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Deng C, Yang L, Sun D, Feng Y, Sun Z, Li J. Influence of Neostigmine on Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adult Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:589-597. [PMID: 38100389 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of neostigmine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and determine its effect on systematic markers of oxidative stress in older patients. METHODS This double-blind placebo-controlled trial enrolled 118 elderly patients (≥65 years) undergoing noncardiac surgeries who were allocated to a neostigmine treatment group (0.04 mg/kg) or a placebo control group (normal saline) postoperatively. POCD was diagnosed if the Z -scores for the mini-mental state examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment were both ≤-1.96. Postoperative serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also compared. Multivariable regression analysis with dose adjustment of atropine was used to demonstrate the influence of neostigmine on the incidence of POCD. RESULTS Patients receiving neostigmine had a significantly reduced incidence of POCD compared to patients who were treated with placebo on the first day after surgery (-22%, 95% confidence interval [CI], -37 to -7), but not on the third (8%, 95% CI, -4 to 20) or seventh day after surgery (3%, 95% CI, -7 to 13). Postoperative plasma MDA levels were significantly lower ( P = .016), but SOD and BDNF levels were increased ( P = .036 and .013, respectively) in the neostigmine group compared to the control group on the first day after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Neostigmine reduced POCD on the first day after noncardiac surgery in older patients. Neostigmine treatment inhibited oxidative stress and increased serum BDNF levels. There was no significant influence of neostigmine on POCD on the third or seventh day after surgery. The clinical influence of neostigmine on POCD should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Yang
- Neuroelectrophysiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Yan Feng
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology
| | | | - Junjie Li
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology
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2
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Hao Q, Zhou H, Zong Y. IDO-Kynurenine pathway mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation-induced postoperative cognitive impairment in aged mice. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37746906 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2262741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common postoperative complication, especially in elderly patients. It extends hospital stay, increases the mortality rate and are heavy burdens to the family and society. Accumulating research has indicated that overactivation of pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes is related to POCD andplays a critical role in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines. According to existing studies, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is potently up-regulated by inflammatory factors, tryptophan in brain is mainly catalyzed by IDO to kynurenine (KYN), KYN metabolism may contribute to the development of depressive disorder and memory deficits. Hence, this study elucidated whether IDO-Kynurenine pathway mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation-induced postoperative cognitive impairment in aged mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS POCD model was established in aged C57BL/6J mice by exploratory laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia. Learning and memory were determined using Morris water maze. RESULTS The data showed that IDO and kynurenine aminotransferase-II (KAT-II) mRNA in hippocampus was up-regulated, and NLRP3, caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IDO overexpressed, KYN levels increased after anesthesia and surgery. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor (MCC950) reversed NLRP3, ASC, IL-1b and IDO overexpression, and the elevation of KYN levels. To clarify the role of IDO-Kynurenine pathway in postoperative cognitive impairment, IDO inhibitor (1-methyl-Ltryptophan 1-MT) reduced the elevation of KYN and kynurenic acid (KYNA) levels, reduction of tryptophan (TRP), as well as improved learning and memory abilities. Finally, KAT-II inhibitor (PF-04859989) reduced brain KYNA levels and restored the cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION These results reveal that IDO-Kynurenine pathway mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation-induced postoperative cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Youming Zong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
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Phung NV, Rong F, Xia WY, Fan Y, Li XY, Wang SA, Li FL. Nervonic acid and its sphingolipids: Biological functions and potential food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37114919 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Nervonic acid, a 24-carbon fatty acid with only one double bond at the 9th carbon (C24:1n-9), is abundant in the human brain, liver, and kidney. It not only functions in free form but also serves as a critical component of sphingolipids which participate in many biological processes such as cell membrane formation, apoptosis, and neurotransmission. Recent studies show that nervonic acid supplementation is not only beneficial to human health but also can improve the many medical conditions such as neurological diseases, cancers, diabetes, obesity, and their complications. Nervonic acid and its sphingomyelins serve as a special material for myelination in infants and remyelination patients with multiple sclerosis. Besides, the administration of nervonic acid is reported to reduce motor disorder in mice with Parkinson's disease and limit weight gain. Perturbations of nervonic acid and its sphingolipids might lead to the pathogenesis of many diseases and understanding these mechanisms is critical for investigating potential therapeutic approaches for such diseases. However, available studies about this aspect are limited. In this review, relevant findings about functional mechanisms of nervonic acid have been comprehensively and systematically described, focusing on four interconnected functions: cellular structure, signaling, anti-inflammation, lipid mobilization, and their related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi Van Phung
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan Yue Xia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian Yu Li
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi An Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
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4
