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Li ZR, Wang YY, Wang ZH, Qin QL, Huang C, Shi GS, He HY, Deng YH, He XY, Zhao XM. The positive role of transforming growth factor-β1 in ischemic stroke. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111301. [PMID: 39019338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most disabling and fatal diseases around the world. The damaged brain tissues will undergo excessive autophagy, vascular endothelial cells injury, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment and neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. However, there is no unified viewpoint on the underlying mechanism of brain damage. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as a multi-functional cytokine, plays a crucial role in the intricate pathological processes and helps maintain the physiological homeostasis of brain tissues through various signaling pathways after ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the protective role of TGF-β1 in autophagic flux, BBB, vascular remodeling, neuroinflammation and other aspects after ischemic stroke. Based on the review, we believe that TGF-β1 could serve as a key target for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Yong-Yan Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Qi-Lin Qin
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Guang-Sen Shi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Hong-Yun He
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Yi-Hao Deng
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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Wu X, Zhu H, Liu J, Ouyang S, Lyu Z, Jin Y, Chen X, Meng Q. Jagged1-Notch1 Signaling Pathway Induces M1 Microglia to Disrupt the Barrier Function of Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38783634 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2357601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microglia-related inflammation is closely linked to the pathogenesis of retinal diseases. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the impact and mechanism of M1 phenotype microglia on the barrier function of retina microvascular endothelial cells. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reactions and western blot techniques were utilized to analysis the mRNA and protein expressions of M1 and M2 markers of human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3), as well as the levels of Notch ligands and receptors under the intervention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin (IL)-4. ELISA was utilized to detect the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from HMC3 cells. The cellular tight junction and apoptosis of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were assessed by western blot and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability assay. The inhibitors of Notch1 and RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Jagged1 were used to assess their contribution to the barrier function of vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1β were considerably elevated in LPS-treated HMC3, while CD206 and Arg-1 markedly elevated under IL-4 stimulation. The conditioned medium derived from LPS-treated HMC3 cells promoted permeability, diminished the expression of zonula occludens-1 and Occludin, and elevated the expression of Cleaved caspase-3 in HRMECs. RNAi targeting Jagged1 or Notch1 inhibitor could block M1 HMC3 polarization and maintain barrier function of HRMECs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Jagged1-Notch1 signaling pathway induces M1 microglial cells to disrupt the barrier function of HRMECs, which may lead to retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Wu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoxian Zhu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbin Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Ouyang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Lyu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeanqi Jin
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianli Meng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kuang H, Zhu X, Chen H, Tang H, Zhao H. The immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke: research progress, prospects, and future direction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1319863. [PMID: 38756772 PMCID: PMC11096548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1319863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Complicated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of IS. Immunomodulatory mechanisms are crucial to IS. Acupuncture is a traditional non-drug treatment that has been extensively used to treat IS. The exploration of neuroimmune modulation will broaden the understanding of the mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment. This review summarizes the immune response of immune cells, immune cytokines, and immune organs after an IS. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment on the central nervous system and peripheral immunity, as well as the factors that influence the effects of acupuncture treatment, were summarized. We suggest prospects and future directions for research on immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for IS based on current progress, and we hope that these will provide inspiration for researchers. Additionally, acupuncture has shown favorable outcomes in the treatment of immune-based nervous system diseases, generating new directions for research on possible targets and treatments for immune-based nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Kuang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
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4
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Shi J, Zhang X, Chen J, Shen R, Cui H, Wu H. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy for cognitive impairment: the microbiome-gut-brain axis and its role. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1275860. [PMID: 38274501 PMCID: PMC10808604 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment poses a significant burden on individuals, families, and society worldwide. Despite the lack of effective treatment strategies, emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) axis may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. While targeted treatment is not yet comprehensive, recently, acupuncture and moxibustion therapy has participated increasingly in the treatment of degenerative diseases and has achieved a certain therapeutic effect. In this review, the possible mechanisms by which acupuncture and moxibustion therapy may improve cognitive impairment through the MGB axis are reviewed, including regulating gut microbial homeostasis, improving intestinal inflammation mediated by the neuroendocrine-immune system, and enhancing intestinal barrier function. We also discuss common acupoints and corresponding mechanism analysis to provide insights into further exploration of mechanisms that target the MGB axis and thereby intervene in cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Shi
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Mental Health, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruishi Shen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huashun Cui
