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Lin Y, Liu T, Chen H, Zeng M, Hu S, Yu X, Chen Y, Xia C, Wang J, Wang J. Endothelin-1-mediated Brainstem Glial Activation Produces Asthmatic Airway Vagal Hypertonia Via Enhanced ATP-P2X4 Receptor Signaling in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38613591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of major asthma symptoms is largely attributed to airway vagal hypertonia, of which the central mechanisms remain unclear. This study tests the hypotheses that endothelin-1-mediated brainstem glial activation produces asthmatic airway vagal hypertonia via enhanced action of adenosine 5'-triphosphate on neuronal purinergic P2X4 receptors. A rat model of asthma was prepared using ovalbumin. Airway vagal tone was evaluated by the recurrent laryngeal discharge and plethysmographic measurement of pulmonary function. The changes in the brainstem were examined using ELISA, Western blot, luciferin-luciferase, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme activity assay and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. The results showed that in the medulla of rats, endothelin receptor type B and P2X4 receptors were primarily expressed in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, and both of which, along with endothelin-1 content, were significantly increased after ovalbumin sensitization. Ovalbumin sensitization significantly increased recurrent laryngeal discharge, which was blocked by acute intracisternal injection of P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-BDBD, knockdown of brainstem P2X4 receptors, and chronic intraperitoneal injection of endothelin receptor type B antagonist BQ788, respectively. Ovalbumin sensitization activated microglia and astrocytes and significantly decreased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in the medulla, and all of which, together with the increase of medullary P2X4 receptor expression and decrease of pulmonary function, were reversed by chronic BQ788 treatment. These results demonstrated that in rats, allergic airway challenge activates both microglia and astrocytes in the medulla via enhanced endothelin-1/endothelin receptor type B signaling, which subsequently causes airway vagal hypertonia via augmented adenosine 5'-triphosphate/P2X4 receptor signaling in central neurons of airway vagal reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shunwei Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 130 Dong'an Rd., 207 Seventh Building, West Campus, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Proczka M, Przybylski J, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Szczepańska-Sadowska E, Żera T. Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744177. [PMID: 34867449 PMCID: PMC8637824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, stress response, anxiety, memory, and behavior. Vasopressin is synthesized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus and released into the circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland together with a C-terminal fragment of pro-vasopressin, known as copeptin. Additionally, vasopressinergic neurons project from the hypothalamus to the brainstem nuclei. Increased release of AVP into the circulation and elevated levels of its surrogate marker copeptin are found in pulmonary diseases, arterial hypertension, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, severe infections, COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and brain injuries. All these conditions are usually accompanied by respiratory disturbances. The main stimuli that trigger AVP release include hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, strenuous exercise, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the same stimuli are known to affect pulmonary ventilation. In this light, we hypothesize that increased AVP release and changes in ventilation are not coincidental, but that the neurohormone contributes to the regulation of the respiratory system by fine-tuning of breathing in order to restore homeostasis. We discuss evidence in support of this presumption. Specifically, vasopressinergic neurons innervate the brainstem nuclei involved in the control of respiration. Moreover, vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aRs) are expressed on neurons in the respiratory centers of the brainstem, in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) that lack a blood-brain barrier, and on the chemosensitive type I cells in the carotid bodies. Finally, peripheral and central administrations of AVP or antagonists of V1aRs increase/decrease phrenic nerve activity and pulmonary ventilation in a site-specific manner. Altogether, the findings discussed in this review strongly argue for the hypothesis that vasopressin affects ventilation both as a blood-borne neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Proczka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Przybylski
