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Bagherzadeh S, Rostami M, Jafari M, Roohollahi F. "White Cord Syndrome" as clinical manifestation of the spinal cord reperfusion syndrome: a systematic review of risk factors, treatments, and outcome. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024:10.1007/s00586-024-08461-w. [PMID: 39266775 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paralysis subsequent to spinal cord decompression in the cervical or thoracic region is infrequent, with White Cord Syndrome (WCS) being among its several causes. Due to WCS's infrequency, there exists a paucity of high-level evidence concerning its manifestations. Our primary objective is to systematically collate all documented WCS cases, discern prevalent risk and prognostic factors, appraise available treatment modalities, and evaluate patient outcomes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search included PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria required studies to be written in English, be case reports, and contain data on clinical features, management, and treatment outcomes. Exclusion criteria excluded meta-analyses, reviews, editorials, letters, books, studies with insufficient clinical data, and studies not in English or with unavailable full texts. Grey literature was not actively pursued due to identification challenges, potentially introducing selection bias. Two authors independently evaluated papers based on criteria. Disagreements were resolved with a third author. Additionally, the included articles' references were screened for additional relevant articles. RESULTS We found a total of 580 articles through our electronic search. After removing duplicates, 399 articles were screened. Out of the remaining 51 studies, 27 were included in the final quantitative analysis. The average age was 54 (3-79 years) with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, 33% had OPLL, and Common medical histories were hypertension (30%), diabetes mellitus (20%), and previous ACDF surgery (8%). Of all Surgeries, 70% were done with a posterior approach and 30% with the anterior approach. 48% of cases used Intraoperative NeuroMonitoring(IONM), and Loss of Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) occurred in 37% of cases. Patients received high-dose intravenous steroids. In 26% of cases, additional posterior cervical decompression was performed, and efforts were made to maintain mean arterial pressure above 85 mmHg in 37% of cases. Other medications were administered in 30% of cases. Over an average 26-week follow-up, 37% of patients had good recovery, 40% had partial recovery, and 23% showed no recovery. The average final Nurick grade was 3.2. CONCLUSIONS WCS is a rare cause of postoperative neurological deficit following spinal cord decompression surgery. Risk factors for WCS include advanced age, extensive surgery, posterior approach for decompression, and the presence of OPLL. Treatment includes high-dose steroids, posterior cervical decompression, maintaining MAP over 85mmHg, rehabilitation, and sometimes neurotrophic drugs. Most patients can walk with or without assistance during follow-up, but around a quarter never regain neurological function. The only preoperative factor impacting outcomes is the preoperative neurological status (Nurick Grade).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rostami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Spine Center of Excellence, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Mohammad Jafari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Roohollahi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Stewart AN, Gensel JC, Jones L, Fouad K. Challenges in Translating Regenerative Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2023; 29:23-43. [PMID: 38174141 PMCID: PMC10759906 DOI: 10.46292/sci23-00044s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Regenerating the injured spinal cord is a substantial challenge with many obstacles that need to be overcome to achieve robust functional benefits. This abundance of hurdles can partly explain the limited success when applying regenerative intervention treatments in animal models and/or people. In this article, we elaborate on a few of these obstacles, starting with the applicability of animal models and how they compare to the clinical setting. We then discuss the requirement for combinatorial interventions and the associated problems in experimental design, including the addition of rehabilitative training. The article expands on differences in lesion sizes and locations between humans and common animal models, and how this difference can determine the success or failure of an intervention. An additional and frequently overlooked problem in the translation of interventions that applies beyond the field of neuroregeneration is the reporting bias and the lack of transparency in reporting findings. New data mandates are tackling this problem and will eventually result in a more balanced view of the field. Finally, we will discuss strategies to negotiate the challenging course of successful translation to facilitate successful translation of regeneration promoting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Stewart
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linda Jones
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Tarnacka B, Korczyński B, Frasuńska J. Impact of Robotic-Assisted Gait Training in Subacute Spinal Cord Injury Patients on Outcome Measure. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111966. [PMID: 37296818 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of walking ability is a primary goal for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) is an innovative method for its improvement. This study evaluates the influence of RAGT vs. dynamic parapodium training (DPT) in improving gait motor functions in SCI patients. In this single-centre, single-blinded study, we enrolled 105 (39 and 64 with complete and incomplete SCI, respectively) patients. The investigated subjects received gait training with RAGT (experimental S1-group) and DPT (control S0-group), with six training sessions per week over seven weeks. The American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale Motor Score (MS), Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version-III (SCIM-III), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury, version-II (WISCI-II), and Barthel Index (BI) were assessed in each patient before and after sessions. Patients with incomplete SCI assigned to the S1 rehabilitation group achieved more significant improvement in MS [2.58 (SE 1.21, p < 0.05)] and WISCI-II [3.07 (SE 1.02, p < 0.01])] scores in comparison with patients assigned to the S0 group. Despite the described improvement in the MS motor score, no progression between grades of AIS (A to B to C to D) was observed. A nonsignificant improvement between the groups for SCIM-III and BI was found. RAGT significantly improved gait functional parameters in SCI patients in comparison with conventional gait training with DPT. RAGT is a valid treatment option in SCI patients in the subacute phase. DPT should not be recommended for patients with incomplete SCI (AIS-C); in those patients, RAGT rehabilitation programs should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tarnacka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
- Research Institute for Innovative Methods of Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury, Health Resort Kamień Pomorski, 72-400 Kamień Pomorski, Poland
| | - Bogumił Korczyński
- Research Institute for Innovative Methods of Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury, Health Resort Kamień Pomorski, 72-400 Kamień Pomorski, Poland
| | - Justyna Frasuńska