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu Q, Zheng Y, Yu J, Ying X, Gu X, Tan Q, Tu W, Lou X, Yang G, Li M, Jiang S. Electroacupuncture alleviates neuropathic pain caused by SNL by promoting M2 microglia polarization through PD-L1. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110764. [PMID: 37573685 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
As a common clinical disease, neuropathic pain is difficult to be cured with drugs. The occurrence and progression of pain is closely related to the response of spinal microglia. Aspartof the regulation of microglialactivity,PD-L1 playsacriticalrole. Loss of PD-L1 promoted the polarization of M1-like microglia. Increased expression of PD-L1 promoted M2-like polarization. Electroacupuncture has a significant analgesic effect in clinical practice, but its specific mechanism remains to be further explored. In this study, we verified the role of PD-L1 in EA analgesia and the underlying molecular mechanism through spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 microglial cells. Forbehavioralstudiesofrats,mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured, and spinal cord neuros were examined under transmission electron microscopyto determine changes to their myelin structure. The expression levels of PD-L1 and M1/M2-specific markers in rat spinal cord and BV2 microglial cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Our study showed that EA increased the pain threshold, reduced the destruction of myelin structure, promoted the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1, inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway, and promoted the conversion of microglial polarization from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype in SNL rats. PD-L1 knockdown reversed these effects of EA. In addition, PD-L1 knockdown activated the MAPK signaling pathway, promoted microglial polarization to the M1 phenotype, decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and increased the expression of proinflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Our results showed that EA may regulate the excitability of primary afferent neurons through PD-L1 and then inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway to promote the transformation of activated M1 microglia into M2 microglia, reduce inflammatory reactions, and finally achieve analgesic effects. A therapy targeting PD-L1 may be an effective strategy for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yujun Zheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiaying Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxue Gu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qianqian Tan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinfa Lou
- Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; The Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Rehabilitation Research, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation in Zhejiang Province, China.
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Yang E, Tian Z, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Bao M, Liao D, Ge J, Wang C, Li X, Luo P. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Protect Against Brain Ischemia by Modulating the Astrocytic Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1301-1317. [PMID: 35831547 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most important pathological processes following brain ischemia. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) protect against brain ischemia, but their role in regulating neuroinflammation remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the biological effects of PEMF exposure on brain ischemia-induced neuroinflammation through the astrocytic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. PEMF exposure reduced the activation of astrocytes and neuroinflammation following brain ischemia by directly modulating astrocytic injury and inflammatory cytokine release. Inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 subunit (α7nAChR) by a specific antagonist reversed the regulatory effects of PEMF on astrocytes. Furthermore, negative regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by α7nAChR was found to be an important downstream mechanism through which PEMF regulates astrocyte-related neuroinflammation. PEMF suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation by activating α7nAChR. These results demonstrate that PEMF exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the context of brain ischemia by modulating astrocytic α7nAChR/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erwan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhicheng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.,School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingdong Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Junmiao Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 12769 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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7
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Yu LH, Jia GW, Liu YL, Wang SR, Ma JX. Vagus nerve stimulation is a potential treatment for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:825-831. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Acupuncture Alleviates Corneal Inflammation in New Zealand White Rabbits with Dry Eye Diseases by Regulating α7nAChR and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6613144. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6613144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism of improvement in dry eye diseases (DEDs) treated by acupuncture. The inflammatory molecules and related pathways will be analyzed in our study. Methods. In order to establish the animal model for DEDs, healthy New Zealand white rabbits were treated with scopolamine (Scop) hydrobromide for 21 consecutive days. After 21 days, acupuncture, fluorometholone (Flu), and α7nAChR antagonist (α-BGT) treatments were performed, and the Scop injections were continued until day 35. The therapeutic effect of acupuncture on DED inflammation was evaluated by corneal fluorescence staining, tear film rupture time, tear flow measurement, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), corneal histopathology, and cytokine protein chip technology. The influence of acupuncture on the corneal pathology and inflammatory factors ACh, α7nAChR, and NF-κB was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot. Results. Compared with the group Scop, acupuncture can significantly reduce corneal staining and increase the tear film rupture time and tear flow, which are accompanied by a decrease in corneal epithelial detachment and lymphocyte infiltration. Acupuncture can relieve the inflammation of corneal stroma and mitigate the expression of proinflammatory factors and chemokines. Acupuncture can upregulate the expression of ACh and α7nAChR and downregulate the expression of NF-κB. Conclusion. Our findings demonstrate that acupuncture can alleviate corneal inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits with DEDs via α7nAChR and NF-κB signaling pathway regulation. The expression indicates that α7nAChR/NF-κB signaling pathway may be active and that acupuncture is a potential therapeutic target for dry eye.