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology, and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Chen Z, Long L, Xiao J, Liu N, Dong R. Activated Oxytocin Neurons in the PVN-DVC Pathway in Asthmatic Rats. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:47. [PMID: 32848637 PMCID: PMC7412887 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, and the central nervous system (CNS) also participates in the pathogenesis of asthma. We previously reported the amygdala might regulate asthmatic attacks via projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN). The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is a crucial region that modulates respiratory. This study aimed to observe the activity in both PVN and DVC and the connection between PVN and DVC in asthmatic rats. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to observe the changes in Fos and oxytocin (OT) expression. Retrograde tracing using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and double immunohistochemistry for OT and Fos was used to observe the HRP/OT/Fos positive neurons distribution in the PVN. The results showed that during an asthma attack, the Fos positive neurons increased in both PVN and DVC over time. The expression of OT positive neurons in PVN showed a similar trend in parallel to the c-Fos positive neurons in PVN. The HRP retrograde-labeled neurons were densely distributed in the medial and lateral subnucleus in the PVN. OT+/HRP+ and Fos+/OT+/HRP+ accounted for 18.14%, and 2.37% of HRP-labeled neurons, respectively. Our study showed PVN and DVC were activated and the expression of OT positive neurons in PVN were increased over time during an asthma attack. The existence of connection between PVN and DVC suggested the OT neurons in PVN might project to DVC which might be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Immunology Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nina Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Chen X, Zeng M, He D, Yan X, Chen H, Chen Y, Xia C, Wang J, Shen L, Zhu D, Wang J. Asthmatic Augmentation of Airway Vagal Activity Involves Decreased Central Expression and Activity of CD73 in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2809-2822. [PMID: 30913879 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of asthma is closely related to the intensity of airway vagal activity; however, it is unclear how airway vagal activity is centrally augmented in asthma. Here we report that in an asthma model of male Sprague-Dawley rats, the expression and activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) were decreased in airway vagal centers, ATP concentration in cerebral spinal fluid was increased, and the inhibitory and excitatory airway vagal responses to intracisternally injected ATP (5 μmol) and CD73 inhibitor AMPCP (5 μmol), respectively, were attenuated. In airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) identified in medullary slices of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats, AMPCP (100 μmol·L-1) caused excitatory effects, as are shown in patch-clamp by depolarization, increased neuronal discharge, and facilitated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). In contrast, exogenous ATP (100 μmol·L-1, 1 mmol·L-1) primarily caused inhibitory effects, which are similar to those induced by exogenous adenosine (100 μmol·L-1). Adenosine A1 receptor antagonist CPT (5 μmol·L-1) blocked the inhibition of sEPSCs induced by 100 μmol·L-1 exogenous ATP and that by 100 μmol·L-1 exogenous adenosine, whereas 50 μmol·L-1 CPT converted the inhibition of sEPSCs induced by 1 mmol·L-1 ATP to facilitation that was blocked by addition of P2X receptor antagonist PPADS (20 μmol·L-1). These results demonstrate that in rat, the sEPSCs of AVPNs are facilitated by extracellular ATP via activation of P2X receptors and inhibited by extracellular adenosine via activation of A1 receptors; in experimental asthma, decreased CD73 expression and activity in airway vagal centers contribute to the augmentation of airway vagal activity through imbalanced ATP/ADO modulation of AVPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianxia Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Danian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hou L, Bellingham MC, Huang Y, Zhang P, Zhou X, Zhang M. Central inspiratory activity rhythmically activates synaptic currents of airway vagal preganglionic neurons in neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 694:231-237. [PMID: 30458215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) in the external formation of the nucleus ambiguus (eNA) can be separated into inspiratory-activated AVPNs (IA-AVPNs) and inspiratory-inhibited AVPNs (II-AVPNs). IA-AVPNs are activated by excitatory presynaptic inputs during inspiratory bursts, but the composition and the roles of these excitatory inputs still remain obscure. II-AVPNs are inhibited by inhibitory presynaptic inputs but whether these inhibitory inputs are regulated by excitatory inputs is also unclear. In the current study, AVPNs were retrogradely fluorescent labeled. The IA-AVPNs were discriminated from II-AVPNs by their different synaptic inputs during inspiratory bursts. The excitatory inputs to IA-AVPNs and the presynaptic regulation of II-AVPNs were examined by whole-cell patch clamping. Topical application of 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) to the recorded IA-AVPNs almost abolished the tonic EPSCs during inspiratory intervals, inhibited the phasic excitatory currents during inspiratory bursts and attenuated the phasic inspiratory inward currents (PIICs) driven by central inspiratory activity. Blockade of α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) respectively inhibited PIICs in some IA-AVPNs. