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Wang Z, Zou Z, Xiao J, Wang P, Luo Y, Min W, He Y, Yuan C, Su Y, Yang C, Chang F, Zhu H. Task-related neural activation abnormalities in patients with remitted major depressive disorder: A coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Chen J, Wu S, Li F. Cognitive Neural Mechanism of Backward Inhibition and Deinhibition: A Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:846369. [PMID: 35668866 PMCID: PMC9165717 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Task switching is one of the typical paradigms to study cognitive control. When switching back to a recently inhibited task (e.g., “A” in an ABA sequence), the performance is often worse compared to a task without N-2 task repetitions (e.g., CBA). This difference is called the backward inhibitory effect (BI effect), which reflects the process of overcoming residual inhibition from a recently performed task (i.e., deinhibition). The neural mechanism of backward inhibition and deinhibition has received a lot of attention in the past decade. Multiple brain regions, including the frontal lobe, parietal, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, are activated during deinhibition. The event-related potentials (ERP) studies have shown that deinhibition process is reflected in the P1/N1 and P3 components, which might be related to early attention control, context updating, and response selection, respectively. Future research can use a variety of new paradigms to separate the neural mechanisms of BI and deinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Chen
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shujie Wu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Steffener J, Habeck C, Franklin D, Lau M, Yakoub Y, Gad M. Subjective difficulty in a verbal recognition-based memory task: Exploring brain-behaviour relationships at the individual level in healthy young adults. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119301. [PMID: 35568348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of fMRI studies of task-related brain activity utilize common levels of task demands and analyses that rely on the central tendencies of the data. This approach does not take into account perceived difficulty nor regional variations in brain activity between people. The results are findings of brain-behavior relationships that weaken as sample sizes increase. Participants of the current study included twenty-six healthy young adults evenly split between the sexes. The current work utilizes five parametrically modulated levels of memory load centered around each individual's predetermined working memory cognitive capacity. Principal components analyses (PCA) identified the group-level central tendency of the data. After removing the group effect from the data, PCA identified individual-level patterns of brain activity across the five levels of task demands. Expression of the group effect significantly differed between the sexes across all load levels. Expression of the individual level patterns demonstrated a significant load by sex interaction. Furthermore, expressions of the individual maps make better predictors of response time behavior than group-derived maps. We demonstrated that utilization of an individual's unique pattern of brain activity in response to increasing a task's perceived difficulty is a better predictor of brain-behavior relationships than study designs and analyses focused on identification of group effects. Furthermore, these methods facilitate exploration into how individual differences in patterns of brain activity relate to individual differences in behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Steffener
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Lees Campus, Office # E250E, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada.
| | - Chris Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dylan Franklin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan Lau
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Lees Campus, Office # E250E, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada
| | - Yara Yakoub
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Lees Campus, Office # E250E, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada
| | - Maryse Gad
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Lees Campus, Office # E250E, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada
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Snytte J, Fenerci C, Rajagopal S, Beaudoin C, Hooper K, Sheldon S, Olsen RK, Rajah MN. Volume of the posterior hippocampus mediates age-related differences in spatial context memory and is correlated with increased activity in lateral frontal, parietal and occipital regions in healthy aging. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119164. [PMID: 35381338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with episodic memory decline, particularly in the ability to encode and retrieve object-context associations (context memory). Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have highlighted the importance of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in supporting episodic memory across the lifespan. However, given the functional heterogeneity of the MTL, volumetric declines in distinct regions may impact performance on specific episodic memory tasks, and affect the function of the large-scale neurocognitive networks supporting episodic memory encoding and retrieval. In the current study, we investigated how MTL structure may mediate age-related differences in performance on spatial and temporal context memory tasks, in a sample of 125 healthy adults aged 19-76 years old. Standard T1-weighted MRIs were segmented into the perirhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, as well as the anterior and posterior hippocampal subregions. We observed negative linear and quadratic associations between age and volume of the parahippocampal cortex, and anterior and posterior hippocampal subregions. We also found that volume of the posterior hippocampus fully mediated the association between age and spatial, but not temporal context memory performance. Further, we employed a multivariate behavior partial-least-squares analysis to assess how age and regional MTL volumes correlated with brain activity during the encoding and retrieval of spatial context memories. We found that greater activity within lateral prefrontal, parietal, and occipital regions, as well as within the anterior MTL was related to older age and smaller volume of the posterior hippocampus. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of MTL contributions to episodic memory across the lifespan and provide support for the posterior-anterior shift in aging, and scaffolding theory of aging and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Snytte