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Zhu L, Huang L, Le A, Wang TJ, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang J, Wang J, Jiang C. Interactions between the Autonomic Nervous System and the Immune System after Stroke. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3665-3704. [PMID: 35766834 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response occurs in the perilesion areas and the periphery. Although stroke-induced immunosuppression may alleviate brain injury, it hinders brain repair as the immune-inflammatory response plays a bidirectional role after acute stroke. Furthermore, suppression of the systemic immune-inflammatory response increases the risk of life-threatening systemic bacterial infections after acute stroke. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanisms that underlie the stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation is critical for regulating the local and systemic immune-inflammatory responses and may influence the prognosis of acute stroke. We review the changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their influence on the immune-inflammatory response after stroke. Importantly, this article summarizes the mechanisms on how ANS regulates the immune-inflammatory response through neurotransmitters and their receptors in immunocytes and immune organs after stroke. To facilitate translational research, we also discuss the promising therapeutic approaches modulating the activation of the ANS or the immune-inflammatory response to promote neurologic recovery after stroke. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3665-3704, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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10
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Cui Y, Zhang NN, Wang D, Meng WH, Chen HS. Modified Citrus Pectin Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via TLR4/NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway in Microglia. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3369-3385. [PMID: 35706530 PMCID: PMC9191615 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s366927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 acts as a mediator of microglial inflammatory response following stroke injury. However, it remains unclear whether inhibiting galectin-3 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of modified citrus pectin (MCP, a galectin-3 blocker) in ischemic stroke and underlying mechanisms. Methods The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in C57BL/6J mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (ODG/R) model in neuronal (HT-22) and microglial (BV-2) cells were utilized in the following experiments: 1) the neuroprotective effects of MCP with different concentrations were evaluated in vivo and in vitro through measuring neurological deficit scores, brain water content, infarction volume, cell viability, and cell apoptosis; 2) the mechanisms of its neuroprotection were explored in mice and microglial cells through detecting the expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor 3) inflammasome-related proteins by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting analyses. Results Among the tested concentrations, 800 mg/kg/d MCP in mice and 4 g/L MCP in cells, respectively, showed in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective effects on all the tests, compared with vehicle group. First, MCP significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, brain water content and infarction volume, and alleviated cell injury in the cerebral cortex of MCAO/R model. Second, MCP increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis in the neuronal OGD/R model. Third, MCP blocked galectin-3 and decreased the expression of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)/NF-κBp65 (nuclear factor kappa-B)/NLRP3/cleaved-caspase-1/IL-1β (interleukin-1β) in microglial cells. Conclusion This is the first report that MCP exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke through blocking galectin-3, which may be mediated by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hong Meng
- Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Qu W, Cheng Y, Peng W, Wu Y, Rui T, Luo C, Zhang J. Targeting iNOS Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Promoting Ferroptosis of M1 Microglia and Reducing Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3124-3139. [PMID: 35262869 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of neuroinflammation in mediating acute pathophysiological events of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, it is not clear how to target this inflammatory cascade after SAH. M1 activation of microglia is an important pathological mechanism driving neuroinflammation in SAH, which is considered aggressive, leading to cytotoxicity and robust inflammation related to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines after SAH. Thus, reducing the number of M1 microglia represents a potential target for therapies to improve outcomes after SAH. Previous studies have found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NO•) plays an essential role in promoting the survival of M1 microglia by blocking ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a new type of iron-dependent cellular procedural death associated with pathological cell death related to mammalian degenerative diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we investigated the effect of L-NIL, an inhibitor of iNOS, on M1 microglia, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, brain edema, and neurological function in an experimental SAH model in vivo and in vitro. We found that L-NIL reduced the number of M1 microglia and alleviated neuroinflammation following SAH. Notably, treatment with L-NIL relieves brain edema and neuronal injury and improves outcomes of neurological function after SAH in rats. Mechanistically, we found that L-NIL inhibited the expression of iNOS and promoted ferroptosis of M1 microglia by increasing the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins and lipid peroxidation in an in vitro model of SAH, which was reversed by a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. In addition, inhibiting iNOS had no significant effect on ferroptosis of neurons after oxyhemoglobin stimulation in vitro. Thus, our research demonstrated that inhibition of iNOS might represent a potential therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes after SAH by promoting ferroptosis of M1 microglia and reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China.
