1
|
Rasool N, Razzaq Z, Gul Khan S, Javaid S, Akhtar N, Mahmood S, Christensen JB, Ali Altaf A, Muhammad Muneeb Anjum S, Alqahtani F, AlAsmari AF, Imran I. A facile synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-based carbamothioate molecules: antiseizure potential, EEG evaluation and in-silico docking studies. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
2
|
Rossi R, Arjmand S, Bærentzen SL, Gjedde A, Landau AM. Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A: Features and Functions. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:864514. [PMID: 35573314 PMCID: PMC9096842 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.864514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of neuroimaging dramatically moved forward by means of the expeditious development of specific radioligands of novel targets. Among these targets, the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles, present in all synaptic terminals, irrespective of neurotransmitter content. It is involved in key functions of neurons, focused on the regulation of neurotransmitter release. The ubiquitous expression in gray matter regions of the brain is the basis of its candidacy as a marker of synaptic density. Following the development of molecules derived from the structure of the anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam, which selectively binds to SV2A, several radiolabeled markers have been synthetized to allow the study of SV2A distribution with positron emission tomography (PET). These radioligands permit the evaluation of in vivo changes of SV2A distribution held to be a potential measure of synaptic density in physiological and pathological conditions. The use of SV2A as a biomarker of synaptic density raises important questions. Despite numerous studies over the last decades, the biological function and the expressional properties of SV2A remain poorly understood. Some functions of SV2A were claimed, but have not been fully elucidated. While the expression of SV2A is ubiquitous, stronger associations between SV2A and Υ amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic rather than glutamatergic synapses were observed in some brain structures. A further issue is the unclear interaction between SV2A and its tracers, which reflects a need to clarify what really is detected with neuroimaging tools. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the SV2A protein and we discuss uncertain aspects of SV2A biology and physiology. As SV2A expression is ubiquitous, but likely more strongly related to a certain type of neurotransmission in particular circumstances, a more extensive knowledge of the protein would greatly facilitate the analysis and interpretation of neuroimaging results by allowing the evaluation not only of an increase or decrease of the protein level, but also of the type of neurotransmission involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Rossi
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shokouh Arjmand
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Larsen Bærentzen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne M Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Contreras-García IJ, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Romo-Mancillas A, Bandala C, Zamudio SR, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Ochoa B, Mendoza-Torreblanca JG, Pichardo-Macías LA. Levetiracetam Mechanisms of Action: From Molecules to Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040475. [PMID: 35455472 PMCID: PMC9030752 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to control seizures. Even though parts of their mechanisms of action are known, there are still components that need to be studied. Therefore, the search for novel drugs, new molecular targets, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of existing drugs is still crucial. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an AED that has been shown to be effective in seizure control and is well-tolerable, with a novel mechanism of action through an interaction with the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A). Moreover, LEV has other molecular targets that involve calcium homeostasis, the GABAergic system, and AMPA receptors among others, that might be integrated into a single mechanism of action that could explain the antiepileptogenic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties of LEV. This puts it as a possible multitarget drug with clinical applications other than for epilepsy. According to the above, the objective of this work was to carry out a comprehensive and integrative review of LEV in relation to its clinical uses, structural properties, therapeutical targets, and different molecular, genetic, and systemic action mechanisms in order to consider LEV as a candidate for drug repurposing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Romo-Mancillas
- Laboratorio de Diseño Asistido por Computadora y Síntesis de Fármacos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Neurociencia Básica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio R. Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Julieta Griselda Mendoza-Torreblanca
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.G.M.-T.); (L.A.P.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-1084-0900 (ext. 1441) (J.G.M.-T.)
