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Kounoupa Z, Tivodar S, Theodorakis K, Kyriakis D, Denaxa M, Karagogeos D. Rac1 and Rac3 GTPases and TPC2 are required for axonal outgrowth and migration of cortical interneurons. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286920. [PMID: 36744839 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, among them Rac1 and Rac3, are major transducers of extracellular signals and are involved in multiple cellular processes. In cortical interneurons, the neurons that control the balance between excitation and inhibition of cortical circuits, Rac1 and Rac3 are essential for their development. Ablation of both leads to a severe reduction in the numbers of mature interneurons found in the murine cortex, which is partially due to abnormal cell cycle progression of interneuron precursors and defective formation of growth cones in young neurons. Here, we present new evidence that upon Rac1 and Rac3 ablation, centrosome, Golgi complex and lysosome positioning is significantly perturbed, thus affecting both interneuron migration and axon growth. Moreover, for the first time, we provide evidence of altered expression and localization of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) voltage-gated ion channel that mediates Ca2+ release. Pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 negatively affected axonal growth and migration of interneurons. Our data, taken together, suggest that TPC2 contributes to the severe phenotype in axon growth initiation, extension and interneuron migration in the absence of Rac1 and Rac3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre 'Al. Fleming', Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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2
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Luderman LN, Michaels MT, Levic DS, Knapik EW. Zebrafish Erc1b mediates motor innervation and organization of craniofacial muscles in control of jaw movement. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:104-123. [PMID: 35708710 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement of the lower jaw, a common behavior observed among vertebrates, is required for eating and processing food. This movement is controlled by signals sent from the trigeminal motor nerve through neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) to the masticatory muscles. Dysfunctional jaw movements contribute to craniomandibular disorders, yet the pathophysiology of these disorders is not well understood, as limited studies have been conducted on the molecular mechanisms of jaw movement. RESULTS Using erc1b/kimm533 genetic loss of function mutant, we evaluated lower jaw muscle organization and innervation by the cranial motor nerves in developing zebrafish. Using time-lapse confocal imaging of the erc1b mutant in a transgenic fluorescent reporter line, we found delayed trigeminal nerve growth and disrupted nerve branching architecture during muscle innervation. By automated 3D image analysis of NMJ distribution, we identified an increased number of small, disorganized NMJ clusters in erc1b mutant larvae compared to WT siblings. Using genetic replacement experiments, we determined the Rab GTPase binding domain of Erc1b is required for cranial motor nerve branching, but not NMJ organization or muscle attachment. CONCLUSIONS We identified Erc1b/ERC1 as a novel component of a genetic pathway contributing to muscle organization, trigeminal nerve outgrowth, and NMJ spatial distribution during development that is required for jaw movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn N Luderman
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mackenzie T Michaels
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel S Levic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ela W Knapik
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Godoy LD, Prizon T, Rossignoli MT, Leite JP, Liberato JL. Parvalbumin Role in Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidities: From Mechanism to Intervention. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:765324. [PMID: 35250498 PMCID: PMC8891758 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.765324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein present in inhibitory interneurons that play an essential role in regulating many physiological processes, such as intracellular signaling and synaptic transmission. Changes in parvalbumin expression are deeply related to epilepsy, which is considered one of the most disabling neuropathologies. Epilepsy is a complex multi-factor group of disorders characterized by periods of hypersynchronous activity and hyperexcitability within brain networks. In this scenario, inhibitory neurotransmission dysfunction in modulating excitatory transmission related to the loss of subsets of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneuron may have a prominent role in disrupted excitability. Some studies also reported that parvalbumin-positive interneurons altered function might contribute to psychiatric comorbidities associated with epilepsy, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Understanding the epileptogenic process and comorbidities associated with epilepsy have significantly advanced through preclinical and clinical investigation. In this review, evidence from parvalbumin altered function in epilepsy and associated psychiatric comorbidities were explored with a translational perspective. Some advances in potential therapeutic interventions are highlighted, from current antiepileptic and neuroprotective drugs to cutting edge modulation of parvalbumin subpopulations using optogenetics, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation, genome engineering, and cell grafting. Creating new perspectives on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies is valuable for understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its psychiatric comorbidities and improving efficiency in clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Prizon