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12
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Li N, Guo Y, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Fan W, Yao K, Chen Z, Dou B, Lin X, Chen B, Chen Z, Xu Z, Lyu Z. The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7191-7224. [PMID: 34992414 PMCID: PMC8710088 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s341581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This study comprehensively reviews and presents literature from the last five years, showing that acupuncture indeed exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in multiple biological systems, namely, the immune, digestive, respiratory, nervous, locomotory, circulatory, endocrine, and genitourinary systems. It is well known that localized acupuncture-mediated anti-inflammatory effects involve the regulation of multiple populations and functions of immune cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and T cells. In acupuncture stimulation, macrophages transform from the M1 to the M2 phenotype and the negative TLR4 regulator PPARγ is activated to inhibit the intracellular TLR/MyD88 and NOD signaling pathways. The downstream IκBα/NF-κB and P38 MAPK pathways are subsequently inhibited by acupuncture, followed by suppressed production of inflammasome and proinflammatory mediators. Acupuncture also modulates the balance of helper T cell populations. Furthermore, it inhibits oxidative stress by enhancing SOD activity via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and eliminates the generation of oxygen free radicals, thereby preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture on different biological systems are also specific to individual organ microenvironments. As part of its anti-inflammatory action, acupuncture deforms connective tissue and upregulates the secretion of various molecules in acupoints, further activating the NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK pathways in mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. The somatic afferents present in acupuncture-activated acupoints also convey sensory signals to the spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamic neurons. Upon information integration in the brain, acupuncture further stimulates multiple neuro-immune pathways, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory, vagus-adrenal medulla-dopamine, and sympathetic pathways, as well as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, ultimately acting immune cells via the release of crucial neurotransmitters and hormones. This review provides a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoints for the clinical application of acupuncture in various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningcen Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka City, Japan
| | - Kaifang Yao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxi Lyu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
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Effect of Intrahippocampal Administration of α7 Subtype Nicotinic Receptor Agonist PNU-282987 and Its Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Efficiency of Hypoxic Preconditioning in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237387. [PMID: 34885970 PMCID: PMC8659180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously suggested a key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning action of moderate hypobaric hypoxia (HBH). The preconditioning efficiency of HBH is associated with acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI). In rats with PPI > 40%, HBH activates the cholinergic projections of hippocampus, and PNU-282987, a selective agonist of α7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChRs), reduces the HBH efficiency and potentiating effect on HBH of its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, anticholinesterase agent) when administered intraperitoneally. In order to validate the hippocampus as a key structure in the mechanism of hypoxic preconditioning and research a significance of α7nAChR activation in the hypoxic preconditioning, we performed an in vivo pharmacological study of intrahippocampal injections of PNU-282987 into the CA1 area on HBH efficiency in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. We found that PNU-282987 (30 μM) reduced HBH efficiency as with intraperitoneal administration, while DMSO (0.05%) still potentiated this effect. Thus, direct evidence of the key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning effect of HBH and some details of this mechanism were obtained in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. The activation of α7nAChRs is not involved in the cholinergic signaling initiated by HBH or DMSO via any route of administration. Possible ways of the potentiating action of DMSO on HBH efficiency and its dependence on α7nAChRs are discussed.
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Electroacupuncture Preconditioning Reduces Oxidative Stress in the Acute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats by Regulating Iron Metabolism Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3056963. [PMID: 34790244 PMCID: PMC8592755 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3056963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ferroptosis caused by iron overload after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is considered a common cause of oxidative stress. Many recent studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) can regulate the expression of inflammatory factors, and the use of electroacupuncture preconditioning can produce a protective effect, which can reduce injury after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We aimed to assess whether EA could be used to reduce oxidative stress. Methods The oxidative stress level of rats during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was assessed with and without preconditioning with EA. Molecular biology methods were used to detect iron metabolism and oxidative stress-related proteins. Results Rats that had EA preconditioning had lower infarct volumes than rats in the control group. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that the expression of iron metabolism-related protein FPN-1 was higher in the intervention group than in the model group after reperfusion. In this regard, further investigation also demonstrated higher expression of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase-4, and lower reactive oxygen species values in the brain tissue of the EA group were compared with those of the control group rats. Conclusions Electroacupuncture preconditioning can reduce oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating iron overload.