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada; Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Institute Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd Verdun, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | - Can Fenerci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Sricharana Rajagopal
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Institute Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd Verdun, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Camille Beaudoin
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Institute Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd Verdun, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Kiera Hooper
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Institute Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd Verdun, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Institute Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd Verdun, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Room 2114, CIC Pavilion, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Verdun, H4H 1R3, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Heckner MK, Cieslik EC, Eickhoff SB, Camilleri JA, Hoffstaedter F, Langner R. The Aging Brain and Executive Functions Revisited: Implications from Meta-analytic and Functional-Connectivity Evidence. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1716-1752. [PMID: 32762523 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with changes in cognitive performance, including executive functions (EFs) and their associated brain activation patterns. However, it has remained unclear which EF-related brain regions are affected consistently, because the results of pertinent neuroimaging studies and earlier meta-analyses vary considerably. We, therefore, conducted new rigorous meta-analyses of published age differences in EF-related brain activity. Out of a larger set of regions associated with EFs, only left inferior frontal junction and left anterior cuneus/precuneus were found to show consistent age differences. To further characterize these two age-sensitive regions, we performed seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) analyses using fMRI data from a large adult sample with a wide age range. We also assessed associations of the two regions' whole-brain RS-FC patterns with age and EF performance. Although our results largely point toward a domain-general role of left inferior frontal junction in EFs, the pattern of individual study contributions to the meta-analytic results suggests process-specific modulations by age. Our analyses further indicate that the left anterior cuneus/precuneus is recruited differently by older (compared with younger) adults during EF tasks, potentially reflecting inefficiencies in switching the attentional focus. Overall, our findings question earlier meta-analytic results and suggest a larger heterogeneity of age-related differences in brain activity associated with EFs. Hence, they encourage future research that pays greater attention to replicability, investigates age-related differences in deactivation, and focuses on more narrowly defined EF subprocesses, combining multiple behavioral assessments with multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Heckner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Julia A Camilleri
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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Out with the Old and in with the New: the Contribution of Prefrontal and Cerebellar Areas to Backward Inhibition. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:426-436. [PMID: 32140845 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory mechanism named backward inhibition (BI) counteracts interference of previous tasks supporting task switching. For instance, if task set A is inhibited when switching to task B, then it should take longer to immediately return to task set A (as occurring in an ABA sequence), as compared to a task set that has not been just inhibited (as occurring in a CBA sequence), because extra time will be needed to overcome the inhibition of task set A.The evidenced prefrontal and cerebellar role in inhibitory control suggests their involvement even in BI. Here, for the first time, we modulated the excitability of multiple brain sites (right presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), left and right cerebellar hemispheres) through continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in a valuable sham-controlled order-balanced within-subject experimental design in healthy individuals performing two domain-selective (verbal and spatial) task-switching paradigms. Verbal BI was abolished by prefrontal or cerebellar stimulations through opposite alterations of the basal pattern: cTBS on pre-SMA increased CBA reaction times, disclosing the current prefrontal inhibition of any interfering old task. Conversely, cerebellar cTBS decreased ABA reaction times, disclosing the current cerebellar recognition of sequences in which it is necessary to overcome previously inhibited events.
