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Dos Santos Alves JM, Viana KF, Pereira AF, Lima Júnior RCP, Vale ML, Pereira KMA, Gondim DV. Oral carcinogenesis triggers a nociceptive behavior and c-Fos expression in rats' trigeminal pathway. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1531-1541. [PMID: 35244314 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To recognize changes that occur along the trigeminal pathway in oral cancer in order to establish an effective approach to pain control. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into control and 4-NQO-groups for 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks. 4-NQO suspension was administered on the animals` tongues. Mechanical hyperalgesia, assessment of facial expressions and an open field test were performed. After euthanasia, the animals' tongues were removed for macro and microscopic analysis. c-Fos expression was analyzed in the trigeminal pathway structures. RESULTS 4-NQO induced time-dependent macroscopic lesions that were compatible with neoplastic tumors. Histopathological analysis confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma in 50% of the animals on the 20th week. There was a significant nociceptive threshold reduction during the first two weeks, followed by a threshold return to the baseline levels, decreasing again from the 12th week. Facial nociceptive expression scores were observed on the 20th week, while increased grooming and exploratory activity were observed on the 8th week. Trigeminal ganglion showed an increased c-Fos immunoexpression on the 20th week and in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, it occurred on the 16th and 20th. The long-term carcinogenic exposure caused changes in the nociceptive behavior and c-Fos expression in the rats' trigeminal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Maria Dos Santos Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Khalil Fernandes Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Falcão Pereira
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto César Pereira Lima Júnior
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Vale
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Karuza Maria Alves Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Delane Viana Gondim
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
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Yu T, Li D, Zhu D. Tissue Optical Clearing for Biomedical Imaging: From In Vitro to In Vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 3233:217-255. [PMID: 34053030 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7627-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technique provides a prospective solution for the application of advanced optical methods in life sciences. This chapter firstly gives a brief introduction to mechanisms of tissue optical clearing techniques, from the physical mechanism to chemical mechanism, which is the most important foundation to develop tissue optical clearing methods. During the past years, in vitro and in vivo tissue optical clearing methods were developed. In vitro tissue optical clearing techniques, including the solvent-based clearing methods and the hydrophilic reagents-based clearing methods, combined with labeling technique and advanced microscopy, can be applied to image 3D microstructure of tissue blocks or whole organs such as brain and spinal cord with high resolution. In vivo skin or skull optical clearing, promise various optical imaging techniques to detect cutaneous or cortical cell and vascular structure and function without surgical window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Schneidereit D, Bröllochs A, Ritter P, Kreiß L, Mokhtari Z, Beilhack A, Krönke G, Ackermann JA, Faas M, Grüneboom A, Schürmann S, Friedrich O. An advanced optical clearing protocol allows label-free detection of tissue necrosis via multiphoton microscopy in injured whole muscle. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2876-2891. [PMID: 33456578 PMCID: PMC7806485 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Structural remodeling or damage as a result of disease or injury is often not evenly distributed throughout a tissue but strongly depends on localization and extent of damaging stimuli. Skeletal muscle as a mechanically active organ can express signs of local or even systemic myopathic damage, necrosis, or repair. Conventionally, muscle biopsies (patients) or whole muscles (animal models) are mechanically sliced and stained to assess structural alterations histologically. Three-dimensional tissue information can be obtained by applying deep imaging modalities, e.g. multiphoton or light-sheet microscopy. Chemical clearing approaches reduce scattering, e.g. through matching refractive tissue indices, to overcome optical penetration depth limits in thick tissues. Methods: Here, we optimized a range of different clearing protocols. We find aqueous solution-based protocols employing (20-80%) 2,2'-thiodiethanol (TDE) to be advantageous over organic solvents (dibenzyl ether, cinnamate) regarding the preservation of muscle morphology, ease-of-use, hazard level, and costs. Results: Applying TDE clearing to a mouse model of local cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle necrosis, a complete loss of myosin-II signals was observed in necrotic areas with little change in fibrous collagen or autofluorescence (AF) signals. The 3D aspect of myofiber integrity could be assessed, and muscle necrosis in whole muscle was quantified locally via the ratios of detected AF, forward- and backward-scattered Second Harmonic Generation (fSHG, bSHG) signals. Conclusion: TDE optical clearing is a versatile tool to study muscle architecture in conjunction with label-free multiphoton imaging in 3D in injury/myopathy models and might also be useful in studying larger biofabricated constructs in regenerative medicine.
