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Warren SL, Khan DM, Moustafa AA. Assistive tools for classifying neurological disorders using fMRI and deep learning: A guide and example. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3554. [PMID: 38841732 PMCID: PMC11154821 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-learning (DL) methods are rapidly changing the way researchers classify neurological disorders. For example, combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and DL has helped researchers identify functional biomarkers of neurological disorders (e.g., brain activation and connectivity) and pilot innovative diagnostic models. However, the knowledge required to perform DL analyses is often domain-specific and is not widely taught in the brain sciences (e.g., psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science). Conversely, neurological diagnoses and neuroimaging training (e.g., fMRI) are largely restricted to the brain and medical sciences. In turn, these disciplinary knowledge barriers and distinct specializations can act as hurdles that prevent the combination of fMRI and DL pipelines. The complexity of fMRI and DL methods also hinders their clinical adoption and generalization to real-world diagnoses. For example, most current models are not designed for clinical settings or use by nonspecialized populations such as students, clinicians, and healthcare workers. Accordingly, there is a growing area of assistive tools (e.g., software and programming packages) that aim to streamline and increase the accessibility of fMRI and DL pipelines for the diagnoses of neurological disorders. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In this study, we present an introductory guide to some popular DL and fMRI assistive tools. We also create an example autism spectrum disorder (ASD) classification model using assistive tools (e.g., Optuna, GIFT, and the ABIDE preprocessed repository), fMRI, and a convolutional neural network. RESULTS In turn, we provide researchers with a guide to assistive tools and give an example of a streamlined fMRI and DL pipeline. CONCLUSIONS We are confident that this study can help more researchers enter the field and create accessible fMRI and deep-learning diagnostic models for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Warren
- Faculty of Society and Design, School of PsychologyBond UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Danish M. Khan
- Department of Electronic EngineeringNED University of Engineering & TechnologyKarachiSindhPakistan
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- Faculty of Society and Design, School of PsychologyBond UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy and PhysiologyUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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Zargaran A, Sousi S, Glynou SP, Mortada H, Zargaran D, Mosahebi A. A systematic review of generative adversarial networks (GANs) in plastic surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024; 95:377-385. [PMID: 38996662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a form of deep learning architecture based on the zero-sum game theory, which uses real data to generate realistic fake data. GANs use two opposing neural networks working: a generator and a discriminator. They represent a powerful tool for generating realistic synthetic patient data sets and can potentially revolutionize research. This systematic literature review evaluated the scale and scope of GANs within plastic surgery, constructing a framework for its use and evaluation within subspecialties. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a systematic review was performed for applications of GANs in plastic surgery from 2014 to 2022. Three independent reviewers screened from databases: PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Google Scholar. RESULTS A total of 70 studies were captured by the search, of which seven studies met our criteria. The most common subspecialty was craniofacial (n = 4). Proposed uses of GANs included facial recognition, burn estimation, scar prediction, and post-breast cancer reconstruction anomaly scoring. GANs were conditional, trained on data sets averaging 54,652 ± 112,180 samples, with some sourced publicly and others being primary. CONCLUSION GANs hold promise for advancing plastic surgery, backed by diverse applications in the literature. Studies should follow a standardized reporting structure for consistency and transparency, as outlined, especially regarding the data sets used to ensure appropriate representation from an ethnic and cultural diversity perspective. Although GANs require specialist computational expertise to create, surgeons need to understand their development by leveraging the full potential of GANs within the emerging field of computational plastic surgery and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zargaran
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara Sousi
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hatan Mortada
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, and Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Zargaran
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Mosahebi
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cabrera-León Y, Báez PG, Fernández-López P, Suárez-Araujo CP. Neural Computation-Based Methods for the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Alzheimer's Disease Not Using Neuroimaging Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:793-823. [PMID: 38489188 PMCID: PMC11091566 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Background The growing number of older adults in recent decades has led to more prevalent geriatric diseases, such as strokes and dementia. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the most common type of dementia, has become more frequent too. Background Objective: The goals of this work are to present state-of-the-art studies focused on the automatic diagnosis and prognosis of AD and its early stages, mainly mild cognitive impairment, and predicting how the research on this topic may change in the future. Methods Articles found in the existing literature needed to fulfill several selection criteria. Among others, their classification methods were based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), including deep learning, and data not from brain signals or neuroimaging techniques were used. Considering our selection criteria, 42 articles published in the last decade were finally selected. Results The most medically significant results are shown. Similar quantities of articles based on shallow and deep ANNs were found. Recurrent neural networks and transformers were common with speech or in longitudinal studies. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were popular with gait or combined with others in modular approaches. Above one third of the cross-sectional studies utilized multimodal data. Non-public datasets were frequently used in cross-sectional studies, whereas the opposite in longitudinal ones. The most popular databases were indicated, which will be helpful for future researchers in this field. Conclusions The introduction of CNNs in the last decade and their superb results with neuroimaging data did not negatively affect the usage of other modalities. In fact, new ones emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylermi Cabrera-León
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Patricio García Báez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática y de Sistemas, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-López
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmen Paz Suárez-Araujo
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Li T, Huang H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Jing H, Sun T, Zhang X, Lu L, Zhang M. Predictive models based on machine learning for bone metastasis in patients with diagnosed colorectal cancer. Front Public Health 2022; 10:984750. [PMID: 36203663 PMCID: PMC9531117 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.984750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence predictive model for predicting the probability of developing BM in CRC patients. Methods From SEER database, 50,566 CRC patients were identified between January 2015 and December 2019 without missing data. SVM and LR models were trained and tested on the dataset. Accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), and IDI were used to evaluate and compare the models. Results For bone metastases in the entire cohort, SVM model with poly as kernel function presents the best performance, whose accuracy is 0.908, recall is 0.838, and AUC is 0.926, outperforming LR model. The top three most important factors affecting the model's prediction of BM include extraosseous metastases (EM), CEA, and size. Conclusion Our study developed an SVM model with poly as kernel function for predicting BM in CRC patients. SVM model could improve personalized clinical decision-making, help rationalize the bone metastasis screening process, and reduce the burden on healthcare systems and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Li
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honghong Huang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuocun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Hongqiao Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongdan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoren Jing
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianwei Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Xipeng Zhang
| | - Liangfu Lu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Liangfu Lu
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Mingqing Zhang
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