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Bubley A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A, Krasnovskaya O. Tacrine-Based Hybrids: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021717. [PMID: 36675233 PMCID: PMC9863713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, τ-hyperphosphorylation, and loss of cholinergic neurons. The other important hallmarks of AD are oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, inflammation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Multiple therapeutic targets may be proposed for the development of anti-AD drugs, and the "one drug-multiple targets" strategy is of current interest. Tacrine (THA) was the first clinically approved cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, which was withdrawn due to high hepatotoxicity. However, its high potency in ChE inhibition, low molecular weight, and simple structure make THA a promising scaffold for developing multi-target agents. In this review, we summarized THA-based hybrids published from 2006 to 2022, thus providing an overview of strategies that have been used in drug design and approaches that have resulted in significant cognitive improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexaner Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Travica N, Aslam H, O'Neil A, Lane MM, Berk M, Gamage E, Walder K, Liu ZS, Segasby T, Marx W. Brain derived neurotrophic factor in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: Current evidence and future directions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 193:107656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wu W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Yang H, Chen J, Zhao L, Zhong J, Lin WJ, Wang Z. Clemastine Ameliorates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder in Aged Mice Caused by Anesthesia and Surgery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:738590. [PMID: 34497527 PMCID: PMC8419266 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.738590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) leads to progressive deterioration of cognitive function, especially in aged patients. Demyelination is closely associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the relationship between PND and demyelination remains unclear. Here we showed that demyelination was related to the pathogenesis of PND. Clemastine, an antihistamine with potency in remyelination, was predicted to have a potential therapeutic effect on PND by next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics in our previous study. In the present study, it was given at 10 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks to evaluate the effects on PND in aged mice. We found that clemastine ameliorated PND and reduced the expression levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Further investigation suggested clemastine increased the expression of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) to enhance remyelination by inhibiting the overactivation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. At the same time, the expression of post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95, or DLG4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) and neuronal nuclei (NEUN) were also improved. Our results suggested that clemastine might be a therapy for PND caused by anesthetic and surgical factors in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junying Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Mak S, Li W, Fu H, Luo J, Cui W, Hu S, Pang Y, Carlier PR, Tsim KW, Pi R, Han Y. Promising tacrine/huperzine A-based dimeric acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for neurodegenerative disorders: From relieving symptoms to modifying diseases through multitarget. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1381-1393. [PMID: 33930191 PMCID: PMC8458250 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are devastating diseases in the elderly world, which are closely associated with progressive neuronal loss induced by a variety of genetic and/or environmental factors. Unfortunately, currently available treatments for neurodegenerative disorders can only relieve the symptoms but not modify the pathological processes. Over the past decades, our group by collaborating with Profs. Yuan-Ping Pang and Paul R. Carlier has developed three series of homo/hetero dimeric acetylcholinesterase inhibitors derived from tacrine and/or huperzine A. The representative dimers bis(3)-Cognitin (B3C), bis(12)-hupyridone, and tacrine(10)-hupyridone might possess disease-modifying effects through the modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, the activation of myocyte enhancer factor 2D gene transcription, and the promotion of neurotrophic factor secretion. In this review, we summarize that the representative dimers, such as B3C, provide neuroprotection against a variety of neurotoxins via multiple targets, including the inhibitions of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor with pathological-activated potential, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and β-amyloid cascades synergistically. More importantly, B3C might offer disease-modifying potentials by activating myocyte enhancer factor 2D transcription, inducing neuritogenesis, and promoting the expressions of neurotrophic factors in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the novel dimers might offer synergistic disease-modifying effects, proving that dimerization might serve as one of the strategies to develop new generation of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinghung Mak
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanping Pang
- Mayo Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Karl Wahkeung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Nemoto A, Goyagi T, Nemoto W, Nakagawasai O, Tan-No K, Niiyama Y. Low Skeletal Muscle Mass Is Associated With Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder Due To Decreased Neurogenesis in Rats. Anesth Analg 2021; 134:194-203. [PMID: 34347659 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a postsurgical complication associated with neuroinflammation and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, in which brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role. Sarcopenia refers to age-related muscle loss that causes cognitive decline, muscle atrophy, and postoperative delirium. Rats with tail suspension (TS) were used to represent a low-activity model, which involves decreased hind limb function by TS. This hind limb unloading by TS can induce sarcopenia in 2 weeks. However, the relationship between PND and muscle atrophy is unclear. In this experiment, we investigated whether preoperative muscle atrophy induced by TS would affect neurogenesis and accelerate PND in rats. METHODS Sixty 21-week-old rats were assigned to 4 groups: the TS group, the TS with surgery (TS + S) group, the control group, and the control with surgery (control + S) group. After the abdominal manipulation under 3% sevoflurane anesthesia, cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze test and a fear-conditioning test. Neurogenesis