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Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Challis C, Gradinaru V. Q&A: How can advances in tissue clearing and optogenetics contribute to our understanding of normal and diseased biology? BMC Biol 2017; 15:87. [PMID: 28946882 PMCID: PMC5613628 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian organs comprise a variety of cells that interact with each other and have distinct biological roles. Access to evaluate and perturb intact biological systems at the cellular and molecular levels is essential to fully understand their functioning in normal and diseased conditions, yet technical limitations have constrained most research to small pieces of tissue. Tissue clearing and optogenetics can help overcome this hurdle: tissue clearing affords optical interrogation of whole organs at the molecular level, and optogenetics enables the scalable control and measurement of cellular activity with light. In this Q&A, we delineate recent advances and practical challenges associated with these two techniques when applied body-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Ohman-Gault L, Huang T, Krimm R. The transcription factor Phox2b distinguishes between oral and non-oral sensory neurons in the geniculate ganglion. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3935-3950. [PMID: 28856690 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many basic characteristics of gustatory neurons remain unknown, partly due to the absence of specific markers. Some neurons in the geniculate ganglion project to taste regions in the oral cavity, whereas others innervate the outer ear. We hypothesized that the transcription factor Phox2b would identify oral cavity-projecting neurons in the geniculate ganglion. To test this possibility, we characterized mice in which Phox2b-Cre mediated gene recombination labeled neurons with tdTomato. Nerve labeling revealed that all taste neurons projecting through the chorda tympani (27%) and greater superficial petrosal nerves (15%) expressed Phox2b during development, whereas non-oral somatosensory neurons (58%) in the geniculate ganglion did not. We found tdTomato-positive innervation within all taste buds. Most (57%) of the fungiform papillae had labeled innervation only in taste buds, whereas 43% of the fungiform papillae also had additional labeled innervation to the papilla epithelium. Chorda tympani nerve transection eliminated all labeled innervation to taste buds, but most of the additional innervation in the fungiform papillae remained. Some of these additional fibers also expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, suggesting a sympathetic origin. Consistent with this, both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervating blood vessels and salivary glands contained tdTomato labeling. Phox2b-tdTomato labels nerve fascicles in the tongue of the developing embryo and demonstrates a similar stereotyped branching pattern DiI-labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ohman-Gault
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robin Krimm
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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3-D imaging of islets in obesity: formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling in young hyperphagic mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:685-97. [PMID: 26499436 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and insulin resistance lead to islet hyperplasia. However, how the islet remodeling influences the pancreatic environment and the associated neurovascular networks is largely unknown. The lack of information is primarily due to the difficulty of global visualization of the hyperplasic islet (>200 μm) and the neurovascular environment with high definition. METHODS We modulated the pancreatic optical property to achieve 3-dimensional (3-D) whole-islet histology and to integrate transmitted light microscopy (which provides the ground-truth tissue information) with confocal fluorescence imaging. The new optical and imaging conditions were used to globally examine the hyperplastic islets of the young (2 months) obese db/db and ob/ob mice, which otherwise cannot be easily portrayed by the standard microtome-based histology. The voxel-based islet micrographs were digitally processed for stereo projection and qualitative and quantitative analyses of the islet tissue networks. RESULTS Paired staining and imaging of the pancreatic islets, ducts and neurovascular networks reveal the unexpected formation of the 'neuro-insular-ductal complex' in the young obese mice. The complex consists of the peri- and/or intra-islet ducts and prominent peri-ductal sympathetic nerves; the latter contributes to a marked increase in islet sympathetic innervation. In vascular characterization, we identify a decreased perivascular density of the ob/ob islet pericytes, which adapt to ensheathing the dilated microvessels with hypertrophic processes. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of pancreatic optical property enables 3-D panoramic examination of islets in the young hyperphagic mice to reveal the formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling. On the basis of the morphological proximity of the remodeled tissue networks, we propose a reactive islet microenvironment consisting of the endocrine cells, ductal epithelium and neurovascular tissues in response to the metabolic challenge that is experienced early in life.
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Choi M, Lee WM, Yun SH. Intravital microscopic interrogation of peripheral taste sensation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8661. [PMID: 25726964 PMCID: PMC4345348 DOI: 10.1038/srep08661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool in neuroscience but has not been adapted to the taste sensory organ due to anatomical constraint. Here we developed an imaging window to facilitate microscopic access to the murine tongue in vivo. Real-time two-photon microscopy allowed the visualization of three-dimensional microanatomy of the intact tongue mucosa and functional activity of taste cells in response to topically administered tastants in live mice. Video microscopy also showed the calcium activity of taste cells elicited by small-sized tastants in the blood circulation. Molecular kinetic analysis suggested that intravascular taste sensation takes place at the microvilli on the apical side of taste cells after diffusion of the molecules through the pericellular capillaries and tight junctions in the taste bud. Our results demonstrate the capabilities and utilities of the new tool for taste research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghwan Choi
- 1] Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Global Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- 1] Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, Ian Ross Building, North Road, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Liu YA, Chung YC, Shen MY, Pan ST, Kuo CW, Peng SJ, Pasricha PJ, Tang SC. Perivascular Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Human Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 1:102-119. [PMID: 28247865 PMCID: PMC5301165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) closely associate with nerves and smooth muscles to modulate gut motility. In the ICC microenvironment, although the circulating hormones/factors have been shown to influence ICC activities, the association between ICC and microvessels in the gut wall has not been described. We applied three-dimensional (3D) vascular histology with c-kit staining to identify the perivascular ICC and characterize their morphologic and population features in the human colon wall. METHODS Full-thickness colons were obtained from colectomies performed for colorectal cancer. We targeted the colon wall away from the tumor site. Confocal microscopy with optical clearing (use of immersion solution to reduce scattering in optical imaging) was performed to simultaneously reveal the ICC and vascular networks in space. 3D image rendering and projection were digitally conducted to illustrate the ICC-vessel contact patterns. RESULTS Perivascular ICC were identified in the submucosal border, myenteric plexus, and circular and longitudinal muscles via high-definition 3D microscopy. Through in-depth image projection, we specified two contact patterns-the intimate cell body-to-vessel contact (type I, 18% of ICC in circular muscle) and the long-distance process-to-vessel contact (type II, 16%)-to classify perivascular ICC. Particularly, type I perivascular ICC were detected with elevated c-kit staining levels and were routinely found in clusters, making them readily distinguishable from other ICC in the network. CONCLUSIONS We propose a new subclass of ICC that closely associates with microvessels in the human colon. Our finding suggests a functional relationship between these mural ICC and microvessels based on the morphologic proximity.
