by regulating different pathways of carcinogenesis. SNHG8 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 8), a lncRNA, is highly expressed in several cancers and acts as an oncogene that promotes cancer progression. However, the oncogenic role of SNHG8 in CRC carcinogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we explored the role of SNHG8 in CRC cell lines by performing a series of functional experiments. Similar to the data reported in the Encyclopedia of RNA Interactome, our RT-qPCR results showed that SNHG8 expression was significantly upregulated in CRC cell lines (DLD-1, HT-29, HCT-116, and SW480) compared to the normal colon cell line (CCD-112CoN). We performed dicer-substrate siRNA transfection to knockdown the expression of SNHG8 in HCT-116 and SW480 cell lines which were expressing high levels of SNHG8. SNHG8 knockdown significantly reduced CRC cell growth and proliferation by inducing autophagy and apoptosis pathways through the AKT/AMPK/mTOR axis. We performed wound healing migration assay and demonstrated that SNHG8 knockdown significantly increased migration index in both cell lines, indicating reduced migration abilities of cells. Further investigation showed that SNHG8 knockdown suppresses epithelial to mesenchymal transition and reduces cellular migratory properties of CRC cells. Taken together, our study suggests that SNHG8 acts as an oncogene in CRC through the mTOR-dependent autophagy, apoptosis, and EMT pathways. Our study provides a better understanding the role of SNHG8 in CRC at molecular level and SNHG8 might be used as novel therapeutic target for CRC management.
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Qiang L, Li H, Wang Z, Wan L, Jiang G. Deconvoluting the complexity of autophagy in colorectal cancer: From crucial pathways to targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1007509. [PMID: 36172152 PMCID: PMC9510924 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1007509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor with a high degree of malignancy, and most clinical cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which has unfortunately missed an opportunity for surgery; therefore, elucidation of the crucial pathways of CRC development and discovery of targeted therapeutic strategies should be anticipated. Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily highly conserved catabolic process, may promote tumorigenesis and development of CRC. On the contrary, autophagy can trigger programmed cell death to inhibit CRC progression. Correspondingly, several targeted therapeutic strategies have been reported in CRC, including small-molecule compounds, polypeptides, non-coding RNAs, photodynamic, and adjuvant therapies. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the crucial pathways of autophagy in CRC, and further discuss the current therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy. Together, these findings may shed light on the key regulatory mechanisms of autophagy and provide more promising therapeutic approaches for the future CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qiang
- Department of Gastroenterology Ward, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Guangfu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guangfu Jiang,
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Manzoor S, Muhammad JS, Maghazachi AA, Hamid Q. Autophagy: A Versatile Player in the Progression of Colorectal Cancer and Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924290. [PMID: 35912261 PMCID: PMC9329589 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the topmost malignancies for both genders. Despite the high incidence rate and advances in diagnostic tools, treatment in many cases is still ineffective. Most cancerous lesions in CRC begin as benign, followed by the development of invasive forms and metastases. The development of CRC has been linked to defects in autophagy, which plays both a pro-and anti-tumor role and is mainly context-dependent. Autophagy suppression could enhance apoptosis via p53 activation, or autophagy also promotes tumor progression by maintaining tumor growth and increasing resistance to chemotherapy. Autophagy promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells via increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, dysbiosis of gut microbiota upregulated autophagy and metastasis markers. Autophagy responses may also modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) via regulating the differentiation process of several innate immune cells. Treatments that promote tumor cell death by stimulating or inhibiting autophagy could be beneficial if used as an adjunct treatment, but the precise role of various autophagy-modulating drugs in CRC patients is needed to be explored. In this article, we present an overview of the autophagy process and its role in the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of CRC. Also, we focused on the current understanding of the role of the EMT and TME, including its relation to gut microbiota and immune cells, in autophagic manipulation of CRC. We believe that there is a potential link between autophagy, TME, EMT, and drug resistance, suggesting that further studies are needed to explore this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Manzoor
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Qutayba Hamid,