| | - Luz Adriana Pichardo-Macías
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.G.M.-T.); (L.A.P.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-1084-0900 (ext. 1441) (J.G.M.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Serrano ME, Kim E, Petrinovic MM, Turkheimer F, Cash D. Imaging Synaptic Density: The Next Holy Grail of Neuroscience? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:796129. [PMID: 35401097 PMCID: PMC8990757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.796129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the central and most complex organ in the nervous system, comprising billions of neurons that constantly communicate through trillions of connections called synapses. Despite being formed mainly during prenatal and early postnatal development, synapses are continually refined and eliminated throughout life via complicated and hitherto incompletely understood mechanisms. Failure to correctly regulate the numbers and distribution of synapses has been associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. Therefore, measurements of brain synaptic density, as well as early detection of synaptic dysfunction, are essential for understanding normal and abnormal brain development. To date, multiple synaptic density markers have been proposed and investigated in experimental models of brain disorders. The majority of the gold standard methodologies (e.g., electron microscopy or immunohistochemistry) visualize synapses or measure changes in pre- and postsynaptic proteins ex vivo. However, the invasive nature of these classic methodologies precludes their use in living organisms. The recent development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers [such as (18F)UCB-H or (11C)UCB-J] that bind to a putative synaptic density marker, the synaptic vesicle 2A (SV2A) protein, is heralding a likely paradigm shift in detecting synaptic alterations in patients. Despite their limited specificity, novel, non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR)-based methods also show promise in inferring synaptic information by linking to glutamate neurotransmission. Although promising, all these methods entail various advantages and limitations that must be addressed before becoming part of routine clinical practice. In this review, we summarize and discuss current ex vivo and in vivo methods of quantifying synaptic density, including an evaluation of their reliability and experimental utility. We conclude with a critical assessment of challenges that need to be overcome before successfully employing synaptic density biomarkers as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in the study of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Serrano
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marija M Petrinovic
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong Y, Zhang S, Huang L, Zhang C, Xie F, Zhang Z, Huang Q, Jiang D, Li J, Zhou W, Hua T, Sun B, Wang J, Guan Y. Positron Emission Computed Tomography Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:731114. [PMID: 34795573 PMCID: PMC8593388 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.731114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Early diagnosis of AD is of great significance to control the development of the disease. Synaptic loss is an important pathology in the early stage of AD, therefore the measurement of synaptic density using molecular imaging technology may be an effective way to early diagnosis of AD. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is located in the presynaptic vesicle membrane of virtually all synapses. SV2A Positron Emission Computed Tomography (PET) could provide a way to measure synaptic density quantitatively in living humans and to track changes in synaptic density in AD. In view of the fact that synaptic loss is the pathology of both epilepsy and AD, this review summarizes the potential role of SV2A in the pathogenesis of AD, and suggests that SV2A should be used as an important target molecule of PET imaging agent for the early diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglang Jiang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Hua
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smart K, Liu H, Matuskey D, Chen MK, Torres K, Nabulsi N, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Hillmer AT, Huang Y, Carson RE. Binding of the synaptic vesicle radiotracer [ 11C]UCB-J is unchanged during functional brain activation using a visual stimulation task. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1067-1079. [PMID: 32757741 PMCID: PMC8054713 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20946198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography radioligand [11C]UCB-J binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A), a regulator of vesicle release. Increased neuronal firing could potentially affect tracer concentrations if binding site availability is altered during vesicle exocytosis. This study assessed whether physiological brain activation induces changes in [11C]UCB-J tissue influx (K1), volume of distribution (VT), or binding potential (BPND). Healthy volunteers (n = 7) underwent 60-min [11C]UCB-J PET scans at baseline and during intermittent presentation of 8-Hz checkerboard visual stimulation. Sensitivity to intermittent changes in kinetic parameters was assessed in simulations, and visual stimulation was repeated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize neural responses. VT and K1 were determined using the one-tissue compartment model and BPND using the simplified reference tissue model. In primary visual cortex, K1 increased 34.3 ± 15.5% (p = 0.001) during stimulation, with no change in other regions (ps > 0.12). K1 change was correlated with fMRI BOLD response (r = 0.77, p = 0.043). There was no change in VT (-3.9 ± 8.8%, p = 0.33) or BPND (-0.2 ± 9.6%, p = 0.94) in visual cortex nor other regions (ps > 0.19). Therefore, despite robust increases in regional tracer influx due to blood flow increases, binding measures were unchanged during stimulation. [11C]UCB-J VT and BPND are likely to be stable in vivo measures of synaptic density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heather Liu