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- João Pereira Leite,
| | - José Luiz Liberato
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: José Luiz Liberato,
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4
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Blanco-Luquin I, Acha B, Urdánoz-Casado A, Sánchez-Ruiz De Gordoa J, Vicuña-Urriza J, Roldán M, Labarga A, Zelaya MV, Cabello C, Méndez-López I, Mendioroz M. Early epigenetic changes of Alzheimer's disease in the human hippocampus. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1083-1092. [PMID: 32233750 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1748917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new biomarkers would be very valuable to improve the detection of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). DNA methylation marks may serve as epigenetic biomarkers of early AD. Here we identified epigenetic marks that are present in the human hippocampus from the earliest stages of AD. A previous methylome dataset of the human AD hippocampus was used to select a set of eight differentially methylated positions (DMPs) since early AD stages. Next, bisulphite pyrosequencing was performed in an expanded homogeneous cohort of 18 pure controls and 35 hippocampal samples with neuropathological changes of pure AD. Correlation between DNA methylation levels in DMPs and phospho-tau protein burden assessed by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus was also determined. We found four DMPs showing higher levels of DNA methylation at early AD stages compared to controls, involving ELOVL2, GIT1/TP53I13 and the histone gene locus at chromosome 6. DNA methylation levels assessed by bisulphite pyrosequencing correlated with phospho-tau protein burden for ELOVL2 and HIST1H3E/HIST1H3 F genes. In this discovery study, a set of four epigenetic marks of early AD stages have been identified in the human hippocampus. It would be worth studying in-depth the specific pathways related to these epigenetic marks. These early alterations in DNA methylation in the AD hippocampus could be regarded as candidate biomarkers to be explored in future translational studies. ABBREVIATIONS AD: Alzheimer's disease; DMPs: Differentially methylated positions; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; βA42: β-amyloid 42; PET: positron emission tomography; 5mC: 5-methyl cytosine; CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotides; ANK1: ankyrin-1; BIN1: amphiphysin II; p-tau: hyperphosphorylated tau; CERAD: Consortium to Establish A Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: one-way analysis of variance; VLCFAs: very long-chain fatty acids; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Blanca Acha
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Urdánoz-Casado
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz De Gordoa
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Janire Vicuña-Urriza
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Labarga
- Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina Cabello
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iván Méndez-López
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital García-Orcoyen , Estella, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra, Universidad Pública De Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario De Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) , Pamplona, Spain
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5
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Tanna CE, Goss LB, Ludwig CG, Chen PW. Arf GAPs as Regulators of the Actin Cytoskeleton-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020442. [PMID: 30669557 PMCID: PMC6358971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arf GTPase-activating proteins (Arf GAPs) control the activity of ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) by inducing GTP hydrolysis and participate in a diverse array of cellular functions both through mechanisms that are dependent on and independent of their Arf GAP activity. A number of these functions hinge on the remodeling of actin filaments. Accordingly, some of the effects exerted by Arf GAPs involve proteins known to engage in regulation of the actin dynamics and architecture, such as Rho family proteins and nonmuscle myosin 2. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), podosomes, invadopodia, lamellipodia, stress fibers and focal adhesions are among the actin-based structures regulated by Arf GAPs. Arf GAPs are thus important actors in broad functions like adhesion and motility, as well as the specialized functions of bone resorption, neurite outgrowth, and pathogen internalization by immune cells. Arf GAPs, with their multiple protein-protein interactions, membrane-binding domains and sites for post-translational modification, are good candidates for linking the changes in actin to the membrane. The findings discussed depict a family of proteins with a critical role in regulating actin dynamics to enable proper cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Tanna
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Louisa B Goss
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Calvin G Ludwig
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
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6
