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Kushwaha A, Basera DS, Kumari S, Sutar RF, Singh V, Das S, Agrawal A. Assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2024; 15:182-193. [PMID: 38746499 PMCID: PMC11090569 DOI: 10.25259/jnrp_456_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory deficits are observed across psychiatric disorders ranging from the prodrome of psychosis to common mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and dissociative disorders. Memory deficits among patients recovering from psychiatric disorders could be directly related to the primary illness or secondary to the adverse effect of a treatment such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). The trouble in the meaningful integration of working-memory and episodic memory is the most commonly affected domain that requires routine assessments. An update on the recent trends of methods of assessment of memory deficits is the first step towards understanding and correcting these deficits to target optimum recovery. A systematic literature search was conducted from October 2018 to October 2022 to review the recent methods of assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders. The definition of 'Memory deficit' was operationalized as 'selective processes of memory, commonly required for activities of daily living, and affected among psychiatric disorders resulting in subjective distress and dysfunction'. We included 110 studies, most of them being conducted in western countries on patients with schizophrenia. Other disorders included dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery, California Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale-IV were the most common neuropsychological assessments used. Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were the most common bedside assessment tools used while Squire Subjective Memory Questionnaire was commonly used to measure ECT-related memory deficits. The review highlights the recent developments in the field of assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders. Findings recommend and emphasize routine assessment of memory deficits among psychiatric disorders in developing countries especially severe mental illnesses. It remains interesting to see the role of standardized assessments in diagnostic systems given more than a decade of research on memory deficits in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kushwaha
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Singh Basera
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangita Kumari
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Roshan Fakirchand Sutar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijender Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Das
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salobrar-García E, Álvarez-Gutierrez M, Elvira-Hurtado L, Barabash A, Ramírez-Toraño F, Fernández-Albarral JA, Matamoros JA, Nebreda A, García-Colomo A, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, Gil P, Maestú F, Ramírez JM, de Hoz R. Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Ocular Structural and Visual Functional Changes in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2024. [PMID: 37509663 PMCID: PMC10377092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the evolution of visual changes in cognitively healthy individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants with a first-degree family history of AD (FH+) and carrying the Ε4+ allele for the ApoE gene (ApoE ε4+) underwent retinal thickness analysis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual function assessments, including visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), color perception, perception digital tests, and visual field analysis. Structural analysis divided participants into FH+ ApoE ε4+ and FH- ApoE ε4- groups, while functional analysis further categorized them by age (40-60 years and over 60 years). Over the 27-month follow-up, the FH+ ApoE ε4+ group exhibited thickness changes in all inner retinal layers. Comparing this group to the FH- ApoE ε4- group at 27 months revealed progressing changes in the inner nuclear layer. In the FH+ ApoE ε4+ 40-60 years group, no progression of visual function changes was observed, but an increase in VA and CS was maintained at 3 and 12 cycles per degree, respectively, compared to the group without AD risk at 27 months. In conclusion, cognitively healthy individuals at risk for AD demonstrated progressive retinal structural changes over the 27-month follow-up, while functional changes remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Gutierrez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Ana Barabash
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERMED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Ramírez-Toraño
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Alberto Nebreda
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Colomo
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Memory Unit, Geriatrics Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Alzheimer's Disease Seen through the Eye: Ocular Alterations and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052486. [PMID: 35269629 PMCID: PMC8910735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the main neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, AD shares many similarities with other dementias at early stages, which impedes an accurate premortem diagnosis. Therefore, it is urgent to find biomarkers to allow for early diagnosis of the disease. There is increasing scientific evidence highlighting the similarities between the eye and other structures of the CNS, suggesting that knowledge acquired in eye research could be useful for research and diagnosis of AD. For example, the retina and optic nerve are considered part of the central nervous system, and their damage can result in retrograde and anterograde axon degeneration, as well as abnormal protein aggregation. In the anterior eye segment, the aqueous humor and tear film may be comparable to the cerebrospinal fluid. Both fluids are enriched with molecules that can be potential neurodegenerative biomarkers. Indeed, the pathophysiology of AD, characterized by cerebral deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein, is also present in the eyes of AD patients, besides numerous structural and functional changes observed in the structure of the eyes. Therefore, all this evidence suggests that ocular changes have the potential to be used as either predictive values for AD assessment or as diagnostic tools.