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristen Torres
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Contreras-García IJ, Gómez-Lira G, Phillips-Farfán BV, Pichardo-Macías LA, García-Cruz ME, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Mendoza-Torreblanca JG. Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2A Expression in Glutamatergic Terminals Is Associated with the Response to Levetiracetam Treatment. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050531. [PMID: 33922424 PMCID: PMC8145097 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), the target of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV), is expressed ubiquitously in all synaptic terminals. Its levels decrease in patients and animal models of epilepsy. Thus, changes in SV2A expression could be a critical factor in the response to LEV. Epilepsy is characterized by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, hence SV2A levels in particular terminals could also influence the LEV response. SV2A expression was analyzed in the epileptic hippocampus of rats which responded or not to LEV, to clarify if changes in SV2A alone or together with glutamatergic or GABAergic markers may predict LEV resistance. Wistar rats were administered saline (control) or pilocarpine to induce epilepsy. These groups were subdivided into untreated or LEV-treated groups. All epileptic rats were video-monitored to assess their number of seizures. Epileptic rats with an important seizure reduction (>50%) were classified as responders. SV2A, vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) expression were assessed by immunostaining. SV2A expression was not modified during epilepsy. However, responders showed ≈55% SV2A-VGLUT co-expression in comparison with the non-responder group (≈40%). Thus, SV2A expression in glutamatergic terminals may be important for the response to LEV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Jatziri Contreras-García
- Área de Neurociencias, Biología de la Reproducción, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
| | - Gisela Gómez-Lira
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 14330, Mexico;
| | - Bryan Víctor Phillips-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Luz Adriana Pichardo-Macías
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Mercedes Edna García-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Juan Luis Chávez-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Julieta G. Mendoza-Torreblanca
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-840900 (ext. 1425) or +52-55-21836345
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bonnycastle K, Davenport EC, Cousin MA. Presynaptic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders: Insights from the synaptic vesicle life cycle. J Neurochem 2020; 157:179-207. [PMID: 32378740 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activity-dependent fusion, retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicles is essential for the maintenance of neurotransmission. Until relatively recently it was believed that most mutations in genes that were essential for this process would be incompatible with life, because of this fundamental role. However, an ever-expanding number of mutations in this very cohort of genes are being identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, intellectual disability and epilepsy. This article will summarize the current state of knowledge linking mutations in presynaptic genes to neurodevelopmental disorders by sequentially covering the various stages of the synaptic vesicle life cycle. It will also discuss how perturbations of specific stages within this recycling process could translate into human disease. Finally, it will also provide perspectives on the potential for future therapy that are targeted to presynaptic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bonnycastle
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Davenport
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ciruelas K, Marcotulli D, Bajjalieh SM. Synaptic vesicle protein 2: A multi-faceted regulator of secretion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:130-141. [PMID: 30826548 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2 (SV2) comprises a recently evolved family of proteins unique to secretory vesicles that undergo calcium-regulated exocytosis. In this review we consider SV2s' structural features, evolution, and function and discuss its therapeutic potential as the receptors for an expanding class of drugs used to treat epilepsy and cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Ciruelas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniele Marcotulli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra M Bajjalieh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tokudome K, Shimizu S, Serikawa T, Ohno Y. [Function of synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) as a novel therapeutic target for epilepsy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 152:275-280. [PMID: 30531097 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disease characterized by recurrent seizures, affecting nearly 1% of the population. Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) is a membrane protein specifically expressed in synaptic vesicles and is now implicated in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders. This is because 1) Sv2a-knockout mice exhibit severe seizures, 2) SV2A serves as a specific binding site for certain antiepileptics (e.g., levetiracetam and its analogues) and 3) the SV2A expression changes under various epileptic conditions both in animals (e.g., kindling) and humans (e.g., intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia). Furthermore, it has been shown that a missense mutation in the SV2A gene caused intractable epilepsy, involuntary movements and developmental retardation, indicating a causative role of SV2A dysfunction in epilepsy. In order to explore the mechanism of SV2A in modulating development of epileptogenesis, we recently developed a novel rat model (Sv2aL174Q rat) carrying a missense mutation (Leu174Gln) in the Sv2a gene. These rats were highly susceptible to the kindling development associated with repeated pentylenetetrazole treatments or electrical stimulations of the amygdala. In addition, the Sv2aL174Q mutation specifically impaired depolarization-induced GABA, but not glutamate, release in the hippocampus and amygdala. All this evidence indicates that the SV2A-GABAergic system plays a crucial role in modulating epileptogenesis and encourages discovery research into the novel antiepileptic agents which enhance the function of the SV2A-GABA system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tokudome
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yukihiro Ohno
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Makhouri FR, Ghasemi JB. In Silico Studies in Drug Research Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:664-725. [PMID: 28831921 PMCID: PMC6080098 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170823095628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease (PD), spinal cerebellar ataxias, and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy are described by slow and selective degeneration of neurons and axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and constitute one of the major challenges of modern medicine. Computer-aided or in silico drug design methods have matured into powerful tools for reducing the number of ligands that should be screened in experimental assays. Methods In the present review, the authors provide a basic background about neurodegenerative diseases and in silico techniques in the drug research. Furthermore, they review the various in silico studies reported against various targets in neurodegenerative diseases, including homology modeling, molecular docking, virtual high-throughput screening, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR), hologram quantitative structure activity relationship (HQSAR), 3D pharmacophore mapping, proteochemometrics modeling (PCM), fingerprints, fragment-based drug discovery, Monte Carlo simulation, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, quantum-mechanical methods for drug design, support vector machines, and machine learning approaches. Results Detailed analysis of the recently reported case studies revealed that the majority of them use a sequential combination of ligand and structure-based virtual screening techniques, with particular focus on pharmacophore models and the docking approach. Conclusion Neurodegenerative diseases have a multifactorial pathoetiological origin, so scientists have become persuaded that a multi-target therapeutic strategy aimed at the simultaneous targeting of multiple proteins (and therefore etiologies) involved in the development of a disease is recommended in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Russo E, Citraro R, Mula M. The preclinical discovery and development of brivaracetam for the treatment of focal epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1169-1178. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1366985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Mula
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cousin MA. Integration of Synaptic Vesicle Cargo Retrieval with Endocytosis at Central Nerve Terminals. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:234. [PMID: 28824381 PMCID: PMC5541026 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nerve terminals contain a limited number of synaptic vesicles (SVs) which mediate the essential process of neurotransmitter release during their activity-dependent fusion. The rapid and accurate formation of new SVs with the appropriate cargo is essential to maintain neurotransmission in mammalian brain. Generating SVs containing the correct SV cargo with the appropriate stoichiometry is a significant challenge, especially when multiple modes of endocytosis exist in central nerve terminals, which occur at different locations within the nerve terminals. These endocytosis modes include ultrafast endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE) which are triggered by specific patterns of neuronal activity. This review article will assess the evidence for the role of classical adaptor protein complexes in SV retrieval, discuss the role of monomeric adaptors and how interactions between specific SV cargoes can facilitate retrieval. In addition it will consider the evidence for preassembled plasma membrane cargo complexes and their role in facilitating these endocytosis modes. Finally it will present a unifying model for cargo retrieval at the presynapse, which integrates endocytosis modes in time