1
|
Doulabi S, Mohamed Abdu Kunnah H, Hassan HM. Improving road safety at horizontal curves using V2I speed warning messages. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 88:68-77. [PMID: 38485386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the Federal Highway Administration, a quarter of fatal collisions has occurred at horizontal curves. The average collision rate at horizontal curves was found to be three times higher than other types of highway segments. The lack of compliance with the speed limit and driver-related factors are among the main contributing factors to those collisions. Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications can address these limitations by providing drivers with valuable in-vehicle warning messages based on operational and safety data. There is limited effort investigating the impact of different types of V2I warning messages at horizontal curves and among different profiles of drivers. This study aims to thoroughly examine drivers' behavior and compliance with different V2I warning messages when approaching horizontal curves. METHODS A driving simulator experiment and self-reported survey were conducted. Three main hypotheses were analyzed in this study. First, whether supplying drivers with in-vehicle V2I warning messages will positively affect drivers' behavior at horizontal curves compared to the standard road signs. Second, whether there will be a significant difference in drivers' behavior when receiving text and audio V2I warning messages. Third, whether seniors and female drivers will comply more with speed limit advisory provided through V2I message than younger and male drivers. RESULTS The Analysis of Covariance confirmed the first two hypotheses. Two main measures of drivers' behavior found to be lower in the V2I communication scenarios compared to the base one. The audio warning message was found to be more promising in increasing drivers' compliance with speed limit advisory when approaching the curves. Analyzing the third hypothesis revealed that younger and male drivers had higher curve initiation speed compared to females and seniors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The findings of this study can be used by transportation researchers, authorities, and car manufacturers to improve the effectiveness of in-vehicle V2I warning messages among different profiles of drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Doulabi
- 3255 Patrick Taylor Hall, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | - Hisham Mohamed Abdu Kunnah
- 3255 Patrick Taylor Hall, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | - Hany M Hassan
- 3255 Patrick Taylor Hall, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oomens W, Maes JHR, Hasselman F, Egger JIM. A time-series perspective on executive functioning: The benefits of a dynamic approach to random number generation. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2022:e1945. [PMID: 36424876 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Executive functioning (EF) is a key topic in neuropsychology. A multitude of underlying processes and constructs have been suggested to explain EF, which are measured by at least as many different neuropsychological tests. However, these tests often refer to summary statistics to quantify the construct under study, failing to capture the dynamic nature of EF. An alternative to these summary statistics is a time-series approach that quantifies all the available temporal information. METHODS We used recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to quantify the characteristics of any temporal pattern in random number generation data and we compared RQA to the traditional and static analysis of random number sequences. RESULTS The traditional measures yield inconsistent results with increasing sequences length, both for computer-generated and human-generated sequences, whereas the RQA measures do not. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a time-series approach does a better job at modelling what is happening on different time-scales, and, therefore, is better at explaining how EF is changing in the course of the random number generation task. We argue that it is likely that these findings also apply to other neuropsychological EF tests, and that a time-series approach is an important addition to the study of EF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Oomens
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos I M Egger
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Stevig, Specialized and Forensic Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities, Dichterbij, Oostrum, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seacrist T, Maheshwari J, Sarfare S, Chingas G, Thirkill M, Loeb HS. In-depth analysis of crash contributing factors and potential ADAS interventions among at-risk drivers using the SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2021; 22:S68-S73. [PMID: 34663136 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1979529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor vehicle crashes remain a significant problem. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to reduce crash incidence and severity, but their optimization requires a comprehensive understanding of driver-specific errors and environmental hazards in real-world crash scenarios. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify contributing factors using the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS), identify potential ADAS interventions, and make suggestions to optimize ADAS for real-world crash scenarios. METHODS A subset of the SHRP 2 NDS consisting of at-fault crashes (n = 369) among teens (16-19 yrs), young adults (20-24 yrs), adults (35-54 yrs) and older adults (70+ yrs) were reviewed to identify contributing factors and potential ADAS interventions. Contributing factors were classified according to National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey pre-crash assessment variable elements. A single critical factor was selected among the contributing factors for each crash. Case reviews with a multidisciplinary panel of industry experts were conducted to develop suggestions for ADAS optimization. Critical factors were compared across at-risk driving groups, gender, and incident type using chi-square statistics and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Driver error was the critical factor in 94% of crashes. Recognition error (56%), including internal distraction and inadequate surveillance, was the most common driver error sub-type. Teens and young adults exhibited greater decision errors compared to older adults (p < 0.01). Older adults exhibited greater performance errors (p < 0.05) compared to teens and young adults. Automatic emergency braking (AEB) had the greatest potential to mitigate crashes (48%), followed by vehicle-to-vehicle communication (38%) and driver monitoring (24%). ADAS suggestions for optimization included (1) implementing adaptive forward collision warning, AEB, high-speed warning, and curve-speed warning to account for road surface conditions (2) ensuring detection of nonstandard road objects, (3) vehicle-to-vehicle communication alerting drivers to cross-traffic, (4) vehicle-to-infrastructure communication alerting drivers to the presence of pedestrians in crosswalks, and (5) optimizing lane keeping assist for end-departures and pedal confusion. CONCLUSIONS These data provide stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of critical factors among at-risk drivers as well as suggestions for ADAS improvements based on naturalistic data. Such data can be used to optimize ADAS for driver-specific errors and help develop more robust vehicle test procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seacrist