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Mei X, Qiu C, Zhou Q, Chen Z, Chen Y, Xu Z, Zou C. Changes in retinal multilayer thickness and vascular network of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:97. [PMID: 34602087 PMCID: PMC8489058 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been extensively investigated in recent decades. Retinal nervous and vascular parameters can reflect brain conditions, and they can facilitate early diagnosis of AD. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to evaluate the difference in retinal neuro-layer thickness and vascular parameters of patients with AD and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Non-invasive optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to determine the combined thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), as well as the full retinal thickness (FRT). The vascular branching (VB), vascular curvature (VC), and vascular density (VD) for AD and HC groups were also obtained. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate the cognitive performance of all the participants. After obtaining all the parameters, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values of all the retinal parameters of the patients with AD and the HCs. Pearson's correlation was used to test the association between retinal parameters, MMSE scores, and vascular parameters. RESULTS Seventy-eight eyes from 39 participants (19 AD and 20 HC; male, 52.6% in AD and 45.0% in HC; mean [standard deviation] age of 73.79 [7.22] years in AD and 74.35 [6.07] years in HC) were included for the analysis. The average RNFL + GCL thickness (106.32 ± 7.34 μm), FRTs of the four quadrants (290.35 ± 13.05 μm of inferior quadrant, 294.68 ± 9.37 μm of superior quadrant, 302.97 ± 6.52 μm of nasal quadrant, 286.02 ± 13.74 μm of temporal quadrant), and retinal VD (0.0148 ± 0.003) of patients with AD, compared with the HCs, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Retinal thickness was significantly correlated with the MMSE scores (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, retinal VD was significantly correlated with the average RNFL + GCL thickness (r2 = 0.2146, p < 0.01). When the vascular parameters were considered, the sensitivity of the AD diagnosis was increased from 0.874 to 0.892. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that the patients with AD, compared with age-matched HCs, had significantly reduced RNFL + GCL thickness and vascular density. These reductions correlated with the cognitive performance of the participants. By combining nerve and vessel parameters, the diagnosis of AD can be improved using OCTA technology. Trail registration Name of the registry: Chinese Clinical Trail Registry, Trial registration number: ChiCTR2000035243, Date of registration: Aug. 5, 2020. URL of trial registry record: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Mei
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Conglong Qiu
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenjun Zou
- Kangning Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Moons L, De Groef L. Multimodal retinal imaging to detect and understand Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:1-7. [PMID: 34399146 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration and visual dysfunctions have been reported in a majority of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients, and, in light of the quest for novel biomarkers for these neurodegenerative proteinopathies, the retina has been receiving increasing attention as an organ for diagnosing, monitoring, and understanding disease. Thinning of retinal layers, abnormalities in vasculature, and protein deposition can be imaged at unprecedented resolution, which offers a unique systems biology view on the cellular and molecular changes underlying these pathologies. It makes the retina not only a promising target for biomarker development, but it also suggests that novel fundamental insights into the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease can be obtained by studying the retina-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 Box 2464, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 Box 2464, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Wong MNK, Lai DWL, Chan HHL, Lam BYH. Neural and Retinal Characteristics in Relation to Working Memory in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:185-195. [PMID: 34102976 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210608114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between neural activities and retinal structures associated with working memory (WM) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Eleven older adults with MCI and 29 healthy controls (60 to 73 years old) were tested. All participants underwent an event-related potential (ERP) recording while performing the two-back memory task. The Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) was administered to examine the perfusion and vessel density in the retina. RESULTS Results showed that WM performance in the MCI group was negatively associated with ERP latencies in central parietal regions (CP6 and CP8) (ps< 0.05). The left nasal vessel and perfusion densities were negatively correlated with the latencies in these two central parietal regions and positively related to WM performance only in the MCI group (ps< 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings on WM, central parietal brain activity, and left nasal vessel and perfusion densities in the retina help us gain a better understanding of the neural and retinal underpinnings of WM in relation to MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel N K Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel W L Lai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Rd, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry H-L Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Bess Y-H Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Alber J, Goldfarb D, Thompson LI, Arthur E, Hernandez K, Cheng D, DeBuc DC, Cordeiro F, Provetti-Cunha L, den Haan J, Van Stavern GP, Salloway SP, Sinoff S, Snyder PJ. Developing retinal biomarkers for the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease: What we know, what we don't, and how to move forward. