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Amo-Aparicio J, Daly J, Højen JF, Dinarello CA. Pharmacologic inhibition of NLRP3 reduces the levels of α-synuclein and protects dopaminergic neurons in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:147. [PMID: 37349821 PMCID: PMC10286423 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which leads to irreversible loss of peripheral motor functions. Death of dopaminergic neurons induces an inflammatory response in microglial cells, which further exacerbates neuronal loss. Reducing inflammation is expected to ameliorate neuronal loss and arrest motor dysfunctions. Because of the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to the inflammatory response in PD, we targeted NLRP3 using the specific inhibitor OLT1177®. METHODS We evaluated the effectiveness of OLT1177® in reducing the inflammatory response in an MPTP neurotoxic model of PD. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we analyzed the effects of NLRP3 inhibition on pro-inflammatory markers in the brain, α-synuclein aggregation, and dopaminergic neuron survival. We also determined the effects of OLT1177® on locomotor deficits associated with MPTP and brain penetrance. RESULTS Treatment with OLT1177® prevented the loss of motor function, reduced the levels of α-synuclein, modulated pro-inflammatory markers in the nigrostriatal areas of the brain, and protected dopaminergic neurons from degeneration in the MPTP model of PD. We also demonstrated that OLT1177® crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the brain. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome by OLT1177® may be a safe and novel therapeutic approach to arrest neuroinflammation and protect against neurological deficits of Parkinson's disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Amo-Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jesper Falkesgaard Højen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Hu J, Li P, Han H, Ji P, Zhao X, Li Z. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction on Parkinson's disease in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154755. [PMID: 36948142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, complex, and chronic neurodegenerative disorder involved in multi-system. At present, medicine for PD has many limitations. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a famous traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formulae, is used in the treatment of PD clinically in China. However, the therapeutic mechanism is still unknown. PURPOSE We aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanism of BHD alleviating PD through an integrated liver metabolome and brain transcriptome analysis. METHODS The mice with PD were induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Behavioral tests and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of BHD. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted to profile differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the liver using a UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS method. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain were investigated by transcriptomic analysis on an Illumina sequencing platform. The correlations of DAMs and DEGs were investigated using an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach. RESULTS The results of behavioral tests and immunohistochemistry proved the alleviated effects of BHD on PD symptoms. A total of 14 and 36 DAMs were detected in the groups treated with low- (L group) and high-dose (H group) BHD respectively under the positive ion mode. Compared with the PD model group (M group), three enriched pathways including metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, and biosynthesis of amino acids were common in the L and H group. Transcriptomic analysis proved that BHD could regulate the expression of numerous genes, some of which were targeted by Ben-Ldopa such as Creb5, Gm45623, Ccer2, Cd180, Fosl2, Crip3, and Noxred1. Based on the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, 7 metabolite-gene pairs were found in four comparisons, including C vs M, M vs P, M vs L, and M vs H, and 6 enriched pathways containing purine metabolism, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, thiamine metabolism, and ABC transporters were overlapped. CONCLUSIONS Though the underlying pharmacological mechanism of BHD is still lacking, we provided evidence that BHD could improve dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced PD mice by regulating liver metabolism and brain transcriptome. The correlation between the liver and the brain was preliminarily revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianran Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Hongyan Han
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Pengyu Ji
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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The BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway is partially involved in the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175595. [PMID: 36804547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. It is possible that this effect is supported by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our aim is to examine the effects of H2S on neural damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to reveal the role of the BDNF-TrkB pathway in its possible effect. PD model was created with 1-methyl-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). C57BL/6 breed male mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, K252a, MPTP, MPTP + K252a, MPTP + NaHS, and MPTP + NaHS + K252a. TrkB receptor antagonist K252a and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as a H2S donor were administered intraperitoneally. An increase was observed in the motor behavior tests in MPTP group, but NaHS treatment shortened the time spent on the balance beam and pole tests. It was also noticed that the BDNF-pathway played a role in the shortening of this period. Mice that received NaHS were found to have less MPTP-induced cellular damage. A positive effect of BDNF was also detected in the protection of these neurons. BDNF levels in the SN were significantly increased in MPTP group, compared to control group. Tissue CBS levels decreased in the groups that received K252a, compared to MPTP group. The findings of the present study display that the BDNF-TrkB pathway partially plays a role in the protective effect of H2S in the experimental mouse model of PD. This effect is probably due to changes in intracellular signaling pathways, rather than TrkB receptor expression.