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Glial Cells as Therapeutic Approaches in Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071639. [PMID: 34208834 PMCID: PMC8305833 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability constituting a serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Approved treatments include thrombectomy and rtPA intravenous administration, which, despite their efficacy in some cases, are not suitable for a great proportion of patients. Glial cell-related therapies are progressively overcoming inefficient neuron-centered approaches in the preclinical phase. Exploiting the ability of microglia to naturally switch between detrimental and protective phenotypes represents a promising therapeutic treatment, in a similar way to what happens with astrocytes. However, the duality present in many of the roles of these cells upon ischemia poses a notorious difficulty in disentangling the precise pathways to target. Still, promoting M2/A2 microglia/astrocyte protective phenotypes and inhibiting M1/A1 neurotoxic profiles is globally rendering promising results in different in vivo models of stroke. On the other hand, described oligodendrogenesis after brain ischemia seems to be strictly beneficial, although these cells are the less studied players in the stroke paradigm and negative effects could be described for oligodendrocytes in the next years. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the precise role of mentioned glial cell types in the main pathological events of ischemic stroke, including inflammation, blood brain barrier integrity, excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species management, metabolic support, and neurogenesis, among others, with a special attention to tested therapeutic approaches.
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Annexin A3 as a Marker Protein for Microglia in the Central Nervous System of Rats. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5575090. [PMID: 34221002 PMCID: PMC8211522 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5575090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The parenchymal microglia possess different morphological characteristics in cerebral physiological and pathological conditions; thus, visualizing these cells is useful as a means of further investigating parenchymal microglial function. Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is expressed in microglia, but it is unknown whether it can be used as a marker protein for microglia and its physiological function. Here, we compared the distribution and morphology of parenchymal microglia labeled by ANXA3, cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and measured the expression of ANXA3 in nonparenchymal macrophages (meningeal and perivascular macrophages). We also investigated the spatiotemporal expression of ANXA3, CD11b, and Iba1 in vivo and in vitro and the cellular function of ANXA3 in microglia. We demonstrated that ANXA3-positive cells were abundant and evenly distributed throughout the whole brain tissue and spinal cord of adult rats. The morphology and distribution of ANXA3-labeled microglia were quite similar to those labeled by the microglial-specific markers CD11b and Iba1 in the central nervous system (CNS). ANXA3 was expressed in the cytoplasm of microglia, and its expression was significantly increased in activated microglia. ANXA3 was almost undetectable in the nonparenchymal macrophages. Meanwhile, the protein and mRNA expression levels of ANXA3 in different regions of the CNS were different from those of CD11b and Iba1. Moreover, knockdown of ANXA3 inhibited the proliferation and migration of microglia, while overexpression of ANXA3 enhanced these activities. This study confirms that ANXA3 may be a novel marker for parenchymal microglia in the CNS of adult rats and enriches our understanding of ANXA3 from expression patterns to physiological function.
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17
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Stone TW. Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS. Neuroscience 2021; 468:321-365. [PMID: 34111447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter-dependent. The objective of this review is to survey the evidence for interactions between the two receptor families and the mechanisms underlying them. These include the mutual regulation of subunit expression, which change the NMDA:AMPA response balance, and the existence of multi-functional receptor complexes which make it difficult to distinguish between individual receptor sites, especially in vivo. This is followed by analysis of the functional relationships between the receptors from work on transmitter release, cellular electrophysiology and aspects of behavior where these can contribute to understanding receptor interactions. It is clear that nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on axonal terminals directly regulate the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, α7-nAChRs generally promoting release. Hence, α7-nAChR responses will be prevented not only by a nicotinic antagonist, but also by compounds blocking the indirectly activated glutamate receptors. This accounts for the apparent anticholinergic activity of some glutamate antagonists, including the endogenous antagonist kynurenic acid. The activation of presynaptic nAChRs is by the ambient levels of ACh released from pre-terminal synapses, varicosities and glial cells, acting as a 'volume neurotransmitter' on synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, ACh and glutamate are released as CNS co-transmitters, including 'cholinergic' synapses onto spinal Renshaw cells. It is concluded that ACh should be viewed primarily as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission by regulating the release of glutamate presynaptically, and the location, subunit composition, subtype balance and sensitivity of glutamate receptors, and not primarily as a classical fast neurotransmitter. These conclusions and caveats should aid clarification of the sites of action of glutamate and nicotinic receptor ligands in the search for new centrally-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Electroacupuncture Alleviates Inflammation of Dry Eye Diseases by Regulating the α7nAChR/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6673610. [PMID: 33897942 PMCID: PMC8052151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We tried to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) can reduce inflammation of dry eye disease (DED) by regulating α7nAChR and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods Healthy New Zealand white rabbits were treated with scopolamine hydrobromide (Scop) for 21 consecutive days to