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Zhang H, Wang J, Yu T, Wang J, Lu J, Yu Z. Silencing LncRNA CASC9 inhibits proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by MiR-542-3p/ILK. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265901. [PMID: 35427373 PMCID: PMC9012350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks the third in cancers and the second in the reasons of cancer-related death. More evidence indicates that long non-coding RNA participates in tumor initiation and progression. It’s known that cancer susceptibility candidate 9 is an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in CRC. miR-542-3p is a negative regulator of CRC, while integrin-linked kinase could contribute to tumor progression and chemoresistance. However, the correlation among long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9, miR-542-3p and integrin-linked kinase in CRC is still unclear. We demonstrated long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 in CRC specimens and cell lines overexpressed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Once long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 was knocked down, it significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine, and transwell assays, which also was validated in vivo. Long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 negatively regulates miR-542-3p in a targeted manner, and the function of up-regulated miR-542-3p was confirmed similarly. While miR-542-3p negatively regulates integrin-linked kinase. Thus, we further verified that overexpression of integrin-linked kinase on down-regulated long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 or up-regulated miR-542-3p significantly restored CRC cell proliferation via bioinformatic analysis, dual-luciferase report assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA immunoprecipitation, and western blot. This study testified that silencing long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 could inhibit proliferation and invasion of CRC cells by miR-542-3p/integrin-linked kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, People’s Hospital of Jiaozuo, Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China
| | - Jingfang Wang
- Medical College of Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Taoyuan Yu
- Institute of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Infertility Clinic, People’s Hospital of Jiaozuo, Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Basic Medical Laboratory, 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zongyang Yu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Islam Khan MZ, Tam SY, Law HKW. Advances in High Throughput Proteomics Profiling in Establishing Potential Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:973. [PMID: 35326424 PMCID: PMC8946849 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) remain the most diagnosed cancers and accounted for the highest cancer-related death globally. The prognosis and treatment outcomes of many GICs are poor because most of the cases are diagnosed in advanced metastatic stages. This is primarily attributed to the deficiency of effective and reliable early diagnostic biomarkers. The existing biomarkers for GICs diagnosis exhibited inadequate specificity and sensitivity. To improve the early diagnosis of GICs, biomarkers with higher specificity and sensitivity are warranted. Proteomics study and its functional analysis focus on elucidating physiological and biological functions of unknown or annotated proteins and deciphering cellular mechanisms at molecular levels. In addition, quantitative analysis of translational proteomics is a promising approach in enhancing the early identification and proper management of GICs. In this review, we focus on the advances in mass spectrometry along with the quantitative and functional analysis of proteomics data that contributes to the establishment of biomarkers for GICs including, colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and esophageal cancer. We also discuss the future challenges in the validation of proteomics-based biomarkers for their translation into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Ka Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; (M.Z.I.K.); (S.Y.T.)
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Si L, Yang Z, Ding L, Zhang D. Regulatory effects of lncRNAs and miRNAs on the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer: a new era for cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:547-564. [PMID: 35083552 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) are the two principal biological processes and ideal therapeutic targets during cancer development. Autophagy, a highly conserved process for degrading dysfunctional cellular components, plays a dual role in tumors depending on the tumor stage and tissue types. The EMT process is the transition differentiation from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal-like cell and acquiring metastatic potential. There is evidence that the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT is complex in cancer. In recent years, more studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in autophagy, EMT, and their crosstalk. Therefore, accurate understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs in autophagy, EMT and their interactions is crucial for the clinical management of cancers. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted on the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The keywords used for the search included: autophagy, EMT, crosstalk, lncRNAs, miRNAs, cancers, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. This search provided relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals until 2021. Data from these various studies were extracted and used in this review. RESULTS The results showed that lncRNAs/miRNAs as tumor inhibitors or tumor inducers could regulate autophagy, EMT, and their interaction by regulating several molecular signaling pathways. The lncRNAs/miRNAs involved in autophagy and EMT processes could have potential uses in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. CONCLUSION Such information could help find and develop lncRNAs/miRNAs based new tools for diagnosing, prognosis, and creating anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zecheng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Duoduo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China