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Associations between Age-Related Changes in the Core Vestibular Projection Pathway and Balance Ability: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:2825108. [PMID: 32104515 PMCID: PMC7036129 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2825108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the changes of the vestibulospinal tract (VST) and parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and relation to balance between old and young healthy adults. Methods This study recruited eleven old adults (6 males, 5 females; mean age 63.36 ± 4.25 years) and 12 young adults (7 males, 5 females; mean age 28.42 ± 4.40 years). The lateral and medial VST and PIVC were reconstructed using DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and tract volume were measured. The six-minute walk test (6-MWT), the timed up and go test (TUG), and the Berg balance scale (BBS) were conducted. Spatiotemporal parameters during tandem gait and values of sway during one-leg standing using the wearable sensors were measured. All parameters between two groups were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test. Results Statistically significant decrease in old adults was detected in the tract volume of lateral (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (p = 0.005) and medial VST (. Conclusion The results suggested that there was a relationship between DTI parameters in the vestibular neural pathway and balance according to aging.
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Qin S, Basak C. Age-related differences in brain activation during working memory updating: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107335. [PMID: 31923524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have reported an age-related reduction in brain activations in response to working memory load in task-sensitive brain regions. The current fMRI study investigated the age-related differences in brain activations of the updating mechanism in working memory, which was not investigated in previous studies. With a hybrid block/event-related design, this study was able to examine changes in BOLD signals (i.e., neuromodulation) to increase in updating, a type of cognitive control that is understudied. Older adults were separated into young-old and old-old cohorts to examine whether, within healthy aging, the neuromodulation to cognitive control decreases with age. Our results show that younger adults activate left precentral gyrus and right cerebellum more during trials that require updating than trials that do not require updating. Although older adults showed reduced neuromodulation in these two regions, the old-old cohort failed to show any significant neuromodulation in response to updating. Moreover, older adults not only showed reduced suppressions of the default mode network (DMN) regions during the task, they also overactivated some of the DMN regions, esp. the old-old, when compared to the younger adults. Older adults also showed overactivations in a region (right precentral gyrus) that is contralateral to a task-sensitive region that was activated in the younger adults during updating. Brain-behavior correlations suggest that age-related overactivations of these DMN regions and the right precentral gyrus are maladaptive to their performance. Our results suggest that not only the neuromodulation in response to updating demands is diminished in healthy aging, older adults also show maladaptive increases in activations of task-irrelevant regions and reduced hemispheric specificity during updating. These effects are most pronounced in old-old cohort, compared to young-old, suggesting that age-related declines in neuromodulation during cognitive control is more pronounced in older cohorts within healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qin
- University of Texas at Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
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Hu S, Ide JS, Chao HH, Castagna B, Fischer KA, Zhang S, Li CSR. Structural and functional cerebral bases of diminished inhibitory control during healthy aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5085-5096. [PMID: 30113124 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control or the ability to refrain from incorrect responses is a critical executive function known to diminish during aging. Imaging studies have elucidated cerebral changes that may underlie the age-related deficits. However, it remains unclear whether the structural and functional changes occur in the same brain regions and whether reduced gray matter volumes (GMV) mediate decreased activation during inhibition. Here, in a sample of 149 participants, we addressed the issues using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Individual's response inhibition was evaluated by the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in a stop signal task. The results showed that age was associated with prolonged SSRT across participants. Many cortical and subcortical regions demonstrated age-related reduction in GMV and activation to response inhibition. Additionally, age-related diminution in inhibitory control, as indexed by the SSRT, was associated with both shared and distinct morphometric and functional changes. Voxel-based morphometry demonstrated age-related reduction in GMV in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate head as well as bilateral insula, in association with prolonged SSRT. In a contrast of stop success versus go success trials, age was associated with lower activation in the medial and inferior frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex. Further, reduction in GMV mediated age-related differences in activations only of the medial prefrontal cortex, providing limited evidence for structure function association. Thus, the decline in inhibitory control, as evidenced in the stop signal task, manifest with both shared and distinct structural and functional processes during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Hu
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Herta H Chao
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brittney Castagna
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Kimberly A Fischer
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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