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shreyas Sarfare
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory Chingas
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maya Thirkill
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Helen S Loeb
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poptsi E, Moraitou D, Tsardoulias E, Symeonidisd AL, Tsolaki M. Is the Discrimination of Subjective Cognitive Decline from Cognitively Healthy Adulthood and Mild Cognitive Impairment Possible? A Pilot Study Utilizing the R4Alz Battery. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:715-732. [PMID: 32741834 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders before the symptoms' onset is the ultimate goal of the scientific community. REMEDES for Alzheimer (R4Alz) is a battery, designed for assessing cognitive control abilities in people with minor and major neurocognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the R4Alz battery's tasks differentiate subjective cognitive decline (SCD) from cognitively healthy adults (CHA) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS The R4Alz battery was administered to 175 Greek adults, categorized in five groups a) healthy young adults (HYA; n = 42), b) healthy middle-aged adults (HMaA; n = 33), c) healthy older adults (HOA; n = 14), d) community-dwelling older adults with SCD (n = 34), and e) people with MCI (n = 52). RESULTS Between the seven R4Alz subtasks, four showcased the best results for differentiating HOA from SCD: the working memory updating (WMCUT-S3), the inhibition and switching subtask (ICT/RST-S1&S2), the failure sets (FS) of the ICT/RST-S1&S2, and the cognitive flexibility subtask (ICT/RST-S3). The total score of the four R4Alz subtasks (R4AlzTot4) leads to an excellent discrimination among SCD and healthy adulthood, and to fare discrimination among SCD and MCI. CONCLUSION The R4Alz battery is a novel approach regarding the neuropsychological assessment of people with SCD, since it can very well assist toward discriminating SCD from HOA. The R4Alz is able to measure decline of specific cognitive control abilities - namely of working memory updating, and complex executive functions - which seem to be the neuropsychological substrate of cognitive complaints in community dwelling adults of advancing age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Poptsi
- Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Emmanouil Tsardoulias
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Andreas L Symeonidisd
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas.,1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huizeling E, Wang H, Holland C, Kessler K. Changes in theta and alpha oscillatory signatures of attentional control in older and middle age. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4314-4337. [PMID: 33949008 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent behavioural research has reported age-related changes in the costs of refocusing attention from a temporal (rapid serial visual presentation) to a spatial (visual search) task. Using magnetoencephalography, we have now compared the neural signatures of attention refocusing between three age groups (19-30, 40-49 and 60+ years) and found differences in task-related modulation and cortical localisation of alpha and theta oscillations. Efficient, faster refocusing in the youngest group compared to both middle age and older groups was reflected in parietal theta effects that were significantly reduced in the older groups. Residual parietal theta activity in older individuals was beneficial to attentional refocusing and could reflect preserved attention mechanisms. Slowed refocusing of attention, especially when a target required consolidation, in the older and middle-aged adults was accompanied by a posterior theta deficit and increased recruitment of frontal (middle-aged and older groups) and temporal (older group only) areas, demonstrating a posterior to anterior processing shift. Theta but not alpha modulation correlated with task performance, suggesting that older adults' stronger and more widely distributed alpha power modulation could reflect decreased neural precision or dedifferentiation but requires further investigation. Our results demonstrate that older adults present with different alpha and theta oscillatory signatures during attentional control, reflecting cognitive decline and, potentially, also different cognitive strategies in an attempt to compensate for decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Huizeling
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carol Holland
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Ageing Research, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Klaus Kessler
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huizeling E, Wang H, Holland C, Kessler K. Age-Related Changes in Attentional Refocusing during Simulated Driving. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080530. [PMID: 32784739 PMCID: PMC7465308 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that refocusing attention between temporal and spatial tasks becomes more difficult with increasing age, which could impair daily activities such as driving (Callaghan et al., 2017). Here, we investigated the extent to which difficulties in refocusing attention extend to naturalistic settings such as simulated driving. A total of 118 participants in five age groups (18–30; 40–49; 50–59; 60–69; 70–91 years) were compared during continuous simulated driving, where they repeatedly switched from braking due to traffic ahead (a spatially focal yet temporally complex task) to reading a motorway road sign (a spatially more distributed task). Sequential-Task (switching) performance was compared to Single-Task performance (road sign only) to calculate age-related switch-costs. Electroencephalography was recorded in 34 participants (17 in the 18–30 and 17 in the 60+ years groups) to explore age-related changes in the neural oscillatory signatures of refocusing attention while driving. We indeed observed age-related impairments in attentional refocusing, evidenced by increased switch-costs in response times and by deficient modulation of theta and alpha frequencies. Our findings highlight virtual reality (VR) and Neuro-VR as important methodologies for future psychological and gerontological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Huizeling
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (K.K.)