was evaluated by checking BDNF secretion and immunohistochemical staining in the hippocampus. RESULTS The TS + S group showed impaired swimming latency (difference of means = 12.4 versus control + S; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-22.7; P = .016) (difference of means = 15.2 versus TS; 95% CI, 0.4-30.1; P = .043) and path length (difference of means = 147.8 versus control + S; 95% CI, 20.7-274.9; P = .020) in the maze test and cued fear memory (difference of means = -26.0 versus TS; 95% CI, -46.4 to -5.6; P = .006) (difference of means = -22.3 versus control + S; 95% CI, -42.7 to -1.9; P = .026) in the fear-conditioning test. The postoperative levels of BDNF in the TS + S and TS groups were reduced compared with the other groups (P = .002). The number of neural precursors in the dentate gyrus was significantly lower in the TS + S group (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS We observed that preoperative hind limb muscle atrophy, indicated by TS, was associated with an increased occurrence of PND through the reduction in BDNF and neurogenesis after abdominal surgery in young adult rats. Therefore, we concluded that preoperative low skeletal muscle mass can induce PND due to impaired postoperative neurogenesis. Our findings might indicate that low-cost perioperative interventions, such as preoperative exercise, is beneficial to preventing PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nemoto
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Toru Goyagi
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Niiyama
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Wang CM, Chen WC, Zhang Y, Lin S, He HF. Update on the Mechanism and Treatment of Sevoflurane-Induced Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:702231. [PMID: 34305576 PMCID: PMC8296910 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.702231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most widely used anesthetics for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical patients. Sevoflurane treatment may increase the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and patients with POCD exhibit lower cognitive abilities than before the operation. POCD affects the lives of patients and places an additional burden on patients and their families. Understanding the mechanism of sevoflurane-induced POCD may improve prevention and treatment of POCD. In this paper, we review the diagnosis of POCD, introduce animal models of POCD in clinical research, analyze the possible mechanisms of sevoflurane-induced POCD, and summarize advances in treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Xuan Z, Gu X, Yan S, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Jin H, Hu S, Mak MSH, Zhou D, Keung Tsim KW, Carlier PR, Han Y, Cui W. Dimeric Tacrine(10)-hupyridone as a Multitarget-Directed Ligand To Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2462-2477. [PMID: 34156230 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with multiple pathological features. Therefore, a multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy has been developed to treat AD. We have previously designed and synthesized dimeric tacrine(10)-hupyridone (A10E), a novel tacrine derivative with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activation activity, by linking tacrine and a fragment of huperzine A. However, it was largely unknown whether A10E could act on other AD targets and produce cognitive-enhancing ability in AD animal models. In this study, A10E could prevent cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers-treated mice, with higher potency than tacrine and huperzine A. Moreover, A10E could effectively inhibit Aβ production and deposition, alleviate neuroinflammation, enhance BDNF expression, and elevate cholinergic neurotransmission in vivo. At nanomolar concentrations, A10E could inhibit Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity via the activation of tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB)/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, Aβ oligomerization and fibrillization could be directly disrupted by A10E. Importantly, A10E at high concentrations did not produce obvious hepatotoxicity. Our results indicated that A10E could produce anti-AD neuroprotective effects via the inhibition of Aβ aggregation, the activation of the BDNF/TrkB pathway, the alleviation of neuroinflammation, and the decrease of AChE activity. As MTDLs could produce additional benefits, such as overcoming the deficits of drug combination and enhancing the compliance of AD patients, our results also suggested that A10E might be developed as a promising MTDL lead for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Xuan
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinmei Gu
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Sicheng Yan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yiying Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University and Ningbo City Third Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Marvin S. H. Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | | | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Paul R. Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Xie S, Yu L, Zhou M, Liu L, Lei D, Han C. Association between BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in Chinese Han Population. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01800. [PMID: 33405375 PMCID: PMC7559622 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). In present study, we aimed to assess the possible association between POCD and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms. METHODS 124 patients aged 60 years or older scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. POCD was identified using a neuropsychological test battery administered preoperatively, 7 days, and 3 months after surgery. Genotyping of rs6265 was performed using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS 99 patients and 25 healthy controls were finally enrolled in the analysis. 29(29.3%) and 18(18.2%) of 99 patients had POCD at 7 days and 3 months after surgery, respectively. The patients carrying a G allele at the rs6265 locus showed a lower risk for POCD than an A allele carriers on postoperative 7 days, but not 3 months after surgery (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.47-0.96; p = .017; OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.42-1.13; p = .14, respectively). The risk of POCD at 7 days following surgery was significantly lower in additive model (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.2-0.84; p = .015) and dominant model (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.96; p = .042). CONCLUSION We tentatively demonstrate that BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms might be associated with occurrence of POCD at 7 days after surgery and the A > G mutant at the rs6265 locus be likely a protective factor for early POCD in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhui Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Daoyun Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