establish the DED animal model. After 21 days, EA, fluorometholone (Flu), and α7nAChR antagonist (α-BGT) treatments were performed, and the Scop injection was continued until day 35. During treatment, the fluorescence staining of the corneal epithelium and the level of tear flow were observed. The influence of EA on the LG pathology and inflammatory factors ACh, α7nAChR, and NF-κB was detected using the LG histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cytokine protein chip technology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot. Results The EA stimulation can reduce the corneal epithelial damage and repair epithelial cell ultrastructure, promote the tear secretion, relieve the LG atrophy and decrease lipid droplet accumulation in LG acinar cell, and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1, MIP-1b, TNF-α, and IL-8) in the LG. The protective effect of EA on the inflammation and the ocular surface is similar to the corticosteroid Flu. EA and Flu can upregulate the expression of the α7nAChR and downregulate the expression of NF-κB. The α7nAChR antagonist α-BGT can reverse the protective effect of EA on the LG and the inhibitory effect on the NF-κB pathway and the expression of inflammatory factors but cannot affect the expression of Flu on the NF-κB pathway and inflammatory factors. Conclusion These results prove that EA can alleviate DEDs by stimulating the acupoints around the eyes. These beneficial effects are related to the upregulation of α7nAChR and the downregulation of NF-κB in the LG. The protective effect of LG is mediated through the anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by α7nAChR. EA can reduce the NF-κB P65 nuclear transcription and reduce inflammatory factors by regulating α7nAChR. This expression indicates that the α7nAChR/NF-κB signaling pathway may serve as a potential therapeutic target for EA to treat DEDs.
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Xu H, Wang Y, Luo Y. OTULIN is a new target of EA treatment in the alleviation of brain injury and glial cell activation via suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway in acute ischaemic stroke rats. Mol Med 2021; 27:37. [PMID: 33836646 PMCID: PMC8035756 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian tumour domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN) is a potent negative regulator of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway, and it plays a strong neuroprotective role following acute ischemic stroke. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective adjuvant treatment for reducing brain injury and neuroinflammation via the inhibition of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. The present study investigated whether OTULIN was necessary for EA to mitigate brain injury and glial cell activation in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model in rats. METHODS An acute ischaemic stroke model was established via tMCAO surgery in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. EA was performed once daily at "Baihui (GV 20)", "Hegu (LI 4)", and "Taichong (LR 3)" acupoints. The effect of EA on the spatiotemporal expression of OTULIN in the ischaemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex was detected within 7 days after reperfusion. The effects of OTULIN gene silencing on EA neurological deficits, cerebral infarct volume, neuronal damage, the activation of microglia and astrocytes, the contents of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the expression of p-IκBa, IκBa and nucleus/cytoplasm NF-κB p65 protein were assessed. RESULTS EA treatment increased endogenous OTULIN expression, which peaked at 48 h. Enhanced OTULIN was primarily located in neurons, but a small amount of OTULIN was detected in microglia. OTULIN silencing obviously reversed EA neuroprotection, which was demonstrated by worsened neurobehavioural performance, cerebral infarct volume and neuronal injury. The inhibitory effect of EA on the NF-κB pathway was also attenuated by enhanced IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. EA partially inhibited the transformation of microglia and astrocytes from resting states to activated states and reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. However, these preventive effects were reversed after the silencing of OTULIN expression. CONCLUSIONS OTULIN provides a new potential therapeutic target for EA to alleviate acute ischaemic stroke-induced brain injury and the activation of glial cells, which are related to suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - You Wang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Li G, Li X, Dong J, Han Y. Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:619043. [PMID: 33763013 PMCID: PMC7982901 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.619043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous study found that electroacupuncture (EA) can promote the recovery of neurological functions, reduce the volume of cerebral infarction, and protect the neurovascular unit in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Some studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to ischemic stroke; however, whether EA plays a protective role by regulating ferroptosis is unknown. Objective: We aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of EA on ferroptosis in MCAO rats. Methods: We used 36 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in this study. MCAO rats were established according to the Zea method and treated with EA at a continuous wave of 2/100 Hz and ~2-4 V for 30 min for 7 consecutive days. We analyzed the coordinated motor deficit and volume of cerebral infarction in vivo through 9.4-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Then, the ischemic brain tissue was isolated and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and iron were determined. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to evaluate the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), transferrin (Tf), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1). To confirm the results, we used a transmission electron microscope to observe the mitochondrial morphology. Results: EA intervention significantly decreased the oxidative stress level and inhibited ferroptosis. EA significantly improved coordinated motor deficit (P < 0.01) and decreased cerebral infarct volume (P < 0.01) in the EA + MCAO group, compared with the MCAO group. EA downregulated the level of MDA (P < 0.01) and total iron (P < 0.01) and upregulated the level of SOD (P < 0.01) and GSH (P < 0.01) in the EA + MCAO group, compared with the MCAO group. EA increased the levels of GPX4 and GPX4 mRNA (P < 0.01) and FTH1 and FTH1 mRNA (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), whereas it decreased the levels of Tf and Tf mRNA (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and TfR1 and TfR1 mRNA (P < 0.01) in the EA + MCAO group, compared with the MCAO group. EA also promoted the recovery of mitochondrial morphology according to the mitochondrial classification system for the ischemic cerebral tissue. Conclusion: Our results indicate that EA can inhibit ferroptosis by regulating oxidative stress and iron-related proteins, thus conferring protection against MCAO in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Li