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Key Words
- 3D Histology
- 3D, three-dimensional
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ICC
- ICC, interstitial cells of Cajal
- ICC-CM, ICC in the circular muscle
- ICC-LM, ICC in the longitudinal muscle
- ICC-MY, ICC around the myenteric plexus
- ICC-SM, ICC at the submucosal border
- Mural Cells
- NA, numerical aperture
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SCF, stem cell factor
- c-kit
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-An Liu
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Chung Kang Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yin Shen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Tung Pan
- Department of Pathology, Miaoli General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Shiue-Cheng Tang, PhD, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Medical Science, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. fax: (886) 3-571-5934.
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Tang SC, Peng SJ, Chien HJ. Imaging of the islet neural network. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:77-86. [PMID: 25200300 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans receive signals from the circulation and nerves to modulate hormone secretion in response to physiological cues. Although the rich islet innervation has been documented in the literature dating as far back as Paul Langerhans' discovery of islets in the pancreas, it remains a challenging task for researchers to acquire detailed islet innervation patterns in health and disease due to the dispersed nature of the islet neurovascular network. In this article, we discuss the recent development of 3-dimensional (3D) islet neurohistology, in which transparent pancreatic specimens were prepared by optical clearing to visualize the islet microstructure, vasculature and innervation with deep-tissue microscopy. Mouse islets were used as an example to illustrate how to apply this 3D imaging approach to characterize (i) the islet parasympathetic innervation, (ii) the islet sympathetic innervation and its reinnervation after transplantation under the kidney capsule and (iii) the reactive cellular response of the Schwann cell network in islet injury. While presenting and characterizing the innervation patterns, we also discuss how to apply the signals derived from transmitted light microscopy, vessel painting and immunostaining of neural markers to verify the location and source of tissue information. In summary, the systematic development of tissue labelling, clearing and imaging methods to reveal the islet neuroanatomy offers insights to help study the neural-islet regulatory mechanisms and the role of neural tissue remodelling in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Tang
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Liu YA, Pan ST, Hou YC, Shen MY, Peng SJ, Tang SC, Chung YC. 3-D visualization and quantitation of microvessels in transparent human colorectal carcinoma [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81857. [PMID: 24324559 PMCID: PMC3843693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic analysis of tumor vasculature plays an important role in understanding the progression and malignancy of colorectal carcinoma. However, due to the geometry of blood vessels and their connections, standard microtome-based histology is limited in providing the spatial information of the vascular network with a 3-dimensional (3-D) continuum. To facilitate 3-D tissue analysis, we prepared transparent human colorectal biopsies by optical clearing for in-depth confocal microscopy with CD34 immunohistochemistry. Full-depth colons were obtained from colectomies performed for colorectal carcinoma. Specimens were prepared away from (control) and at the tumor site. Taking advantage of the transparent specimens, we acquired anatomic information up to 200 μm in depth for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the vasculature. Examples are given to illustrate: (1) the association between the tumor microstructure and vasculature in space, including the perivascular cuffs of tumor outgrowth, and (2) the difference between the 2-D and 3-D quantitation of microvessels. We also demonstrate that the optically cleared mucosa can be retrieved after 3-D microscopy to perform the standard microtome-based histology (H&E staining and immunohistochemistry) for systematic integration of the two tissue imaging methods. Overall, we established a new tumor histological approach to integrate 3-D imaging, illustration, and quantitation of human colonic microvessels in normal and cancerous specimens. This approach has significant promise to work with the standard histology to better characterize the tumor microenvironment in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-An Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Tung Pan
- Department of Pathology, Miaoli General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Hou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yin Shen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Chung Kang Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
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