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:229-243. [PMID: 31914225 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a substantial increase in research focused on the identification, development, and validation of diagnostic and prognostic retinal biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sensitive retinal biomarkers may be advantageous because they are cost and time efficient, non-invasive, and present a minimal degree of patient risk and a high degree of accessibility. Much of the work in this area thus far has focused on distinguishing between symptomatic AD and/or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitively normal older adults. Minimal work has been done on the detection of preclinical AD, the earliest stage of AD pathogenesis characterized by the accumulation of cerebral amyloid absent clinical symptoms of MCI or dementia. The following review examines retinal structural changes, proteinopathies, and vascular alterations that have been proposed as potential AD biomarkers, with a focus on studies examining the earliest stages of disease pathogenesis. In addition, we present recommendations for future research to move beyond the discovery phase and toward validation of AD risk biomarkers that could potentially be used as a first step in a multistep screening process for AD risk detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alber
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Butler Hospital Memory & Aging Program, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Louisa I Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Butler Hospital Memory & Aging Program, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Edmund Arthur
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,Butler Hospital Memory & Aging Program, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Derrick Cheng
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francesca Cordeiro
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK.,Western Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Provetti-Cunha
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora Medical School, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Juiz de Fora Eye Hospital, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurre den Haan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory P Van Stavern
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen P Salloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Butler Hospital Memory & Aging Program, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Peter J Snyder
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Neurology and Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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López-Cuenca I, de Hoz R, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, Rojas P, Fernández-Albarral JA, Barabash A, Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI, Ramírez JM. Macular Thickness Decrease in Asymptomatic Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease: An OCT Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061728. [PMID: 32503282 PMCID: PMC7355697 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case control study, we examined the retinal thickness of the different layers in the macular region and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in healthy cognitive subjects (from 51 to 74 years old) at high genetic risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thirty-five subjects with a family history of Alzheimer disease (AD) (FH+) and ApoE ɛ4 carriers and 29 age-matched control subjects without a family history of AD (FH−) and ApoE ɛ4 non-carriers were included. Compared to FH− ApoE ɛ4 non-carriers, in FH+ ApoE ɛ4 carriers, there were statistically significant decreases (p < 0.05) in (i) the foveal area of mRNFL; (ii) the inferior and nasal sectors in the outer and inner macular ring in the inner plexiform layer (IPL); (iii) the foveal area and the inferior sector in the outer macular ring in the inner nuclear layer (INL); and (iv) the inferior sector of the outer macular ring in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). However, no statistically significant differences were found in the peripapillary thickness of RNFL between both study groups. In subjects with cognitive health and high genetic risk for the development of AD, initial changes appeared in the macular area. OCT could be a promising, cost-effective and non-invasive test useful in early AD, before the onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- IIORC, Faculty of Medicine, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- IIORC, Faculty of Medicine, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto Oftálmico de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Ana Barabash
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- IIORC, Faculty of Medicine, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- IIORC, Faculty of Medicine, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.R.); (J.M.R.)
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (P.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.J.S.)
- IIORC, Faculty of Medicine, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.R.); (J.M.R.)
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