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Yamaguchi A, Wu R, McNulty P, Karagyozov D, Mihovilovic Skanata M, Gershow M. Multi-neuronal recording in unrestrained animals with all acousto-optic random-access line-scanning two-photon microscopy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135457. [PMID: 37389365 PMCID: PMC10303936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how neural activity encodes and coordinates behavior, it is desirable to record multi-neuronal activity in freely behaving animals. Imaging in unrestrained animals is challenging, especially for those, like larval Drosophila melanogaster, whose brains are deformed by body motion. A previously demonstrated two-photon tracking microscope recorded from individual neurons in freely crawling Drosophila larvae but faced limits in multi-neuronal recording. Here we demonstrate a new tracking microscope using acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) and an acoustic GRIN lens (TAG lens) to achieve axially resonant 2D random access scanning, sampling along arbitrarily located axial lines at a line rate of 70 kHz. With a tracking latency of 0.1 ms, this microscope recorded activities of various neurons in moving larval Drosophila CNS and VNC including premotor neurons, bilateral visual interneurons, and descending command neurons. This technique can be applied to the existing two-photon microscope to allow for fast 3D tracking and scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul McNulty
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Doycho Karagyozov
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Marc Gershow
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Wosniack ME, Festa D, Hu N, Gjorgjieva J, Berni J. Adaptation of Drosophila larva foraging in response to changes in food resources. eLife 2022; 11:e75826. [PMID: 36458693 PMCID: PMC9822246 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals face the challenge of finding nutritious resources in a changing environment. To maximize lifetime fitness, the exploratory behavior has to be flexible, but which behavioral elements adapt and what triggers those changes remain elusive. Using experiments and modeling, we characterized extensively how Drosophila larvae foraging adapts to different food quality and distribution and how the foraging genetic background influences this adaptation. Our work shows that different food properties modulated specific motor programs. Food quality controls the traveled distance by modulating crawling speed and frequency of pauses and turns. Food distribution, and in particular the food-no food interface, controls turning behavior, stimulating turns toward the food when reaching the patch border and increasing the proportion of time spent within patches of food. Finally, the polymorphism in the foraging gene (rover-sitter) of the larvae adjusts the magnitude of the behavioral response to different food conditions. This study defines several levels of control of foraging and provides the basis for the systematic identification of the neuronal circuits and mechanisms controlling each behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Wosniack
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
| | - Dylan Festa
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jimena Berni
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School,, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
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3
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Poe AR, Mace KD, Kayser MS. Getting into rhythm: developmental emergence of circadian clocks and behaviors. FEBS J 2021; 289:6576-6588. [PMID: 34375504 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks keep time to coordinate diverse behaviors and physiological functions. While molecular circadian rhythms are evident during early development, most behavioral rhythms, such as sleep-wake, do not emerge until far later. Here, we examine the development of circadian clocks, outputs, and behaviors across phylogeny, with a particular focus on Drosophila. We explore potential mechanisms for how central clocks and circadian output loci establish communication, and discuss why from an evolutionary perspective sleep-wake and other behavioral rhythms emerge long after central clocks begin keeping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyla D Mace
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Zhu ML, Herrera KJ, Vogt K, Bahl A. Navigational strategies underlying temporal phototaxis in Drosophila larvae. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269086. [PMID: 34115116 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Navigating across light gradients is essential for survival for many animals. However, we still have a poor understanding of the algorithms that underlie such behaviors. Here, we developed a novel closed-loop phototaxis assay for Drosophila larvae in which light intensity is always spatially uniform but updates depending on the location of the animal in the arena. Even though larvae can only rely on temporal cues during runs, we find that they are capable of finding preferred areas of low light intensity. Further detailed analysis of their behavior reveals that larvae turn more frequently and that heading angle changes increase when they experience brightness increments over extended periods of time. We suggest that temporal integration of brightness change during runs is an important - and so far largely unexplored - element of phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell L Zhu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kristian J Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Katrin Vogt
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464Konstanz, Germany
| | - Armin Bahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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5
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Koyama T, Texada MJ, Halberg KA, Rewitz K. Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4523-4551. [PMID: 32448994 PMCID: PMC7599194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able to sense and respond to changes in external environmental conditions and their internal state. Metabolic adaptation in response to altered nutrient availability is key to maintaining energy homeostasis and sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, environmental variables exert major influences on growth and final adult body size in animals. This developmental plasticity depends on adaptive responses to internal state and external cues that are essential for developmental processes. Genetic studies have shown that the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly to mammals, regulates its metabolism, growth, and behavior in response to the environment through several key hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, and steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing that various environmental cues and internal conditions are sensed in different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information to neuroendocrine centers that control insulin and steroid signaling. This review focuses on endocrine regulation of development, metabolism, and behavior in Drosophila, highlighting recent advances in the role of the neuroendocrine system as a signaling hub that integrates environmental inputs and drives adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Halberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Asirim EZ, Humberg TH, Maier GL, Sprecher SG. Circadian and Genetic Modulation of Visually-Guided Navigation in Drosophila Larvae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2752. [PMID: 32066794 PMCID: PMC7026142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms possess an endogenous molecular clock which enables them to adapt to environmental rhythms and to synchronize their metabolism and behavior accordingly. Circadian rhythms govern daily oscillations in numerous physiological processes, and the underlying molecular components have been extensively described from fruit flies to mammals. Drosophila larvae have relatively simple nervous system compared to their adult counterparts, yet they both share a homologous molecular clock with mammals, governed by interlocking transcriptional feedback loops with highly conserved constituents. Larvae exhibit a robust light avoidance behavior, presumably enabling them to avoid predators and desiccation, and DNA-damage by exposure to ultraviolet light, hence are crucial for survival. Circadian rhythm has been shown to alter light-dark preference, however it remains unclear how distinct behavioral strategies are modulated by circadian time. To address this question, we investigate the larval visual navigation at different time-points of the day employing a computer-based tracking system, which allows detailed evaluation of distinct navigation strategies. Our results show that due to circadian modulation specific to light information processing, larvae avoid light most efficiently at dawn, and a functioning clock mechanism at both molecular and neuro-signaling level is necessary to conduct this modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Z Asirim
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tim-Henning Humberg
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - G Larisa Maier
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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