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Exploring the Neuroprotective Mechanism of Curcumin Inhibition of Intestinal Inflammation against Parkinson's Disease Based on the Gut-Brain Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010039. [PMID: 36678536 PMCID: PMC9866255 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease commonly seen in aged people, in which gastrointestinal dysfunction is the most common nonmotor symptom and the activation of the gut-brain axis by intestinal inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. In a previous study, curcumin was considered neuroprotective in PD, and this neuroprotective mechanism may act by inhibiting intestinal inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on motor dysfunction and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in a PD mouse model, induced by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) using open field test and pole test behavioral assessments and the immunofluorescence and Western blot methods. Moreover, the effects of curcumin on gastrointestinal dysfunction, gastric barrier function, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the SIRT1/NRF2 pathway in intestinal tissues in a PD mouse model were assessed using fecal parameters and intestinal dynamics, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and Western blot. A motor impairment study of an MPTP-induced mouse group prior to treatment with curcumin had a lower total movement distance and a slow average speed, while there was no statistical difference in the curcumin group. After treatment with curcumin, the total movement distance and average speed improved, the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) rate in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum were reduced, the pyroptosis of AIM2 and caspase-1 activations were inhibited, and intestinal inflammatory factors and intestinal inflammation were reduced. Curcumin improved gastrointestinal disorders and gastrointestinal barrier function in the MPTP-induced mice and reversed MPTP-induced motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss in mice. The above effects may be partly dependent on curcumin activation of the SIRT1/NRF2 pathway in the colon. This study provides a potential opportunity to develop new preventive measures and novel therapeutic approaches that could target the gut-brain axis in the context of PD and provide a new intervention in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Kang SS, Wu Z, Liu X, Edgington-Mitchell L, Ye K. Treating Parkinson's Disease via Activation of BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathways and Inhibition of Delta-Secretase. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1283-1297. [PMID: 35595958 PMCID: PMC9587159 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with motor disorders as the key clinical features. BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signalings are progressively reduced, whereas δ-secretase, a protease that cleaves α-synuclein (α-Syn) at N103 and promotes its aggregation and neurotoxicity, is gradually escalated in PD patient brains, associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the Substantia Nigra. Here, we show that stimulation of deficient BDNF/TrkB signalings with its small molecular agonist CF3CN displays the promising therapeutic effect, and blockade of δ-secretase with an optimal specific inhibitor #11A exhibits marked therapeutic effect, and combination of both demonstrates additive restorative efficacy in MPTP-induced human SNCA transgenic PD mice. Upon oral administration, CF3CN robustly activates TrkB-mediated neurotrophic pathway in the brains of SNCA mice and decreases α-Syn N103 cleavage by δ-secretase, and #11A strongly blocks δ-secretase and reduces α-Syn N103 fragmentation, increasing TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. The mixture of CF3CN and #11A shows the maximal TH and dopamine levels with demonstrable BDNF as compared to negligible BDNF in vehicle-treated MPTP/SNCA mice, leading to the climaxed motor functions. Notably, both compounds possess the appropriate in vivo PK profiles. Hence, our findings support that CF3CN and #11A are promising therapeutic pharmaceutical agents for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Mustapha M, Taib CNM. MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease: A promising direction of therapeutic strategies. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:422-433. [PMID: 33357211 PMCID: PMC8292858 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the popular animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly used in research are those that employ neurotoxins, especially 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). This neurotoxin exerts it neurotoxicity by causing a barrage of insults, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and formation of inclusion bodies acting singly and in concert, ultimately leading to dopaminergic neuronal damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. The selective neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the mouse brain has led to new perspectives on PD. For decades, the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD has been the gold standard in PD research even though it does not fully recapitulate PD symptomatology, but it does have the advantages of simplicity, practicability, affordability, and fewer ethical considerations and greater clinical correlation than those of other toxin models of PD. The model has rejuvenated PD research and opened new frontiers in the quest for more novel therapeutic and adjuvant agents for PD. Hence, this review summarizes the role of MPTP in producing Parkinson-like symptoms in mice and the experimental role of the MPTP-induced mouse model. We discussed recent developments of more promising PD therapeutics to enrich our existing knowledge about this neurotoxin using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Mustapha
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor (Darul Ehsan), Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor (Darul Ehsan), Malaysia