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction uncoupler, partly inhibited the PIICs of IA-AVPNs. Focal application of CNQX to the II-AVPNs significantly inhibited the frequency, peak amplitude and area of the phasic inspiratory outward currents (PIOCs). These findings demonstrated that glutamatergic non-NMDA receptors played a predominant role in the excitatory drive to the IA-AVPNs, and that α4β2, α7 nAChRs and gap junctions were also rhythmically activated by central inspiratory activity. Additionally, glycinergic neurons making inhibitory inputs to the II-AVPNs were pre-synaptically facilitated by excitatory glutamatergic synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mark C Bellingham
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Hou L, Zhang M, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang P, Qiu D, Zhu L, Zhou X. Inspiratory-Activated Airway Vagal Preganglionic Neurones Excited by Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone via Multiple Mechanisms in Neonatal Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 30065655 PMCID: PMC6056682 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) providing projections to intrinsic tracheobronchial ganglia are considered to be crucial to modulation of airway resistance in physiological and pathological states. AVPNs classified into inspiratory-activated AVPNs (IA-AVPNs) and inspiratory-inhibited AVPNs (II-AVPNs) are regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing terminals. TRH causes a direct excitatory current and attenuates the phasic inspiratory glycinergic inputs in II-AVPNs, however, whether and how TRH influences IA-AVPNs remains unknown. In current study, TRH regulation of IA-AVPNs and its mechanisms involved were investigated. Using retrogradely fluorescent labeling method and electrophysiology techniques to identify IA-AVPNs in brainstem slices with rhythmic inspiratory hypoglossal bursts recorded by a suction electrode, the modulation of TRH was observed with patch-clamp technique. The findings demonstrate that under voltage clamp configuration, TRH (100 nM) caused a slow excitatory inward current, augmented the excitatory synaptic inputs, progressively suppressed the inhibitory synaptic inputs and elicited a distinctive electrical oscillatory pattern (OP). Such a current and an OP was independent of presynaptic inputs. Carbenoxolone (100 μM), a widely used gap junction inhibitor, fully suppressed the OP with persistence of TRH-induced excitatory slow inward current and augment of the excitatory synaptic inputs. Both tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and riluzole (20 μM) functioned to block the majority of the slow excitatory inward current and prevent the OP, respectively. Under current clamp recording, TRH caused a slowly developing depolarization and continuously progressive oscillatory firing pattern sensitive to TTX. TRH increased the firing frequency in response to injection of a square-wave current. The results suggest that TRH excited IA-AVPNs via the following multiple mechanisms: (1) TRH enhances the excitatory and depresses the inhibitory inputs; (2) TRH induces an excitatory postsynaptic slow inward current; (3) TRH evokes a distinctive OP mediated by gap junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongying Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gerontology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Liccardi G, Calzetta L, Milanese M, Salzillo A, Manzi F, Ferrari M, Rogliani P. Psychological Stress, Lung Function and Exacerbation Risk in COPD: Is an Increase of Cholinergic Tone a Possible Link? COPD 2018; 15:310-311. [DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2018.1459533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Liccardi
- Department of Pulmonology, Haematology and Oncology. Division of Pulmonology and Allergology. High Speciality “A.Cardarelli” Hospital, Naples, Italy
- Post-graduate School of Respiratory Medicine. Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Post-graduate School of Respiratory Medicine. Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manlio Milanese
- Division of Pulmonology, S. Corona Hospital, Pietra Ligure (Savona), Italy
| | - Antonello Salzillo
- Department of Pulmonology, Haematology and Oncology. Division of Pulmonology and Allergology. High Speciality “A.Cardarelli” Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Manzi
- Department of Pulmonology, Haematology and Oncology. Division of Pulmonology and Allergology. High Speciality “A.Cardarelli” Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrari
- Division of Pulmonology, S. Corona Hospital, Pietra Ligure (Savona), Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Post-graduate School of Respiratory Medicine. Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates airway vagal preganglionic neurons of Sprague–Dawley rats at multiple synaptic sites via activation of its type 1 receptors: Implications for stress-associated airway vagal excitation. Neuroscience 2017; 355:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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