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | - Carol Holland
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | - Klaus Kessler
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lacking Pace but Not Precision: Age-Related Information Processing Changes in Response to a Dynamic Attentional Control Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060390. [PMID: 32575518 PMCID: PMC7349744 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in information processing can have a substantial impact on activities such as driving. However, the assessment of these changes is often carried out using cognitive tasks that do not adequately represent the dynamic process of updating environmental stimuli. Equally, traditional tests are often static in their approach to task complexity, and do not assess difficulty within the bounds of an individual’s capability. To address these limitations, we used a more ecologically valid measure, the Swansea Test of Attentional Control (STAC), in which a threshold for information processing speed is established at a given level of accuracy. We aimed to delineate how older, compared to younger, adults varied in their performance of the task, while also assessing relationships between the task outcome and gender, general cognition (MoCA), perceived memory function (MFQ), cognitive reserve (NART), and aspects of mood (PHQ-9, GAD-7). The results indicate that older adults were significantly slower than younger adults but no less precise, irrespective of gender. Age was negatively correlated with the speed of task performance. Our measure of general cognition was positively correlated with the task speed threshold but not with age per se. Perceived memory function, cognitive reserve, and mood were not related to task performance. The findings indicate that while attentional control is less efficient in older adulthood, age alone is not a defining factor in relation to accuracy. In a real-life context, general cognitive function, in conjunction with dynamic measures such as STAC, may represent a far more effective strategy for assessing the complex executive functions underlying driving ability.
Collapse
|
8
|
Seacrist T, Douglas EC, Hannan C, Rogers R, Belwadi A, Loeb H. Near crash characteristics among risky drivers using the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 73:263-269. [PMID: 32563402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Previous research have focused extensively on crashes, however near crashes provide additional data on driver errors leading to critical events as well as evasive maneuvers employed to avoid crashes. The Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study contains extensive data on real world driving and offers a reliable methodology to study near crashes. The current study utilized the SHRP2 database to compare the rate and characteristics associated with near crashes among risky drivers. METHODS A subset from the SHRP2 database consisting of 4,818 near crashes for teen (16-19 yrs), young adult (20-24 yrs), adult (35-54 yrs), and older (70+ yrs) drivers was used. Near crashes were classified into seven incident types: rear-end, road departure, intersection, head-on, side-swipe, pedestrian/cyclist, and animal. Near crash rates, incident type, secondary tasks, and evasive maneuvers were compared across age groups. For rear-end near crashes, near crash severity, max deceleration, and time-to-collision at braking were compared across age. RESULTS Near crash rates significantly decreased with increasing age (p < 0.05). Young drivers exhibited greater rear-end (p < 0.05) and road departure (p < 0.05) near crashes compared to adult and older drivers. Intersection near crashes were the most common incident type among older drivers. Evasive maneuver type did not significantly vary across age groups. Near crashes exhibited a longer time-to-collision at braking (p < 0.01) compared to crashes. SUMMARY These data demonstrate increased total near crash rates among young drivers relative to adult and older drivers. Prevalence of specific near crash types also differed across age groups. Timely execution of evasive maneuvers was a distinguishing factor between crashes or near crashes. Practical Applications: These data can be used to develop more targeted driver training programs and help OEMs optimize ADAS to address the most common errors exhibited by risky drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seacrist
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States.