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12
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Kumari E, Li K, Yang Z, Zhang T. Tacrine accelerates spatial long-term memory via improving impaired neural oscillations and modulating GAD isomers including neuro-receptors in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 AD mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Jin X, Wang M, Shentu J, Huang C, Bai Y, Pan H, Zhang D, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Xiao X, Wu X, Ding L, Wang Q, He S, Cui W. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and β-amyloid oligomer formation by 6-bromotryptamine A, a multi-target anti-Alzheimer's molecule. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1593-1601. [PMID: 31966085 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by learning and memory impairments. Recent studies have suggested that AD can be induced by multiple factors, such as cholinergic system dysfunction and β-amyloid (Aβ) neurotoxicity. It was reported that 6-bromo-N-propionyltryptamine could treat neurological diseases, including AD. In the present study, 6-bromotryptamine A, a derivative of 6-bromo-N-propionyltryptamine, was synthesized by the condensation of 2-(6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-amine and 2-(4-bromophenyl)acetic acid, and was used as a potential anti-AD molecule. Furthermore, scopolamine can induce impairments of learning and memory, and was widely used to establish AD animal models. The results demonstrated that 6-bromotryptamine A significantly prevented scopolamine-induced short-term cognitive impairments, as revealed by various behavioral tests in mice. Furthermore, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay revealed that 6-bromotryptamine A directly inhibited AChE activity. Notably, it was observed that 6-bromotryptamine A blocked the formation of Aβ oligomer, as evaluated by the dot blot assay. All these results suggested that 6-bromotryptamine A may be used to prevent impairments in short-term learning and memory ability possibly via the inhibition of AChE and the blockade of Aβ oligomer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jieyi Shentu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hanbo Pan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Difan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Yuan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Deparment of Anesthesia, Ningbo University Medical School Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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14
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Lin X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y, Yu X. The potential mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older people. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110791. [PMID: 31765741 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder following surgery, which seriously threatens the quality of patients' life, especially the older people. Accumulating attention has been paid to POCD worldwide in pace with the popularization of anesthesia/surgery. The development of medical humanities and rehabilitation medicine sets higher demands on accurate diagnosis and safe treatment system of POCD. Although the research on POCD is in full swing, underlying pathogenesis is still inconclusive due to these conflicting results and controversial evidence. Generally, POCD is closely related to neuropsychiatric diseases such as dementia, depression and Alzheimer's disease in molecular pathways. Researchers have come up with various hypotheses to reveal the mechanisms of POCD, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy disorder, impaired synaptic function, lacking neurotrophic support, etc. Recent work focused on molecular mechanism of POCD in older people has been thoroughly reviewed and summed up here, concerning the changes of peripheral circulation, pathological pathways of central nervous system (CNS), the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the related brain regions. Accordingly, this article provides a better perspective to understand the development situation of POCD in older people, which is conductive to uncover the pathological mechanism and exploit reasonable treatment strategy of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
| | - Youfa Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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15
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Pan H, Qiu H, Zhang K, Zhang P, Liang W, Yang M, Mou C, Lin M, He M, Xiao X, Zhang D, Wang H, Liu F, Li Y, Jin H, Yan X, Liang H, Cui W. Fascaplysin Derivatives Are Potent Multitarget Agents against Alzheimer's Disease: in Vitro and in Vivo Evidence. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4741-4756. [PMID: 31639294 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impaired cognitive functions. Fascaplysin is a β-carboline alkaloid isolated from marine sponge Fascaplysinopsis bergquist in 1988. Previous studies have shown that fascaplysin might act on acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid (Aβ) to produce anti-AD properties. In this study, a series of fascaplysin derivatives were synthesized. The cholinesterase inhibition activities, the neuronal protective effects, and the toxicities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 2a and 2b, the two most powerful compounds in vitro, were further selected to evaluate their cognitive-enhancing effects in animals. Both 2a and 2b could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction induced by scopolamine or Aβ oligomers without affecting locomotor functions in mice. We also found that 2a and 2b could prevent cholinergic dysfunctions, decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and inhibit Aβ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in vivo. Most importantly, pharmacodynamics studies suggested that 2b could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and be retained in the central nervous system. All these results suggested that fascaplysin derivatives are potent multitarget agents against AD and might be clinical useful for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Pan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongda Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weida Liang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mengxiang Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chenye Mou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Miaoman Lin
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming He
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Difan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haixiao Jin
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Hongze Liang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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