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Zou Y, Pei J, Wan C, Liu S, Hu B, Li Z, Tang Z. Mechanism of scutellarin inhibition of astrocyte activation to type A1 after ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107534. [PMID: 38219378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of scutellarin on the activation of astrocytes into the A1 type following cerebral ischemia and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS In vivo, a mouse middle cerebral artery wire embolism model was established to observe the regulation of astrocyte activation to A1 type by scutellarin, and the effects on neurological function and brain infarct volume. In vitro, primary astrocytes were cultured to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation model, and the mRNA and protein expression of C3, a specific marker of A1-type astrocytes pretreated with scutellarin, were examined. The neurons were cultured in vitro to detect the toxic effects of ischemia-hypoxia-activated A1 astrocyte secretion products on neurons, and to observe whether scutellarin could reduce the neurotoxicity of A1 astrocytes. To validate the signaling pathway-related proteins regulated by scutellarin on C3 expression in astrocytes. RESULTS The results showed that scutellarin treatment reduced the volume of cerebral infarcts and attenuated neurological deficits in mice caused by middle cerebral artery embolism. Immunofluorescence and Western blot showed that treatment with scutellarin down-regulated middle cerebral artery embolism and OGD/R up-regulated A1-type astrocyte marker C3. The secretory products of ischemia-hypoxia-activated A1-type astrocytes were toxic to neurons and induced an increase in neuronal apoptosis, and astrocytes treated with scutellarin reduced the toxic effects on neurons. Further study revealed that scutellarin inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and thus inhibited the activation of astrocytes to A1 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jingchun Pei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Cheng Wan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhigao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Holban AM, Gregoire CM, Gestal MC. Conquering the host: Bordetella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa molecular regulators in lung infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983149. [PMID: 36225372 PMCID: PMC9549215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When bacteria sense cues from the host environment, stress responses are activated. Two component systems, sigma factors, small RNAs, ppGpp stringent response, and chaperones start coordinate the expression of virulence factors or immunomodulators to allow bacteria to respond. Although, some of these are well studied, such as the two-component systems, the contribution of other regulators, such as sigma factors or ppGpp, is increasingly gaining attention. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gold standard pathogen for studying the molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental cues. Bordetella spp., on the other hand, is a microbial model for studying host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. These two pathogens have the ability to colonize the lungs of patients with chronic diseases, suggesting that they have the potential to share a niche and interact. However, the molecular networks that facilitate adaptation of Bordetella spp. to cues are unclear. Here, we offer a side-by-side comparison of what is known about these diverse molecular mechanisms that bacteria utilize to counteract host immune responses, while highlighting the relatively unexplored interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Courtney M. Gregoire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Monica C. Gestal, ;
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Castillo C, Saez-Orellana F, Godoy PA, Fuentealba J. Microglial Activation Modulated by P2X4R in Ischemia and Repercussions in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814999. [PMID: 35283778 PMCID: PMC8904919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 80 million people currently living who have had a stroke. The ischemic injury in the brain starts a cascade of events that lead to neuronal death, inducing neurodegeneration which could lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebrovascular diseases have been suggested to contribute to AD neuropathological changes, including brain atrophy and accumulation of abnormal proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ). In patients older than 60 years, the incidence of dementia a year after stroke was significantly increased. Nevertheless, the molecular links between stroke and dementia are not clearly understood but could be related to neuroinflammation. Considering that activated microglia has a central role, there are brain-resident innate immune cells and are about 10-15% of glial cells in the adult brain. Their phagocytic activity is essential for synaptic homeostasis in different areas, such as the hippocampus. These cells polarize into phenotypes or subtypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, or the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Phenotype M1 is induced by classical activation, where microglia secrete a high level of pro- inflammatory factors which can cause damage to the surrounding neuronal cells. Otherwise, M2 phenotype is the major effector cell with the potential to counteract pro-inflammatory reactions and promote repair genes expression. Moreover, after the classical activation, an anti-inflammatory and a repair phase are initiated to achieve tissue homeostasis. Recently it has been described the concepts of homeostatic and reactive microglia and they had been related to major AD risk, linking to a multifunctional microglial response to Aβ plaques and pathophysiology markers related, such as intracellular increased calcium. The upregulation and increased activity of purinergic receptors activated by ADP/ATP, specially P2X4R, which has a high permeability to calcium and is mainly expressed in microglial cells, is observed in diseases related to neuroinflammation, such as neuropathic pain and stroke. Thus, P2X4R is associated with microglial activation. P2X4R activation drives microglia motility via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Also, these receptors are involved in inflammatory-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and induce a secretion and increase the expression of BDNF and TNF-α which could be a link between pathologies related to aging and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Castillo
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Saez-Orellana
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Andrea Godoy
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Wu Q, Feng Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Li Y, Wang L. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Aggravates Ischemic Stroke Injury by the Inflammatory Activation of Microglia. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6523128. [PMID: 35137012 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, exploring effective and emerging molecular targets for ischemic stroke is a primary task of basic and clinical research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in ischemic stroke and its related mechanisms, to provide a reference for the treatment of ischemic stroke. CRF, antalarmin, or astressin-2B were used to activate or block the CRF1 (CRF receptor 1) or CRF2 (CRF receptor 2) in BV2 cells and adult male mice, thus constructing a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) model. CRF not only accelerated microglial activity by promoting transcription and production of inflammatory factors, but also promoted the transformation of activated BV2 cells from a neuroprotective phenotype (M2) to cytotoxic phenotype (M1), and these effects were mediated by the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These effects can be blocked by antalarmin but not by astressin-2B. CRF significantly aggravated the neurological deficit, increased infarction volume, and exacerbated neuronal injuries. Additionally, CRF significantly improved the levels of TNF-α and phospho-NF-κB in the ischemia penumbra. Finally, CRF significantly increased the number of CD16/Iba-1-positive cells and decreased the number of CD206/Iba-1-positive cells in the ischemia penumbra. These results provide evidence of the proinflammatory role of CRF in an ischemic stroke model and a possible underlying mechanism, which may facilitate the elucidation of potential treatment approaches for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Branch of Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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Zou M, Feng Y, Xiu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fan J, Li H, Cao J, He W, Jin WN. Pertussis toxin-induced inflammatory response exacerbates intracerebral haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in mice. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 7:29-37. [PMID: 34341068 PMCID: PMC8899681 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2021-000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a devastating disease, including intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and ischaemic stroke. Emerging evidences indicate that systemic inflammatory cascades after stroke contribute to brain damage. However, the direct effects and features of systemic inflammation on brain injury, especially comparing between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, are still obscure. Methods Pertussis toxin (PT) was used to build a pro-inflammatory milieu after ICH and ischaemic stroke in mouse model. The neurodeficits, stroke lesion, immune response and blood–brain barrier (BBB) destruction were assessed. Results In ICH mouse model, PT-induced systemic inflammation exacerbated neurological deficits, and enlarged haemorrhage lesion and perihaematomal oedema. We also found promoted leucocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release into the brain after PT treatment. Moreover, the integrity of the BBB was further disrupted after receiving PT. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PT enhanced brain inflammation and aggravated stroke severity in middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. Conclusions Our results suggest that PT increases inflammatory response that exacerbates brain injury after ICH or ischaemic stroke in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zou
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwhen Xiu
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Cao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
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