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Huang M, Chen S. DJ-1 in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and clinical application. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102114. [PMID: 34174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the major health threats to human characterized by selective and progressive neuronal loss. The mechanisms of NDs are still not fully understood. The study of genetic defects and disease-related proteins offers us a window into the mystery of it, and the extension of knowledge indicates that different NDs share similar features, mechanisms, and even genetic or protein abnormalities. Among these findings, PARK7 and its production DJ-1 protein, which was initially found implicated in PD, have also been found altered in other NDs. PARK7 mutations, altered expression and posttranslational modification (PTM) cause DJ-1 abnormalities, which in turn lead to downstream mechanisms shared by most NDs, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, autophagy defects, and so on. The knowledge of DJ-1 derived from PD researches might apply to other NDs in both basic research and clinical application, and might yield novel insights into and alternative approaches for dealing with NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China; Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Immunochemistry, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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Du W, Liang X, Wang S, Lee P, Zhang Y. The Underlying Mechanism of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in Parkinson's Disease Based on a Network Pharmacology Approach. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581984. [PMID: 33381034 PMCID: PMC7768820 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, yet as of currently, there is no disease-modifying therapy that could delay its progression. Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is the most frequently used herb in formulas for PD in Traditional Chinese Medicine and also a potential neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative diseases, while its mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we aim to explore the underlying mechanism of P. lactiflora in treating PD utilizing a network pharmacology approach. Methods: The protein targets of P. lactiflora ingredients and PD were first obtained from several databases. To clarify the key targets, a Protein-Protein-Interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed on the String database, and then enrichment analysis was performed by the Metascape platform to determine the main Gene Ontology biological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Finally, the Ingredient-Target-Pathway (I-T-P) network was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape software. Results: Six active ingredients of P. lactiflora (kaempferol, ß-sitosterol, betulinic acid, palbinone, paeoniflorin and (+)-catechin) as well as six core targets strongly related to PD treatment [AKT1, interleukin-6, CAT, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CASP3, and PTGS2] were identified. The main pathways were shown to involve neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, Calcium signaling pathway, PI3-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and apoptosis signaling pathway. The main biological process included the regulation of neurotransmitter levels. Conclusion: P. lactiflora may retard neurodegeneration by reducing neuroinflammation, inhibiting intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, and may improve motor and non-motor symptoms by regulating the levels of neurotransmitters. Our study has revealed the mechanism of P. lactiflora in the treatment of PD and may contribute to novel drug development for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Du
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanze Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Philip Lee
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sun Y, He Y, Yang L, Liang D, Shi W, Zhu X, Jiang Y, Ou C. Manganese induced nervous injury by α-synuclein accumulation via ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and GABA receptors. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:164-170. [PMID: 32659473 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an environmental pollutant having a toxic effect on Parkinson's disease, with significant damage seen in the neurons of basal ganglia. Hence, Mn pollution is a public health concern. A Sprague-Dawley rat model was used to determine the damage to basal nuclei, and the effect of Mn intake was detected using the Morris water maze test and transmission electron microscopy. The SH-SY5Y cell line was exposed to Mn, and downstream signaling was assessed to determine the mechanism of toxicity. Mn exposure injured neurons, repressing GABAAR receptors and inducing GABABR receptors. The synergistic effect of the GABABR receptor and Kir6.1-SUR1 or Kir6.2-SUR1 was found to be one of the potential factors for the secretion of α-synuclein. The accumulation of α-synuclein regulated downstream factors calmodulin (CAM) cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), thereby impairing learning and memory. Other genes downstream of CREB, rather than the feedback regulation of CREB, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor might also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yonghua He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenxiang Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Naning 530021, China