and space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milovanović JR, Janković SM, Pejčić A, Milosavljević M, Opančina V, Radonjić V, Protrka Z, Kostić M. Evaluation of brivaracetam: a new drug to treat epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1381-1389. [PMID: 28737479 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1359260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High prevalence of therapy-resistant epilepsy demands development of anticonvulsants with new mechanisms of action. Brivaracetam is an analogue of levetiracetam which binds to the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) and decreases release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Areas covered: Relevant published studies were searched for by predefined strategy in MEDLINE, EBSCO and SCINDEKS electronic databases. Brivaracetam is effective as adjunctive therapy for uncontrolled partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients 16 years and older with epilepsy. It reduces baseline-adjusted focal seizure frequency per week from 7.3 to 12.8% over placebo. Adverse events rate in patients with brivaracetam is not higher than in patients with placebo. Expert opinion: Brivaracetam is an important step forward in the treatment of therapy-resistant partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization. Its development was systematic and targeted. Due to its efficacy and excellent safety profile, it is likely that brivaracetam will be often prescribed. In future, efficacy and safety of brivaracetam should be tested in monotherapy settings and also in the first-line therapy of partial-onset seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina R Milovanović
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Slobodan M Janković
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Ana Pejčić
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Miloš Milosavljević
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Valentina Opančina
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vesela Radonjić
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Zoran Protrka
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Marina Kostić
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Since the 1970s, racetams have been in use as cognitive enhancers. Levetiracetam was discovered to have antiseizure activity in animal models and was then found to bind to SV2A in synaptic and endocrine vesicles. Brivaracetam, an analog of levetiracetam, was identified in a medicinal chemistry campaign with the objective of discovering analogs with higher affinity at racetam-binding sites and greater antiseizure potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Löscher W, Gillard M, Sands ZA, Kaminski RM, Klitgaard H. Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Ligands in the Treatment of Epilepsy and Beyond. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:1055-1077. [PMID: 27752944 PMCID: PMC5078162 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein SV2A belongs to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters and is an integral constituent of synaptic vesicle membranes. SV2A has been demonstrated to be involved in vesicle trafficking and exocytosis, processes crucial for neurotransmission. The anti-seizure drug levetiracetam was the first ligand to target SV2A and displays a broad spectrum of anti-seizure activity in various preclinical models. Several lines of preclinical and clinical evidence, including genetics and protein expression changes, support an important role of SV2A in epilepsy pathophysiology. While the functional consequences of SV2A ligand binding are not fully elucidated, studies suggest that subsequent SV2A conformational changes may contribute to seizure protection. Conversely, the recently discovered negative SV2A modulators, such as UCB0255, counteract the anti-seizure effect of levetiracetam and display procognitive properties in preclinical models. More broadly, dysfunction of SV2A may also be involved in Alzheimer's disease and other types of cognitive impairment, suggesting potential novel therapies for levetiracetam and its congeners. Furthermore, emerging data indicate that there may be important roles for two other SV2 isoforms (SV2B and SV2C) in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. Utilization of recently developed SV2A positron emission tomography ligands will strengthen and reinforce the pharmacological evidence that SV2A is a druggable target, and will provide a better understanding of its role in epilepsy and other neurological diseases, aiding in further defining the full therapeutic potential of SV2A modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tokudome K, Okumura T, Terada R, Shimizu S, Kunisawa N, Mashimo T, Serikawa T, Sasa M, Ohno Y. A Missense Mutation of the Gene Encoding Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) Confers Seizure Susceptibility by Disrupting Amygdalar Synaptic GABA Release. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:210. [PMID: 27471467 PMCID: PMC4943941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is specifically expressed in the membranes of synaptic vesicles and modulates action potential-dependent neurotransmitter release. To explore the role of SV2A in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders, we recently generated a novel rat model (Sv2aL174Q rat) carrying a missense mutation of the Sv2a gene and showed that the Sv2aL174Q rats were hypersensitive to kindling development (Tokudome et al., 2016). Here, we further conducted behavioral and neurochemical studies to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the seizure vulnerability in Sv2aL174Q rats. Sv2aL174Q rats were highly susceptible to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, yielding a significantly higher seizure scores and seizure incidence than the control animals. Brain mapping analysis of Fos expression, a biological marker of neural excitation, revealed that the seizure threshold level of PTZ region-specifically elevated Fos expression in the amygdala in Sv2aL174Q rats. In vivo microdialysis study showed that the Sv2aL174Q mutation preferentially reduced high K+ (depolarization)-evoked GABA release, but not glutamate release, in the amygdala. In addition, specific control of GABA release by SV2A was supported by its predominant expression in GABAergic neurons, which were co-stained with antibodies against SV2A and glutamate decarboxylase 1. The present results suggest that dysfunction of SV2A by the missense mutation elevates seizure susceptibility in rats by preferentially disrupting synaptic GABA release in the amygdala, illustrating the crucial role of amygdalar SV2A-GABAergic system in epileptogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Terada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan; Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka, Japan; Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Ohno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) regulates kindling epileptogenesis via GABAergic neurotransmission. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27420. [PMID: 27265781 PMCID: PMC4893657 DOI: 10.1038/srep27420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a prototype synaptic vesicle protein regulating action potential-dependent neurotransmitters release. SV2A also serves as a specific binding site for certain antiepileptics and is implicated in the treatment of epilepsy. Here, to elucidate the role of SV2A in modulating epileptogenesis, we generated a novel rat model (Sv2aL174Q rat) carrying a Sv2a-targeted missense mutation (L174Q) and analyzed its susceptibilities to kindling development. Although animals homozygous for the Sv2aL174Q mutation exhibited normal appearance and development, they are susceptible to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizures. In addition, development of kindling associated with repeated PTZ treatments or focal stimulation of the amygdala was markedly facilitated by the Sv2aL174Q mutation. Neurochemical studies revealed that the Sv2aL174Q mutation specifically reduced depolarization-induced GABA, but not glutamate, release in the hippocampus without affecting basal release or the SV2A expression level in GABAergic neurons. In addition, the Sv2aL174Q mutation selectively reduced the synaptotagmin1 (Syt1) level among the exocytosis-related proteins examined. The present results demonstrate that dysfunction of SV2A due to the Sv2aL174Q mutation impairs the synaptic GABA release by reducing the Syt1 level and facilitates the kindling development, illustrating the crucial role of SV2A-GABA system in modulating kindling epileptogenesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gordon SL, Cousin MA. The iTRAPs: Guardians of Synaptic Vesicle Cargo Retrieval During Endocytosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:1. [PMID: 26903854 PMCID: PMC4746236 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reformation of synaptic vesicles (SVs) during endocytosis is essential for the maintenance of neurotransmission in central nerve terminals. Newly formed SVs must be generated with the correct protein cargo in the correct stoichiometry to be functional for exocytosis. Classical clathrin adaptor protein complexes play a key role in sorting and clustering synaptic vesicle cargo in this regard. However it is becoming increasingly apparent that additional “fail-safe” mechanisms exist to ensure the accurate retrieval of essential cargo molecules. For example, the monomeric adaptor proteins AP180/CALM and stonin-2 are required for the efficient retrieval of synaptobrevin II (sybII) and synaptotagmin-1 respectively. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that sybII and synaptotagmin-1 interact with other SV cargoes to ensure a high fidelity of retrieval. These cargoes are synaptophysin (for sybII) and SV2A (for synaptotagmin-1). In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the retrieval mechanisms for both sybII and synaptotagmin-1 during endocytosis. We also define and set criteria for a new functional group of SV molecules that facilitate the retrieval of their interaction partners. We have termed these molecules intrinsic trafficking partners (iTRAPs) and we discuss how the function of this group impacts on presynaptic performance in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gordon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Do traditional anti-seizure drugs have a future? A review of potential anti-seizure drugs in clinical development. Pharmacol Res 2016; 104:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Estudante M, Soveral G, Morais JG, Benet LZ. Insights into solute carriers: physiological functions and implications in disease and pharmacokinetics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SLCs transport many endogenous and exogenous compounds including drugs; SLCs dysfunction has implications in pharmacokinetics, drug toxicity or lack of efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Estudante
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - José G. Morais
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - Leslie Z. Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences
- University of California
- San Francisco
- USA
| |
Collapse
|