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jianjian Dong
- Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Han
- Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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21
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-146a-5p reduces microglial-mediated neuroinflammation via suppression of the IRAK1/TRAF6 signaling pathway after ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3060-3079. [PMID: 33479185 PMCID: PMC7880318 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of action of transplanted stem cells and develop exosome-based nanotherapeutics for ischemic stroke, we assessed the effect of exosomes (Exos) produced by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. Our results found that injected hUMSC-Exos were able to access the site of ischemic damage and could be internalized by cells both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, treatment with hUMSC-Exos attenuated microglia-mediated inflammation after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In vivo results demonstrated that treatment with hUMSC-Exos significantly reduced infarct volume, attenuated behavioral deficits, and ameliorated microglia activation, as measured three days post-transient brain ischemia. Furthermore, miR-146a-5p knockdown (miR-146a-5p k/d Exos) partially reversed the neuroprotective effect of hUMSC-Exos. Our mechanistic study demonstrated that miR-146a-5p in hUMSC-Exos reduces microglial-mediated neuroinflammatory response through IRAK1/TRAF6 pathway. We conclude that miR-146a-5p derived from hUMSC-Exos can attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and consequent neural deficits following ischemic stroke. These results elucidate a potential therapeutic mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cells and provide evidence that hUMSC-Exos represent a potential cell-free therapeutic option for ischemic stroke.
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22
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Yu CC, Du YJ, Wang SQ, Liu LB, Shen F, Wang L, Lin YF, Kong LH. Experimental Evidence of the Benefits of Acupuncture for Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:549772. [PMID: 33408601 PMCID: PMC7779610 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.549772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is also increasing. At present, there are no widely recognized drugs able to ameliorate the cognitive dysfunction caused by AD. The failure of several promising clinical trials in recent years has highlighted the urgent need for novel strategies to both prevent and treat AD. Notably, a growing body of literature supports the efficacy of acupuncture for AD. In this review, we summarize the previously reported mechanisms of acupuncture's beneficial effects in AD, including the ability of acupuncture to modulate Aβ metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, synapse and neuron function, autophagy, neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, cerebral glucose metabolism, and brain responses. Taken together, these findings suggest that acupuncture provides therapeutic effects for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chao Yu
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Jun Du
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Qin Wang
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le-Bin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Rongjun Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Shen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Lin
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Hong Kong
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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23
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Jiao Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Cao Y, Qu Y, Huang S, Kong X, Song C, Li J, Li Q, Ma H, Lu X, Wang L. Inhibition of microglial receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 ameliorates neuroinflammation following cerebral ischaemic stroke. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12585-12598. [PMID: 32990414 PMCID: PMC7686994 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are rapidly activated following ischaemic stroke and participate in the induction of neuroinflammation, which exacerbates the injury of ischaemic stroke. However, the mechanisms regulating ischaemic microglia remain unclear. In the present study, middle cerebral artery occlusion and oxygen and glucose deprivation models were established for in vivo and vitro monitoring of experimental stroke. We applied recombinant human thioredoxin‐1 (rhTrx‐1) and Necrostatin‐1 (Nec‐1, inhibitor of RIPK1) to examine the role of receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in the development of inflammation in ischaemic microglia via explored the inflammatory responses and the associated mechanisms. Molecular docking results indicated that rhTrx‐1 could directly bind to RIPK1. In vivo and vitro data revealed that rhTrx‐1 reduced necroptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential damage, reactive oxygen species accumulation and NLR Family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 protein (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and regulated the microglial M1/M2 phenotypic changes by inhibiting RIPK1 expression in ischaemic microglia. Consistent with these findings, further in vivo experiments revealed that rhTrx‐1 treatment attenuated cerebral ischaemic injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response. Our data demonstrated the role of RIPK1 in microglia‐induced neuroinflammation following cerebral ischaemia. Administration of rhTrx‐1 provides neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke‐induced microglial neuroinflammation by inhibiting RIPK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Heping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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24
