The Oncogenic Roles of JC Virus T Antigen in Breast Carcinogenesis

A new evaluation of the rearranged non-coding control region of JC virus in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Several studies have reported the presence of JC virus (JCV) in human tumors, The association of JCV and CRC remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the rearranged NCCR region of the detected JCV DNA in CRC patients' tissue samples.

METHODS

In this case-control study, tumor tissues (n = 60), adjacent normal tissues (n = 60), and urine samples (n = 60) of the CRC patients were collected. The nested PCR was employed to detect the VP1 and NCCR regions of the JCV genome. The positive JCV PCR products were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the JCV genotypes. After extracting RNA and preparing cDNA, the expression of JCV LTAg was examined in 60 tumor tissues and 60 adjacent normal tissues. The analysis of JCV LTAg expression was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 8.

RESULTS

The analysis reveals that JCV DNA was detected in 35/60 (58.3%) tumor tissues, while 36/60 (60.0%) of adjacent normal tissues (p = 0.85). JCV DNA was detected in 42/60 (70.0%) urine samples when compared to 35/60 (58.3%) tumor tissues of CRC patients and was not found significant (P = 0.25). The phylogenetic tree analysis showed the dominant JCV genotype 3, followed by genotype 2D was distributed in tumor tissue, normal tissue, and urine samples of the CRC patients. Analysis of randomly selected NCCR sequences from JCV regions in tumor tissue samples revealed the presence of rearranged NCCR blocks of different lengths.: 431 bp, 292 bp, 449 bp, and 356 bp. These rearranged NCCR blocks differ from the rearranged NCCR blocks described in PML-type Mad-1, Mad-4, Mad-7, and Mad-8 prototypes. The expression of JCV LTAg was significantly different in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue, with a p-value of less than 0.002.

CONCLUSION

A significant proportion of 35%> of the tumor tissue and urine samples of the CRC patients was found to be positive for JCV DNA (P = 0.25). The parallel analysis of tumor and urine samples for JCV DNA further supports the potential for non-invasive screening tools. This study provides new insights into Rearranged NCCR variant isolates from patients with CRC. The significant difference in JCV LTAg expression between tumor and normal tissue indicates a latent JCV status potentially leading to cancer development.

The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the female sex; although recent therapies have significantly changed the natural history of this cancer, it remains a significant challenge. In the past decade, evidence has been put forward that some oncogenic viruses may play a role in the development of sporadic breast cancer; however, data are scattered and mostly reported as sparse case series or small case-control studies. In this review, we organize and report current evidence regarding the role of high-risk human papillomavirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, bovine leukemia virus, human polyomavirus 2, and Merkel cell polyomavirus in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Human polyomaviruses JCPyV and MCPyV in urothelial cell carcinoma: a single institution experience

Objective

Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is the most common type of urinary bladder. JCPyV and BKPyV have been detected in the urine and tissue of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC) in immunocompetent patients. Here, we investigated the presence of several HPyVs in UCC samples using diverse molecular techniques to study the prevalence of HPyVs in UCC.

Methods

A large single-institution database of urine cytology specimens (UCS; n = 22.867 UCS) has previously been searched for decoy cells (n = 30), suggesting polyomavirus infection. The available urine sediments and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of UCC patients were tested for the presence of JCPyV-LTAg expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) labeled with SV40-LTAg antibody (clone: PAb416) and subsequent PCR followed by sequencing. In addition, the presence of the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the presence of human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and 7 (HPyV7) DNA were tested with DNA PCR or IHC.

Results

Of the 30 patients harboring decoy cells, 14 were diagnosed with UCC of the urinary bladder (14/30; 46.6%) before presenting with decoy cells in the urine. The SV40-LTAg IHC was positive in all 14 UCC urine sediments and negative in the FFPE tissues. JCPyV-DNA was identified in all five available UCS and in three FFPE samples of UCC (three of 14; 21.4%). Two UCC cases were positive for MCPyV-DNA (two of 14; 14.3%), and one of them showed protein expression by IHC (one of 14; 7.1%). All specimens were HPyV6 and HPyV7 negative.

Conclusion

Our findings show the presence of JCPyV in the urine and UCC of immunocompetent patients. Moreover, MCPyV was detected in two UCC cases. In total, five UCC cases showed the presence of either JCPyV or MCPyV. The evidence here supports the hypothesis that these viruses might sporadically be associated with UCC. Further studies are needed to confirm the relevance of JCPyV or MCPyV as a possible risk factor for UCC development.

The potential oncogenic effect of tissue-specific expression of JC polyoma T antigen in digestive epithelial cells

JC polyoma virus (JCPyV), a ubiquitous polyoma virus that commonly infects people, is identified as the etiologic factor for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and has been closely linked to various human cancers. Transgenic mice of CAG-loxp-Laz-loxp T antigen were established. T-antigen expression was specifically activated in gastroenterological target cells with a LacZ deletion using a cre-loxp system. Gastric poorly-differentiated carcinoma was observed in T antigen-activated mice using K19-cre (stem-like cells) and PGC-cre (chief cells), but not Atp4b-cre (parietal cells) or Capn8-cre (pit cells) mice. Spontaneous hepatocellular and colorectal cancers developed in Alb-cre (hepatocytes)/T antigen and villin-cre (intestinal cells)/T antigen transgenic mice respectively. Gastric, colorectal, and breast cancers were observed in PGC-cre/T antigen mice. Pancreatic insulinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma, gastric adenoma, and duodenal cancer were detected in Pdx1-cre/T antigen mice. Alternative splicing of T antigen mRNA occurred in all target organs of these transgenic mice. Our findings suggest that JCPyV T antigen might contribute to gastroenterological carcinogenesis with respect to cell specificity. Such spontaneous tumor models provide good tools for investigating the oncogenic roles of T antigen in cancers of the digestive system.

