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Cunningham ML, Schiewer MJ. PARP-ish: Gaps in Molecular Understanding and Clinical Trials Targeting PARP Exacerbate Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2024; 84:743102. [PMID: 38635890 PMCID: PMC11217733 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PARP is a nuclear enzyme with a major function in the DNA damage response. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been developed for treating tumors harboring homologous recombination repair (HRR) defects that lead to a dependency on PARP. There are currently three PARPi approved for use in advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and several others are in clinical trials for this disease. Recent clinical trial results have reported differential efficacy based on the specific PARPi utilized as well as patient race. There is a racial disparity in PCa, where African American (AA) males are twice as likely to develop and die from the disease compared to European American (EA) males. Despite the disparity, there continues to be a lack of diversity in clinical trial cohorts for PCa. In this review, PARP nuclear functions, inhibition, and clinical relevance are explored through the lens of racial differences. This review will touch on the biological variations that have been explored thus far between AA and EA males with PCa to offer rationale for investigating PARPi response in the context of race at both the basic science and the clinical development levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah L. Cunningham
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Matthew J. Schiewer
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Alaa Eldeen M, Mamdouh F, Abdulsahib WK, Eid RA, Alhanshani AA, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, Alshehri MA, Samir A. Zaki M, Soltan MA, Noreldin AE. Oncogenic Potential of Replication Factor C Subunit 4: Correlations with Tumor Progression and Assessment of Potential Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:152. [PMID: 38399367 PMCID: PMC10891693 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Replication Factor C Subunit 4 (RFC4), an oncogene implicated in many human cancers, has yet to be extensively studied in many cancer types to determine its expression patterns and tumor tissue function. Various bioinformatics tools were used to analyze RFC4 as a potential oncogene and therapeutic target across many cancers. We first examined RFC4 expression levels in several human tumor types to determine relationships with tumor grade, stage, metastasis, and patient survival. We also examined RFC4's genetic changes, epigenetic methylation, and effect on tumor microenvironment (TME) immune cell infiltration. We also analyzed RFC4's connections with immunological checkpoints to identify potential molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Our findings show that RFC4 is upregulated in several tumor types and associated with poor prognoses in many human cancers. This study shows that RFC4 significantly affects the tumor immunological microenvironment, specifically immune cell populations. Finally, we screened for RFC4-inhibiting pharmacological compounds with anti-cancer potential. This study fully elucidates RFC4's carcinogenic activities, emphasizing its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Cell Biology, Histology & Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Farag Mamdouh
- Biotechnology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Banha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Waleed K. Abdulsahib
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Farahidi University, Baghdad 00965, Iraq
| | - Refaat A. Eid
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad A. Alhanshani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia (A.A.S.); (Y.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ayed A. Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia (A.A.S.); (Y.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Youssef A. Alqahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia (A.A.S.); (Y.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed A. Alshehri
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia (A.A.S.); (Y.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Samir A. Zaki
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Soltan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Clune S, Awolade P, Zhou Q, Esquer H, Matter B, Kearns JT, Kellett T, Akintayo DC, Kompella UB, LaBarbera DV. The validation of new CHD1L inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116037. [PMID: 38128184 PMCID: PMC10792906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 like (CHD1L) is an oncogene that promotes tumor progression, metastasis, and multidrug resistance. CHD1L expression is indicative of poor outcomes and low survival in cancer patients with various cancer types. Herein, we report a set of CHD1L inhibitors (CHD1Li) discovered from high-throughput screening and evaluated using enzyme inhibition, 3D tumor organoid cytotoxicity and mechanistic assays. The structurally distinct compounds 8-11 emerged as hits with promising bioactivity by targeting CHD1L. CHD1Li were further examined for their stability in human and mouse liver microsomes, which showed compounds 9 and 11 to be the most metabolically stable. Additionally, molecular modeling studies of CHD1Li with the target protein shed light on key pharmacophore features driving CHD1L binding. Taken together, these results expand the chemical space of CHD1Li as a potential targeted therapy for colorectal cancer and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Clune
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul Awolade
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, USA
| | - Qiong Zhou
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, USA; The CU Cancer Center, USA
| | - Hector Esquer
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, USA; The CU Cancer Center, USA
| | - Brock Matter
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Kearns
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy Kellett
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Damilola Caleb Akintayo
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, USA; The CU Cancer Center, USA
| | - Daniel V LaBarbera
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, USA; The CU Cancer Center, USA.
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Soltan MA, Alhanshani AA, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, Alshaya DS, Alharthi J, Altalhi SA, Fayad E, Zaki MSA, Eid RA. Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Interfere with Several Immune Components and Predict Poor Clinical Outcome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2254. [PMID: 37626750 PMCID: PMC10452213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) is a well-known tumor suppressor gene as it functions as a cell cycle regulator. While several reports correlate the malfunction of CDKN2A with the initiation and progression of several types of human tumors, there is a lack of a comprehensive study that analyzes the potential effect of CDKN2A genetic alterations on the human immune components and the consequences of that effect on tumor progression and patient survival in a pan-cancer model. The first stage of the current study was the analysis of CDKN2A differential expression in tumor tissues and the corresponding normal ones and correlating that with tumor stage, grade, metastasis, and clinical outcome. Next, a detailed profile of CDKN2A genetic alteration under tumor conditions was described and assessed for its effect on the status of different human immune components. CDKN2A was found to be upregulated in cancerous tissues versus normal ones and that predicted the progression of tumor stage, grade, and metastasis in addition to poor prognosis under different forms of tumors. Additionally, CDKN2A experienced different forms of genetic alteration under tumor conditions, a characteristic that influenced the infiltration and the status of CD8, the chemokine CCL4, and the chemokine receptor CCR6. Collectively, the current study demonstrates the potential employment of CDKN2A genetic alteration as a prognostic and immunological biomarker under several types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Soltan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt
| | - Ahmad A. Alhanshani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed A. Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A. Alqahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Sulaiman Alshaya
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alharthi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Awwadh Altalhi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Fayad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir A. Zaki
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaat A. Eid
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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