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Gan YM, Liu DL, Chen C, Duan W, Yang YX, Du JR. Phthalide derivative CD21 alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced neuroinflammation: Involvement of microglial M2 polarization via AMPK activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173552. [PMID: 32926919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia can be activated to become the classic phenotype (M1) or alternative phenotype (M2), which play an important role in regulating neuroinflammatory response and tissue repair after ischemic stroke. CD21, a novel phthalide derivative, is a potential neuroprotectant against ischemic brain injury. The present study further investigated the effects of CD21 on post-ischemic microglial polarization and the underlying mechanisms. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used as a mouse model of ischemic stroke, while BV2 cells stimulated with conditioned medium collected from oxygen-glucose deprivation-treated HT22 cells were used in in vitro ischemic studies. The current results showed that CD21 dose-dependently and significantly improved neurological outcomes in tMCAO mice. Biochemical analyses revealed that CD21 decreased the expression of M1 phenotype markers (CD86, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and increased the expression of M2 phenotype markers (CD206, interleukin-10 and YM1/2) in both ischemic brain tissues and BV2 cells. Meanwhile, CD21 decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), promoted the release of the antiinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10), and enhanced the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in ischemic brain tissue and BV2 cells. Furthermore, the AMPK inhibitor (compound C) reversed these effects of CD21 in BV2 cells. These findings indicate that CD21 alleviates post-ischemic neuroinflammation through induction of microglial M2 polarization that is at least in part medicated by AMPK activation, suggesting that CD21 may be a promising candidate for protecting against ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Miao Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Chu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu-Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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25
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Electroacupuncture Attenuates Inflammation after Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting NF- κB-Mediated Activation of Microglia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8163052. [PMID: 32922507 PMCID: PMC7453260 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation and microglia-mediated inflammation play an important role in the occurrence, development, and outcome of stroke. Brain injury induces the activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6. Many studies have confirmed that acupuncture is effective in treating ischemic stroke. However, its protective mechanism against ischemic brain injury is complex and multifactorial. In this study, we observed the effects of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) on microglial activation and inflammation in the cortical ischemic penumbra (IP) of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rats. It was found that electroacupuncture inhibited the degeneration and necrosis of microglia in the cortical IP and ameliorated mitochondrial damage. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed that microglia were in a resting state or weakly activated in the normal brain. After cerebral ischemia, the expression of microglial markers (Iba-1 and CD11b) increased, and NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression gradually increased. The dynamic changes were generally temporally consistent. Electroacupuncture downregulated the expressions of Iba-1 and CD11b. Additionally, it inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α and reduced the conversion of microglia to the M1 phenotype after ischemia. Electroacupuncture regulated the activation of microglia and microglia-mediated inflammation after cerebral ischemia, confirming the relevant theories regarding the effect of acupuncture treatment on cerebral ischemia and guiding clinical practice.
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26
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Brown J, Park YJ, Lee JY, Chase TN, Koga M, Borlongan CV. Bone Marrow-Derived NCS-01 Cells Advance a Novel Cell-Based Therapy for Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082845. [PMID: 32325813 PMCID: PMC7215343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells have been explored for their application in cell-based therapies targeting stroke. Identifying cell lines that stand as safe, accessible, and effective for transplantation, while optimizing dosage, timing, and method of delivery remain critical translational steps towards clinical trials. Preclinical studies using bone marrow-derived NCS-01 cells show the cells' ability to confer functional recovery in ischemic stroke. Coculturing primary rat cortical cells or human neural progenitor cells with NCS-01 cells protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation. In the rodent middle cerebral artery occlusion model, intracarotid artery administration of NCS-01 cells demonstrate greater efficacy than other mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at improving motor and neurological function, as well as reducing infarct volume and peri-infarct cell loss. NCS-01 cells secrete therapeutic factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin-6, while also demonstrating a potentially novel mechanism of extending filopodia towards the site of injury. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical advancements using in vitro and in vivo ischemia models that support the transplantation of NCS-01 in human stroke trials. These results, coupled with the recommendations put forth by the consortium of Stem cell Therapeutics as an Emerging Paradigm for Stroke (STEPS), highlight a framework for conducting preclinical research with the ultimate goal of initiating clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brown
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.P.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - You Jeong Park
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.P.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.P.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Thomas N. Chase
- KM Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Washington, DC 20006, USA; (T.N.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Minako Koga
- KM Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Washington, DC 20006, USA; (T.N.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.P.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-3988
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