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Gabriel CL, Pires IM, Coelho PJ, Zdravevski E, Lameski P, Mewada H, Madeira F, Garcia NM, Carreto C. Mobile and wearable technologies for the analysis of Ten Meter Walk Test: A concise systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16599. [PMID: 37274667 PMCID: PMC10238910 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical issues started to receive more attention due to the sedentary lifestyle prevalent in modern culture. The Ten Meter Walk Test allows measuring the person's capacity to walk along 10 m and analyzing the advancement of various medical procedures for ailments, including stroke. This systematic review is related to the use of mobile or wearable devices to measure physical parameters while administering the Ten Meter Walk Test for the analysis of the performance of the test. We applied the PRISMA methodology for searching the papers related to the Ten Meter Walk Test. Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms were used to automate the screening process. Various papers published in two decades from multiple scientific databases, including IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), and PubMed Central were analyzed, focusing on various diseases, devices, features, and methods. The study reveals that chronometer and accelerometer sensors measuring spatiotemporal features are the most pertinent in the Gait characterization of most diseases. Likewise, all studies emphasized the close relation between the quality of the sensor's data obtained and the system's ultimate accuracy. In other words, calibration procedures are needed because of the body part where the sensor is worn and the type of sensor. In addition, using ambient sensors providing kinematic and kinetic features in conjunction with wearable sensors and consistently acquiring walking signals can enhance the system's performance. The most common weaknesses in the analyzed studies are the sample size and the unavailability of continuous monitoring devices for measuring the Ten Meter Walk Test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Miguel Pires
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Informatics and Quantitative Methods, Research Centre for Arts and Communication (CIAC)/Pole of Digital Literacy and Social Inclusion, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-904 , Santarém, Portugal
| | - Paulo Jorge Coelho
- Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- INESC Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pólo 2, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eftim Zdravevski
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Petre Lameski
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Hiren Mewada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Filipe Madeira
- Department of Informatics and Quantitative Methods, Research Centre for Arts and Communication (CIAC)/Pole of Digital Literacy and Social Inclusion, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-904 , Santarém, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Garcia
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carreto
- Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
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Robotic rehabilitation therapy using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for patients with spinal cord lesions: A narrative review. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL (NASSJ) 2023; 14:100209. [PMID: 37113251 PMCID: PMC10127119 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) is a rehabilitation device that utilizes the "interactive biofeedback" hypothesis to facilitate the motion of the device according to the user's motion intention and appropriate sensory input evoked by HAL-supported motion. HAL has been studied extensively for its potential to promote walking function in patients with spinal cord lesions, including spinal cord injury. Methods We performed a narrative review of HAL rehabilitation for spinal cord lesions. Results Several reports have shown the effectiveness of HAL rehabilitation in the recovery of walking ability in patients with gait disturbance caused by compressive myelopathy. Clinical studies have also demonstrated potential mechanisms of action leading to clinical findings, including normalization of cortical excitability, improvement of muscle synergy, attenuation of difficulties in voluntarily initiating joint movement, and gait coordination changes. Conclusions However, further investigation with more sophisticated study designs is necessary to prove the true efficacy of HAL walking rehabilitation. HAL remains one of the most promising rehabilitation devices for promoting walking function in patients with spinal cord lesions.
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Kruppa C, Benner S, Brinkemper A, Aach M, Reimertz C, Schildhauer TA. [New technologies and robotics]. UNFALLCHIRURGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 126:9-18. [PMID: 36515725 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-022-01270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of increasingly more complex computer and electromotor technologies enables the increasing use and expansion of robot-assisted systems in trauma surgery rehabilitation; however, the currently available devices are rarely comprehensively applied but are often used within pilot projects and studies. Different technological approaches, such as exoskeletal systems, functional electrical stimulation, soft robotics, neurorobotics and brain-machine interfaces are used and combined to read and process the communication between, e.g., residual musculature or brain waves, to transfer them to the executing device and to enable the desired execution.Currently, the greatest amount of evidence exists for the use of exoskeletal systems with different modes of action in the context of gait and stance rehabilitation in paraplegic patients; however, their use also plays a role in the rehabilitation of fractures close to the hip joint and endoprosthetic care. So-called single joint systems are also being tested in the rehabilitation of functionally impaired extremities, e.g., after knee prosthesis implantation. At this point, however, the current data situation is still too limited to be able to make a clear statement about the use of these technologies in the trauma surgery "core business" of rehabilitation after fractures and other joint injuries.For rehabilitation after limb amputation, in addition to the further development of myoelectric prostheses, the current development of "sentient" prostheses is of great interest. The use of 3D printing also plays a role in the production of individualized devices.Due to the current progress of artificial intelligence in all fields, ground-breaking further developments and widespread application possibilities in the rehabilitation of trauma patients are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kruppa
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland.
| | - Sebastian Benner
- BG Service- und Rehabilitationszentrum, BG Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main gGmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Alexis Brinkemper
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Mirko Aach
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Abteilung für Rückenmarkverletzte, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Reimertz
- BG Service- und Rehabilitationszentrum, BG Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main gGmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Thomas A Schildhauer
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
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Rodriguez Tapia G, Doumas I, Lejeune T, Previnaire JG. Wearable powered exoskeletons for gait training in tetraplegia: a systematic review on feasibility, safety and potential health benefits. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:1149-1162. [DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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