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Tan S, Mo X, Qin H, Dong B, Zhou J, Long C, Yang L. Biocytin-Labeling in Whole-Cell Recording: Electrophysiological and Morphological Properties of Pyramidal Neurons in CYLD-Deficient Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104092. [PMID: 37241833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocytin, a chemical compound that is an amide formed from the vitamin biotin and the amino acid L-lysine, has been used as a histological dye to stain nerve cells. Electrophysiological activity and morphology are two key characteristics of neurons, but revealing both the electrophysiological and morphological properties of the same neuron is challenging. This article introduces a detailed and easy-to-operate procedure for single-cell labeling in combination with whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Using a recording electrode filled with a biocytin-containing internal solution, we demonstrate the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of pyramidal (PNs), medial spiny (MSNs) and parvalbumin neurons (PVs) in brain slices, where the electrophysiological and morphological properties of the same individual cell are elucidated. We first introduce a protocol for whole-cell patch-clamp recording in various neurons, coupled with the intracellular diffusion of biocytin delivered by the glass capillary of the recording electrode, followed by a post hoc procedure to reveal the architecture and morphology of biocytin-labeled neurons. An analysis of action potentials (APs) and neuronal morphology, including the dendritic length, number of intersections, and spine density of biocytin-labeled neurons, were performed using ClampFit and Fiji Image (ImageJ), respectively. Next, to take advantage of the techniques introduced above, we uncovered defects in the APs and the dendritic spines of PNs in the primary motor cortex (M1) of deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) knock-out (Cyld-/-) mice. In summary, this article provides a detailed methodology for revealing the morphology as well as the electrophysiological activity of a single neuron that will have many applications in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiuping Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huihui Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binbin Dong
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiankui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Chi X, Wang L, Liu H, Zhang Y, Shen W. Post-stroke cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity: A review about the mechanisms and Chinese herbal drugs strategies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123817. [PMID: 36937659 PMCID: PMC10014821 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment, is a major complication of stroke, characterized by cognitive dysfunction, which directly affects the quality of life. Post-stroke cognitive impairment highlights the causal relationship between stroke and cognitive impairment. The pathological damage of stroke, including the increased release of excitatory amino acids, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, changed neurotrophic factor levels and gene expression, influence synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity refers to the activity-dependent changes in the strength of synaptic connections and efficiency of synaptic transmission at pre-existing synapses and can be divided into structural synaptic plasticity and functional synaptic plasticity. Changes in synaptic plasticity have been proven to play important roles in the occurrence and treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment. Evidence has indicated that Chinese herbal drugs have effect of treating post-stroke cognitive impairment. In this review, we overview the influence of pathological damage of stroke on synaptic plasticity, analyze the changes of synaptic plasticity in post-stroke cognitive impairment, and summarize the commonly used Chinese herbal drugs whose active ingredient or extracts can regulate synaptic plasticity. This review will summarize the relationship between post-stroke cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity, provide new ideas for future exploration of the mechanism of post-stroke cognitive impairment, compile evidence of applying Chinese herbal drugs to treat post-stroke cognitive impairment and lay a foundation for the development of novel formulas for treating post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liuding Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Functional investigation of SLC1A2 variants associated with epilepsy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1063. [PMID: 36543780 PMCID: PMC9772344 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder and glutamate excitotoxicity plays a key role in epileptic pathogenesis. Astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 is responsible for preventing excitotoxicity via clearing extracellular accumulated glutamate. Previously, three variants (G82R, L85P, and P289R) in SLC1A2 (encoding GLT-1) have been clinically reported to be associated with epilepsy. However, the functional validation and underlying mechanism of these GLT-1 variants in epilepsy remain undetermined. In this study, we reported that these disease-linked mutants significantly decrease glutamate uptake, cell membrane expression of the glutamate transporter, and glutamate-elicited current. Additionally, we found that these variants may disturbed stromal-interacting molecule 1 (STIM1)/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in which GLT-1 may be a new partner of SOCE. Furthermore, knock-in mice with disease-associated variants showed a hyperactive phenotype accompanied by reduced glutamate transporter expression. Therefore, GLT-1 is a promising and reliable therapeutic target for epilepsy interventions.
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Kim SE, Kim HJ, Jang H, Weiner MW, DeCarli C, Na DL, Seo SW. Interaction between Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review Focused on Neuroimaging Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10490. [PMID: 36142419 PMCID: PMC9499680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is characterized by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). They are the most common causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Concurrent CSVD burden is more commonly observed in AD-type dementia than in other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent developments in Aβ and tau positron emission tomography (PET) have enabled the investigation of the relationship between AD biomarkers and CSVD in vivo. In this review, we focus on the interaction between AD and CSVD markers and the clinical effects of these two markers based on molecular imaging studies. First, we cover the frequency of AD imaging markers, including Aβ and tau, in patients with SVCI. Second, we discuss the relationship between AD and CSVD markers and the potential distinct pathobiology of AD markers in SVCI compared to AD-type dementia. Next, we discuss the clinical effects of AD and CSVD markers in SVCI, and hemorrhagic markers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Finally, this review provides both the current challenges and future perspectives for SVCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan 48108, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Hao Y, Liu W, Xu Z, Jin X, Ye Y, Yu C, Hu C, Zuo H, Li Y. High-Power Electromagnetic Pulse Exposure of Healthy Mice: Assessment of Effects on Mice Cognitions, Neuronal Activities, and Hippocampal Structures. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:898164. [PMID: 35966202 PMCID: PMC9374008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.898164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a high-energy pulse with an extremely rapid rise time and a broad bandwidth. The brain is a target organ sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the biological effects and related mechanisms of EMPs on the brain remain unclear. The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of EMP exposure on mouse cognitions, and the neuronal calcium activities in vivo under different cases of real-time exposure and post exposure. EMP-treated animal model was established by exposing male adult C57BL/6N mice to 300 kV/m EMPs. First, the effects of EMPs on the cognitions, including the spatial learning and memory, avoidance learning and memory, novelty-seeking behavior, and anxiety, were assessed by multiple behavioral experiments. Then, the changes in the neuronal activities of the hippocampal CA1 area in vivo were detected by fiber photometry in both cases of during real-time EMP radiation and post-exposure. Finally, the structures of neurons in hippocampi were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. We found that EMPs under this condition caused a decline in the spatial learning and memory ability in mice, but no effects on the avoidance learning and memory, novelty-seeking behavior, and anxiety. The neuron activities of hippocampal CA1 were disturbed by EMP exposure, which were inhibited during EMP exposure, but activated immediately after exposure end. Additionally, the CA1 neuron activities, when mice entered the central area in an Open field (OF) test or explored the novelty in a Novel object exploration (NOE) test, were inhibited on day 1 and day 7 after radiation. Besides, damaged structures in hippocampal neurons were observed after EMP radiation. In conclusion, EMP radiation impaired the spatial learning and memory ability and disturbed the neuronal activities in hippocampal CA1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Liu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Ye
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cuicui Hu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Li ; Hongyan Zuo
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Li ; Hongyan Zuo
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