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López Tobón A, Suresh M, Jin J, Vitriolo A, Pietralla T, Tedford K, Bossenz M, Mahnken K, Kiefer F, Testa G, Fischer KD, Püschel AW. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Arhgef7/βPix promotes axon formation upstream of TC10. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8811. [PMID: 29891904 PMCID: PMC5995858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic six layers of the mammalian neocortex develop sequentially as neurons are generated by neural progenitors and subsequently migrate past older neurons to their final position in the cortical plate. One of the earliest steps of neuronal differentiation is the formation of an axon. Small GTPases play essential roles during this process by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular trafficking. While the function of GTPases has been studied extensively in cultured neurons and in vivo much less is known about their upstream regulators. Here we show that Arhgef7 (also called βPix or Cool1) is essential for axon formation during cortical development. The loss of Arhgef7 results in an extensive loss of axons in cultured neurons and in the developing cortex. Arhgef7 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42, a GTPase that has a central role in directing the formation of axons during brain development. However, active Cdc42 was not able to rescue the knockdown of Arhgef7. We show that Arhgef7 interacts with the GTPase TC10 that is closely related to Cdc42. Expression of active TC10 can restore the ability to extend axons in Arhgef7-deficient neurons. Our results identify an essential role of Arhgef7 during neuronal development that promotes axon formation upstream of TC10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López Tobón
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Megalakshmi Suresh
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alessandro Vitriolo
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Thorben Pietralla
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Michael Bossenz
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Kristina Mahnken
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Mammalian cell signaling laboratory, Röntgenstr. 20, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Sala K, Raimondi A, Tonoli D, Tacchetti C, de Curtis I. Identification of a membrane-less compartment regulating invadosome function and motility. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1164. [PMID: 29348417 PMCID: PMC5773524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of liprin-α1, ERC1 or LL5 scaffolds inhibits extracellular matrix degradation by invasive cells. These proteins co-accumulate near invadosomes in NIH-Src cells, identifying a novel invadosome–associated compartment distinct from the core and adhesion ring of invadosomes. Depletion of either protein perturbs the organization of invadosomes without influencing the recruitment of MT1-MMP metalloprotease. Liprin-α1 is not required for de novo formation of invadosomes after their disassembly by microtubules and Src inhibitors, while its depletion inhibits invadosome motility, thus affecting matrix degradation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching shows that the invadosome–associated compartment is dynamic, while correlative light immunoelectron microscopy identifies bona fide membrane–free invadosome–associated regions enriched in liprin-α1, which is virtually excluded from the invadosome core. The results indicate that liprin-α1, LL5 and ERC1 define a novel dynamic membrane-less compartment that regulates matrix degradation by affecting invadosome motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Sala
- Cell Adhesion Unit - Division of Neuroscience, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Diletta Tonoli
- Cell Adhesion Unit - Division of Neuroscience, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Cell Adhesion Unit - Division of Neuroscience, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy. .,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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8
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Franchi SA, Macco R, Astro V, Tonoli D, Savino E, Valtorta F, Sala K, Botta M, de Curtis I. A Method to Culture GABAergic Interneurons Derived from the Medial Ganglionic Eminence. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:423. [PMID: 29358905 PMCID: PMC5766683 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms guiding interneuron development is a central aspect of the current research on cortical/hippocampal interneurons, which is highly relevant to brain function and pathology. In this methodological study we have addressed the setup of protocols for the reproducible culture of dissociated cells from murine medial ganglionic eminences (MGEs), to provide a culture system for the analysis of interneurons in vitro. This study includes the detailed protocols for the preparation of the dissociated cells, and for their culture on optimal substrates for cell migration or differentiation. These cultures enriched in interneurons may allow the investigation of the migratory behavior of interneuron precursors and their differentiation in vitro, up to the formation of morphologically identifiable GABAergic synapses. Live imaging of MGE-derived cells plated on proper substrates shows that they are useful to study the migratory behavior of the precursors, as well as the behavior of growth cones during the development of neurites. Most MGE-derived precursors develop into polarized GABAergic interneurons as determined by axonal, dendritic, and GABAergic markers. We present also a comparison of cells from WT and mutant mice as a proof of principle for the use of these cultures for the analysis of the migration and differentiation of GABAergic cells with different genetic backgrounds. The culture enriched in interneurons described here represents a useful experimental system to examine in a relatively easy and fast way the morpho-functional properties of these cells under physiological or pathological conditions, providing a powerful tool to complement the studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira A Franchi
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Macco
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Astro
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Tonoli
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Savino
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Kristyna Sala
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Botta
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Cell Adhesion Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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