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11
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Huang PJ, Chiu CC, Hsiao MH, Yow JL, Tzang BS, Hsu TC. Potential of antiviral drug oseltamivir for the treatment of liver cancer. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:109. [PMID: 34859259 PMCID: PMC8651232 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer‑related mortality globally. Since hepatitis virus infections have been strongly associated with the incidence of liver cancer, studies concerning the effects of antiviral drugs on liver cancer have attracted great attention in recent years. The present study investigated the effects of two anti‑hepatitis virus drugs, lamivudine and ribavirin, and one anti‑influenza virus drug, oseltamivir, on liver cancer cells to assess alternative methods for treating liver cancer. MTT assays, wound healing assays, Τranswell assays, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, ELISA, immunofluorescence staining and a xenograft animal model were adopted to verify the effects of lamivudine, ribavirin and oseltamivir on liver cancer cells. Treatment with ribavirin and oseltamivir for 24 and 48 h significantly decreased the viability of both Huh-7 and HepG2 cells compared with that of THLE‑3 cells in a dose‑dependent manner. The subsequent investigations focused on oseltamivir, considering the more serious clinical adverse effects of ribavirin than those of oseltamivir. Significantly decreased migration and invasion were observed in both Huh-7 and HepG2 cells that were treated with oseltamivir for 24 and 48 h. In addition, oseltamivir significantly increased autophagy in Huh‑7 cells, as revealed by the significantly higher ratios of LC3‑II/LC3‑I, increased expression of Beclin‑1, and decreased expression of p62, whereas no significant increases in the expression of apoptosis‑related proteins, including Apaf‑1, cleaved caspase‑3, and cleaved PARP‑1, were detected. Notably, apoptosis and autophagy were significantly increased in HepG2 cells in the presence of oseltamivir, as revealed by the significant increases in the expression of Apaf‑1, cleaved caspase‑3, and cleaved PARP‑1, the higher ratios of LC3‑II/LC3‑I, the increased expression of Beclin‑1, and the decreased expression of p62. Additionally, significant inhibitory effects of oseltamivir on xenografted Huh‑7 cells in athymic nude mice were observed. The present study, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, reported the differential effects of oseltamivir on inducing liver cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo and may provide an alternative approach for treating liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Ching Chiu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Hua Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia Le Yow
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Islam Khan MZ, Law HKW. RAMS11 promotes CRC through mTOR-dependent inhibition of autophagy, suppression of apoptosis, and promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:321. [PMID: 34174900 PMCID: PMC8236194 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) associated with diverse biological processes of cells. Over the past decades, cumulating research evidences revealed that abnormal expressions of lncRNAs are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. Moreover, their usefulness as candidate biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and prognosis are well evident throughout previous literature. In the current study, we examined the role and molecular mechanisms of newly identified lncRNA named RNA associated with metastasis-11 (RAMS11) in CRC development. METHODS The expression of RAMS11 in CRC cell lines DLD-1, HT-29, HCT-116, and SW480 and colon normal cells CCD-112-CoN were evaluated by quantitative RT-qPCR. The results showed that the RAMS11 is significantly upregulated in CRC cell lines compared to the normal cells. The CCK-8 proliferation assay, colony formation assay, and migration assay were performed to evaluate the biological and physiological functions of RAMS11 in vitro. To decipher the molecular mechanisms of RAMS11 medicated CRC progression, we further performed western blot analysis of the key pathway proteins (e.g., AMPK, AKT, and mTOR). RESULTS Our results revealed that higher expression of RAMS11 is associated with increased CRC proliferation, migration, and development of metastasis. Knockdown of RAMS11 induced autophagy, apoptosis along with reduction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) suggesting that RAMS11 is involved in CRC progression. The molecular mechanisms of RAMS11 indicated that knockdown of RAMS11 significantly inhibited CRC carcinogenesis through mTOR-dependent autophagy induction. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our results suggested that RAMS11 is an important oncogene in CRC pathogenesis. Targeting RAMS11 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahirul Islam Khan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Ka Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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