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Huang J, Wang J, Cui B, Yang H, Tian D, Ma J, Duan W, Chen Z, Lu J. The pons as an optimal background reference region for spinal 18F-FET PET/MRI evaluation. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:69. [PMID: 39060564 PMCID: PMC11282009 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the effect of various background reference regions on spinal 18F-FET PET imaging, with a focus on distinguishing between spinal tumors and myelitis. To enhance diagnostic accuracy, we investigated the pons and several other spinal cord area as potential references, given the challenges in interpreting spinal PET results. RESULTS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients, 15 with cervical myelitis and 15 with cervical tumors, who underwent O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) PET/MR imaging. The stability of uptake across four regions, including the pons, C2, C2-C7, and T1-T3, was compared. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was then evaluated using various background regions, and their effectiveness in differentiating between spinal tumors and myelitis was compared. Additionally, we correlated the SUVR values derived from these regions with the Ki-67 proliferation index in tumor patients. The study found no significant difference in SUVmax (U = 110, p = 0.93) and SUVmean (U = 89, p = 0.35) values at lesion sites between myelitis and tumor patients. The pons had the highest average uptake (p < 0.001) compared to the other three regions. However, its coefficient of variation (CV) was significantly lower than that of the C2-C7 (p < 0.0001) and T1-T3 segments (p < 0.05). The SUVRmax values, calculated using the regions of pons, C2-C7 and T1-T3, were found to significantly differentiate between tumors and myelitis (p < 0.05). However, only the pons-based SUVRmean was able to significantly distinguish between the two groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the pons-based SUVRmax (r = 0.63, p = 0.013) and SUVRmean (r = 0.67, p = 0.007) demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the pons may be considered a suitable reference region for spinal 18F-FET PET imaging, which can improve the differentiation between spinal tumors and myelitis. The significant correlation between pons-based SUVR values and the Ki-67 index further highlights the potential of this approach in assessing tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bixiao Cui
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Defeng Tian
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Wu Y, Gao M, Lv L, Yan Y, Gao L, Geng Z, Zhou S, Zhu W, Yu Y, Tian Y, Ji G, Hu P, Wu X, Wang K. Brain functional specialization and cooperation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3550. [PMID: 38841739 PMCID: PMC11154812 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric cooperation are two vital features of the human brain. Their dysfunction may be associated with disease progression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is featured as progressive cognitive degeneration and asymmetric neuropathology. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine and define two inherent properties of hemispheric function in patients with AD by utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS Sixty-four clinically diagnosed AD patients and 52 age- and sex-matched cognitively normal subjects were recruited and underwent MRI and clinical evaluation. We calculated and compared brain specialization (autonomy index, AI) and interhemispheric cooperation (connectivity between functionally homotopic voxels, CFH). RESULTS In comparison to healthy controls, patients with AD exhibited enhanced AI in the left middle occipital gyrus. This increase in specialization can be attributed to reduced functional connectivity in the contralateral region, such as the right temporal lobe. The CFH of the bilateral precuneus and prefrontal areas was significantly decreased in AD patients compared to controls. Imaging-cognitive correlation analysis indicated that the CFH of the right prefrontal cortex was marginally positively related to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in patients and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test score. Moreover, taking abnormal AI and CFH values as features, support vector machine-based classification achieved good accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve by leave-one-out cross-validation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that individuals with AD have abnormal cerebral specialization and interhemispheric cooperation. This provides new insights for further elucidation of the pathological mechanisms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicinethe Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Lingling Lv
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Yibing Yan
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Wanqiu Zhu
- Department of Radiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Institute of Artificial IntelligenceHefei Comprehensive National Science CenterHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Gong‐Jun Ji
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Panpan Hu
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Xingqi Wu
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric DisordersHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- Institute of Artificial IntelligenceHefei Comprehensive National Science CenterHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
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Rani N, Alm KH, Corona-Long CA, Speck CL, Soldan A, Pettigrew C, Zhu Y, Albert M, Bakker A. Tau PET burden in Brodmann areas 35 and 36 is associated with individual differences in cognition in non-demented older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1272946. [PMID: 38161595 PMCID: PMC10757623 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1272946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The accumulation of neurofibrillary tau tangles, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), occurs in medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions early in the disease process, with some of the earliest deposits localized to subregions of the entorhinal cortex. Although functional specialization of entorhinal cortex subregions has been reported, few studies have considered functional associations with localized tau accumulation. Methods In this study, stepwise linear regressions were used to examine the contributions of regional tau burden in specific MTL subregions, as measured by 18F-MK6240 PET, to individual variability in cognition. Dependent measures of interest included the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and composite scores of delayed episodic memory and language. Other model variables included age, sex, education, APOE4 status, and global amyloid burden, indexed by 11C-PiB. Results Tau burden in right Brodmann area 35 (BA35), left and right Brodmann area 36 (BA36), and age each uniquely contributed to the proportion of explained variance in CDR-SB scores, while right BA36 and age were also significant predictors of MMSE scores, and right BA36 was significantly associated with delayed episodic memory performance. Tau burden in both left and right BA36, along with education, uniquely contributed to the proportion of explained variance in language composite scores. Importantly, the addition of more inclusive ROIs, encompassing less granular segmentation of the entorhinal cortex, did not significantly contribute to explained variance in cognition across any of the models. Discussion These findings suggest that the ability to quantify tau burden in more refined MTL subregions may better account for individual differences in cognition, which may improve the identification of non-demented older adults who are on a trajectory of decline due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kylie H. Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin A. Corona-Long