Traces of JC polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer: a comprehensive study in Iran

Background

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is known to induce solid tumors such as astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and neuroblastomas in experimental animals, and recent studies have shown that the virus may be correlated with carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of JCPyV on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Methods

A total of 1057 samples, including 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS) and 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were evaluated for the presence of JCPyV DNA and RNA.

Results

We observed that 10.8% (114/1057) samples, including 17.5% (72/412) FBS and 6.5% (42/645) PEBS were positive for the JCPyV DNA. Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the mean JCPyV copy number was lower in patients with PEBS (0.3 × 10^–4 ± 0.1 × 10^–4 copies/cell) compared to FBS (1.8 × 10^–1 ± 0.4 × 10^–1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.2 × 10^–5 ± 0.01 × 10^–5 copies/cell), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was lower in PEBS than in FBS, while no VP1 gene transcript expression was found.

Conclusions

Although our results confirmed the presence of JCPyV in some Iranian patients with PTC, more research is needed to verify these results.

The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) belongs to the human polyomavirus family. Based on alternative splicing, the early region encodes the large and small T antigens, while the late region encodes the capsid structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) and the agnoprotein. The regulatory transcription factors for JCPyV include Sp1, TCF-4, DDX1, YB-1, LCP-1, Purα, GF-1, and NF-1. JCPyV enters tonsillar tissue through the intake of raw sewage, inhalation of air droplets, or parent-to-child transmission. It persists quiescently in lymphoid and renal tissues during latency. Both TGF-β1 and TNF-α stimulates JCPyV multiplication, while interferon-γ suppresses the process. The distinct distribution of caspid receptors (α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans, and serotonin) determines the infection capabilities of JCPyV virions, and JCPyV entry is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In permissive cells, JCPyV undergoes lytic proliferation and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, while its DNA is inserted into genomic DNA and leads to carcinogenesis in non-permissive cells. T antigen targets p53, β-catenin, IRS, Rb, TGF-β1, PI3K/Akt and AMPK signal pathways in cancer cells. Intracranial injection of T antigen into animals results in neural tumors, and transgenic mice develop neural tumors, lens tumor, breast cancer, gastric, Vater’s, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, insulinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, JCPyV DNA and its encoded products can be detected in the brain tissues of PML patients and brain, oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and hepatocellular cancer tissues. Therefore, JCPyV might represent an etiological risk factor for carcinogenesis and should be evaluated for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers.

Deciphering the role of predicted miRNAs of polyomaviruses in carcinogenesis

Human polyomaviruses are relatively common in the general population. Polyomaviruses maintain a persistent infection after initial infection in childhood, acting as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised populations and their association has been linked to carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in consequence of polyomavirus infection remains elusive. However, the critical role of viral miRNAs and their potential targets in modifying the transcriptome profile of the host remains largely unknown. Polyomavirus-derived miRNAs have the potential to play a substantial role in carcinogenesis. Employing computational approaches, putative viral miRNAs along with their target genes have been predicted and possible roles of the targeted genes in many significant biological processes have been obtained. Polyomaviruses have been observed to target intracellular signal transduction pathways through miRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation, which may contribute to cancer development. In addition, BKPyV-infected human renal cell microarray data was coupled with predicted target genes and analysis of the downregulated genes indicated that viruses target multiple signaling pathways (e.g. MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway) in the host as well as turning off several tumor suppression genes (e.g. FGGY, EPHX2, CACNA2D3, CDH16) through miRNA-induced mechanisms, assuring cell transformation. This study provides a conceptual framework for the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the course of carcinogenesis upon polyomavirus infection.

Virus-host interaction network analysis in Colorectal cancer identifies core virus network signature and small molecules

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Systematic analysis of virus-host networks identified key pathways in CRC.

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Core virus-CRC network revealed the growth pathway regulated by viruses.

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Short linear motif analysis identified druggable regions in virus proteins.

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Virtual screening revealed key anti-viral molecules against viral proteins.

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Molecular dynamics simulations showed the effect of anti-viral molecules.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. Multiple studies reveal that viruses are involved in colorectal tumorigenesis. The viruses such as Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human papillomaviruses (HPV16 & HPV18), and John Cunningham virus (JCV) are known to cause colorectal cancer. The molecular mechanisms of cancer genesis and maintenance shared by these viruses remain unclear. We analysed the virus-host networks and connected them with colorectal cancer proteome datasets and extracted the core shared interactions in the virus-host CRC network. Our network topology analysis identified prominent virus proteins RL6 (HCMV), VE6 (HPV16 and HPV18), and Large T antigen (JCV). Sequence analysis uncovered short linear motifs (SLiMs) in each viral target. We used these targets to identify the antiviral drugs through a structure-based virtual screening approach. This analysis highlighted that temsavir, pimodivir, famotine, and bictegravir bind to each virus protein target, respectively. We also assessed the effect of drug binding using molecular dynamic simulations, which shed light on the modulatory effect of drug molecules on SLiM regions in viral targets. Hence, our systematic screening of virus-host networks revealed viral targets, which could be crucial for cancer therapy.