| | - Chaoyan Ou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Jang JH, Yeom MJ, Ahn S, Oh JY, Ji S, Kim TH, Park HJ. Acupuncture inhibits neuroinflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:641-655. [PMID: 32827699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences show that gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the gut-brain axis can be promising target for the development of the therapeutic strategies for PD. Acupuncture has been used to improve brain functions and inflammation in neurological disorders such as PD, and to recover the gastrointestinal dysfunctions in various gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, we investigated whether acupuncture could improve Parkinsonism and gut microbial dysbiosis induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. First, we observed that acupuncture treatment at acupoints GB34 and ST36 could improve motor functions and comorbid anxiety in PD mice. Next, we found that acupuncture increased the levels of dopaminergic fibers and neurons in the striatum and the substantia nigra, respectively. Acupuncture also restored the overexpression of microglia and astrocyte as well as conversion of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in both the striatum and the substantia nigra, indicating that inflammatory responses and apoptosis were blocked by acupuncture. Additionally, via 16S rRNA sequence analysis, we observed that the relative abundance of 18 genera were changed in acupuncture-treated mice compared to the PD mice. Of them, Butyricimonas, Holdemania, Frisingicoccus, Gracilibacter, Phocea, and Aestuariispira showed significant correlations with anxiety as well as motor functions. Furthermore, the predicted functional analyses showed that acupuncture restored the physiology functions such as glutathione metabolism, methane metabolism, and PD pathway. In conclusion, we suggest that the effects of acupuncture on the enhanced motor function and the protection of the dopaminergic neurons may be associated with the regulation of the gut microbial dysbiosis and thus the inhibition of the neuroinflammation in the PD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Jang
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Yeom
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Ahn
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Oh
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Ji
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Kim
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Integrative Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Anderson G, Chirumbolo S, Maes M. Preventive treatments to slow substantia nigra damage and Parkinson's disease progression: A critical perspective review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105065. [PMID: 32652199 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Restoring the lost physiological functions of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an important goal of PD therapy. The present article reviews a) novel drug targets that should be targeted to slow PD progression, and b) clinical and experimental research data reporting new treatments targeting immune-inflammatory and oxidative pathways. A systematic search was performed based on the major databases, i.e., ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, CABI Direct databases, and Scopus, on relevant studies performed from 1900 to 2020. This review considers the crucial roles of mitochondria and immune-inflammatory and oxidative pathways in the pathophysiology of PD. High levels of oxidative stress in the substantia nigra, as well as modifications in glutathione regulation, contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, with a decline in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain reported in PD patients. Many papers suggest that targeting antioxidative systems is a crucial aspect of preventive and protective therapies, even justifying the utilization of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation to fortify the protection afforded by intracellular glutathione. Dietary recommended panels including ketogenetic diet, muscular exercise, nutraceutical supplementation including NAC, glutathione, nicotine, caffeine, melatonin, niacin, and butyrate, besides to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and memantine treatment are important aspects of PD therapy. The integration of neuro-immune, antioxidant, and nutritional approaches to treatment should afford better neuroprotection, including by attenuating neuroinflammation, nitro-oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegenerative processes. Future research should clarify the efficacy, and interactions, of nicotine receptor agonists, gut microbiome-derived butyrate, melatonin, and NSAIDs in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Rai SN, Singh P. Advancement in the modelling and therapeutics of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 104:101752. [PMID: 31996329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of L-dopa in the middle of the 20th century (1960s), there is not any neuroprotective therapy available although significant development has been made in the treatment of symptomatic Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurological disorders like PD can be modelled in animals so as to recapitulates most of the symptoms seen in PD patients. In aging population, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, even though significant outcomes have been achieved in PD research yet it still is a mystery to solve the treatments for PD. In the last two decades, PD models have provided enhanced precision into the understanding of the process of PD disease, its etiology, pathology, and molecular mechanisms behind it. Furthermore, at the same time as cellular models have helped to recognize specific events, animal models, both toxic and genetic, have replicated almost all of the hallmarks of PD and are very helpful for testing and finding new strategies for neuroprotection. Recently, in both classical and newer models, major advances have been done in the modelling of supplementary PD features have come into the light. In this review, we have try to provide an updated summary of the characteristics of these models related to in vitro and in vivo models, animal models for PD, stem cell model for PD, newer 3D model as well as the strengths and limitations of these most popular PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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