| | - Ethan C Douglas
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chloe Hannan
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rachel Rogers
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Aditya Belwadi
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Helen Loeb
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan L, Wang Y, Ding C, Liu M, Yan F, Guo K. Correlation Among Behavior, Personality, and Electroencephalography Revealed by a Simulated Driving Experiment. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1524. [PMID: 31338049 PMCID: PMC6626991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drivers play the most important role in the human-vehicle-environment system and driving behaviors are significantly influenced by the cognitive state of the driver and his/her personality. In this paper, we aimed to explore the correlation among driving behaviors, personality and electroencephalography (EEG) using a simulated driving experiment. A total of 36 healthy subjects participated in the study. The 64-channel EEG data and the driving data, including the real-time position of the vehicle, the rotation angle of the steering wheel and the speed were acquired simultaneously during driving. The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) was utilized to evaluate the personalities of subjects. Through hierarchical clustering of the 16PF personality traits, the subjects were divided into four groups, i.e., the Inapprehension group, Insensitivity group, Apprehension group and the Unreasoning group, named after their representative personality trait. Their driving performance and turning behaviors were compared and EEG preprocessing, source reconstruction and the comparisons among the four groups were performed using Statistical Parameter Mapping (SPM). The turning process of the subjects can be formulated into two steps, rotating the steering wheel toward the turning direction and entering the turn, and then rotating the steering wheel back and leaving the turn. The bilateral frontal gyrus was found to be activated when turning left and right, which might be associated with its function in attention, decision-making and executive control functions in visual-spatial and visual-motor processes. The Unreasoning group had the worst driving performance with highest rates of car collision and the most intensive driving action, which was related to a higher load of visual spatial attention and decision making, when the occipital and superior frontal areas played a very important role. Apprehension (O) and Tension (Q4) had a positive correlation, and Reasoning (B) had a negative correlation with dangerous driving behaviors. Our results demonstrated the close correlation among driving behaviors, personality and EEG and may be taken as a reference for the prediction and precaution of dangerous driving behaviors in people with specific personality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changhao Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mutian Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuwu Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Konghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chesham A, Gerber SM, Schütz N, Saner H, Gutbrod K, Müri RM, Nef T, Urwyler P. Search and Match Task: Development of a Taskified Match-3 Puzzle Game to Assess and Practice Visual Search. JMIR Serious Games 2019; 7:e13620. [PMID: 31094325 PMCID: PMC6532342 DOI: 10.2196/13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visual search declines with aging, dementia, and brain injury and is linked to limitations in everyday activities. Recent studies suggest that visual search can be improved with practice using computerized visual search tasks and puzzle video games. For practical use, it is important that visual search ability can be assessed and practiced in a controlled and adaptive way. However, commercial puzzle video games make it hard to control task difficulty, and there are little means to collect performance data. Objective The aim of this study was to develop and initially validate the search and match task (SMT) that combines an enjoyable tile-matching match-3 puzzle video game with features of the visual search paradigm (taskified game). The SMT was designed as a single-target visual search task that allows control over task difficulty variables and collection of performance data. Methods The SMT is played on a grid-based (width × height) puzzle board, filled with different types of colored polygons. A wide range of difficulty levels was generated by combinations of 3 task variables over a range from 4 to 8 including height and width of the puzzle board (set size) and the numbers of tile types (distractor heterogeneity). For each difficulty level, large numbers of playable trials were pregenerated using Python. Each trial consists of 4 consecutive puzzle boards, where the goal of the task is to find a target tile configuration (search) on the puzzle board and swap 2 adjacent tiles to create a line of 3 identical tiles (match). For each puzzle board, there is exactly 1 possible match (single target search). In a user study with 28 young adults (aged 18 to 31 years), 13 older (aged 64 to 79 years) and 11 oldest (aged 86 to 98 years) adults played the long (young and older adults) or short version (oldest adults) of the difficulty levels of the SMT. Participants rated their perception and the usability of the task and completed neuropsychological tests that measure cognitive domains engaged by the puzzle game. Results Results from the user study indicate that the target search time is associated with set size, distractor heterogeneity, and age. Results further indicate that search performance is associated with general cognitive ability, selective and divided attention, visual search, and visuospatial and pattern recognition ability. Conclusions Overall, this study shows that an everyday puzzle game–based task can be experimentally controlled, is enjoyable and user-friendly, and permits data collection to assess visual search and cognitive abilities. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of the SMT game to assess and practice visual search ability in an enjoyable and adaptive way. A PsychoPy version of the SMT is freely available for researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Chesham
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Narayan Schütz
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Saner
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital (Inselspital), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Gutbrod
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René Martin Müri
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Nef
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Artificial Organ Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prabitha Urwyler
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Artificial Organ Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|