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Caroline L. Speck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Congdon EE, Ji C, Tetlow AM, Jiang Y, Sigurdsson EM. Tau-targeting therapies for Alzheimer disease: current status and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:715-736. [PMID: 37875627 PMCID: PMC10965012 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older individuals. AD is characterized pathologically by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, with associated loss of synapses and neurons, which eventually results in dementia. Many of the early attempts to develop treatments for AD focused on Aβ, but a lack of efficacy of these treatments in terms of slowing disease progression led to a change of strategy towards targeting of tau pathology. Given that tau shows a stronger correlation with symptom severity than does Aβ, targeting of tau is more likely to be efficacious once cognitive decline begins. Anti-tau therapies initially focused on post-translational modifications, inhibition of tau aggregation and stabilization of microtubules. However, trials of many potential drugs were discontinued because of toxicity and/or lack of efficacy. Currently, the majority of tau-targeting agents in clinical trials are immunotherapies. In this Review, we provide an update on the results from the initial immunotherapy trials and an overview of new therapeutic candidates that are in clinical development, as well as considering future directions for tau-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changyi Ji
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amber M Tetlow
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Chen R, Cai G, Xu S, Sun Q, Luo J, Wang Y, Li M, Lin H, Liu J. Body mass index related to executive function and hippocampal subregion volume in subjective cognitive decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:905035. [PMID: 36062154 PMCID: PMC9428252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.905035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore whether body mass index (BMI) level affects the executive function and hippocampal subregion volume of subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Materials and methods A total of 111 participants were included in the analysis, including SCD (38 of normal BMI, 27 of overweight and obesity) and normal cognitive control (NC) (29 of normal BMI, 17 of overweight and obesity). All subjects underwent the Chinese version of the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) to measure the executive function and a high-resolution 3D T1 structural image acquisition. Two-way ANOVA was used to examine the differences in executive function and gray matter volume in hippocampal subregions under different BMI levels between the SCD and NC. Result The subdimensions of executive function in which different BMI levels interact with SCD and NC include inhibition control function [SCWT C-B reaction time(s): F (1,104) = 5.732, p = 0.018], and the hippocampal subregion volume of CA1 [F (1,99) = 8.607, p = 0.004], hippocampal tail [F (1,99) = 4.077, p = 0.046], and molecular layer [F (1,99) = 6.309, p = 0.014]. After correction by Bonferroni method, the population × BMI interaction only had a significant effect on the CA1 (p = 0.004). Further analysis found that the SCWT C-B reaction time of SCD was significantly longer than NC no matter whether it is at the normal BMI level [F (1,104) = 4.325, p = 0.040] or the high BMI level [F (1,104) = 21.530, p < 0.001], and the inhibitory control function of SCD was worse than that of NC. In the normal BMI group, gray matter volume in the hippocampal subregion (CA1) of SCD was significantly smaller than that of NC [F (1,99) = 4.938, p = 0.029]. For patients with SCD, the high BMI group had worse inhibitory control function [F (1,104) = 13.499, p < 0.001] and greater CA1 volume compared with the normal BMI group [F (1,99) = 7.619, p = 0.007]. Conclusion The BMI level is related to the inhibition control function and the gray matter volume of CA1 subregion in SCD. Overweight seems to increase the gray matter volume of CA1 in the elderly with SCD, but it is not enough to compensate for the damage to executive function caused by the disease. These data provide new insights into the relationship between BMI level and executive function of SCD from the perspective of imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guiyan Cai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shurui Xu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Alster P, Dunalska A, Migda B, Madetko N, Królicki L. The Rate of Decrease in Brain Perfusion in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome May Be Impacted by Glycemic Variability-A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:767480. [PMID: 34819913 PMCID: PMC8606811 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.767480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) are tauopathic parkinsonian syndromes, presently lacking disease-modifying treatments. Patients affected by these diseases suffer due to multidimensional deteriorations resulting in motor and cognitive impairment. Previously published research has confirmed risk factors that may impact the course of PSP and CBS, among them hypertension and diabetes. Less data is available regarding prediabetes and glycemic variability. In this study, 26 patients with clinical diagnoses of PSP and CBS were examined using glycated hemoglobin and perfusion single-photon emission tomography (SPECT). Patients were divided into two groups-PSP/CBS patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) below and above 5.7%. The results of the perfusion evaluation were compared with the values from healthy volunteers from the software's database. A decrease in perfusion in certain regions of interest was observed among patients affected by increased glycemic variability. A more pronounced decrement in perfusion was observed only in some regions of interest-the hippocampus, pons, left thalamus, right insula. The results indicated that, among PSP/CBS patients, individuals with more pronounced glycemic variability had more severe hypoperfusion in certain brain regions in comparison with PSP/CBS patients without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Due to the fact that PSP and CBS are associated with cognitive impairment, an additional decrease in perfusion in the hippocampal area may impact the rate of cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Alster
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dunalska
- Students' Scientific Circle of the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Migda
- Diagnostic Ultrasound Lab, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Królicki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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