1
|
Shen Y, Gong X, Qian L, Ruan Y, Lin S, Yu Z, Si Z, Wei W, Liu Y. Inhibition of GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis decreased methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:167-180. [PMID: 38834156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that the activation of the central dopamine (DA) system is crucial to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine (METH) and to the behavioral outcomes of METH use disorder. It was reported that METH exposure induced gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis in rats. The membrane pore formation caused by METH-induced pyroptosis may also contribute to the overflow of DA into the extracellular space and subsequently increase the DA levels in the brain. The present study firstly investigated whether the membrane pore information induced by GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis was associated with the increased DA levels in the ventral tegmental area (VAT) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats self-administering METH and SY-SH5Y cells treated by METH. Subsequently, the effect of pore formation blockade or genetic inhibition of GSDMD on the reinforcing and motivational effect of METH was determined in rats, using the animal model of METH self-administration (SA). METH exposure significantly increased the activity of NLRP1/Cas-1/GSDMD pathway and the presence of pyroptosis, accompanied by the significantly increased DA levels in VTA and NAc. Moreover, intraperitoneal injections of disulfiram (DSF) or microinjection of rAAV-shGSDMD into VTA/NAc significantly reduced the reinforcing and motivational effect of METH, accompanied by the decreased level of DA in VTA and NAc. The results provided novel evidence that METH-induced pyroptosis could increase DA release in VTA and NAc via the NLRP1/Cas-1/GSDMD pathway. Additionally, membrane pores or GSDMD blockade could significantly reduce the reinforcing and motivational effect of METH. In conclusion, blocking GSDMD and membrane pore formation could be a promising potential target for the development of agents to treat METH use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315021, China
| | - Xinshuang Gong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315021, China
| | - Liyin Qian
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315021, China
| | - Yuer Ruan
- Department of Psychology, Collage of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shujun Lin
- Department of Psychology, Collage of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoying Yu
- Department of Psychology, Collage of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zizhen Si
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wenting Wei
- School of Materials Science and Chenical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia L, Yin J, Liu T, Qi W, Du T, Li Q, Ma K, Si J, Yin J, Li Y. Activation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic Neurons Projecting to the Parabrachial Nucleus Promotes Emergence from Propofol Anesthesia in Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04169-x. [PMID: 38814359 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Since the clinical introduction of general anesthesia, its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) and parabrachial nucleus (PBN) play pivotal roles in the mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. However, whether dopaminergic (DA) projections from the VTA to the PBN play a role in mediating the effects of general anesthesia is unclear. We microinjected 6-hydroxydopamine into the PBN to damage tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons and found a prolonged recovery time from propofol anesthesia. We used calcium fiber photometry recording to explore the activity of TH + neurons in the PBN. Then, we used chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches either activate the VTADA-PBN pathway, shortening the propofol anesthesia emergence time, or inhibit this pathway, prolonging the emergence time. These data indicate the crucial involvement of TH + neurons in the PBN in regulating emergence from propofol anesthesia, while the activation of the VTADA-PBN pathway facilitates the emergence of propofol anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jieting Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tielong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenqiang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tongyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Quntao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junqiang Si
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiangwen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vincent KF, Zhang ER, Cho AJ, Kato-Miyabe R, Mallari OG, Moody OA, Obert DP, Park GH, Solt K. Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area restores consciousness from sevoflurane-, dexmedetomidine-, and fentanyl-induced unconsciousness in rats. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:687-697. [PMID: 38821397 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are crucially involved in regulating arousal, making them a potential target for reversing general anesthesia. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the VTA restores consciousness in animals anesthetized with drugs that primarily enhance GABAA receptors. However, it is unknown if VTA DBS restores consciousness in animals anesthetized with drugs that target other receptors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of VTA DBS in restoring consciousness after exposure to four anesthetics with distinct receptor targets. METHODS Sixteen adult Sprague-Dawley rats (8 female, 8 male) with bipolar electrodes implanted in the VTA were exposed to dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, ketamine, or sevoflurane to produce loss of righting, a proxy for unconsciousness. After receiving the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH-23390, or saline (vehicle), DBS was initiated at 30 μA and increased by 10 μA until reaching a maximum of 100 μA. The current that evoked behavioral arousal and restored righting was recorded for each anesthetic and compared across drug (saline/SCH-23390) condition. Electroencephalogram, heart rate and pulse oximetry were recorded continuously. RESULTS VTA DBS restored righting after sevoflurane, dexmedetomidine, and fentanyl-induced unconsciousness, but not ketamine-induced unconsciousness. D1 receptor antagonism diminished the efficacy of VTA stimulation following sevoflurane and fentanyl, but not dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSIONS Electrical DBS of the VTA restores consciousness in animals anesthetized with mechanistically distinct drugs, excluding ketamine. The involvement of the D1 receptor in mediating this effect is anesthetic-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Vincent
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Edlyn R Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angel J Cho
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Risako Kato-Miyabe
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia G Mallari
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia A Moody
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David P Obert
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gwi H Park
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song XJ, Hu JJ. Neurobiological basis of emergence from anesthesia. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:355-366. [PMID: 38490858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The suppression of consciousness by anesthetics and the emergence of the brain from anesthesia are complex and elusive processes. Anesthetics may exert their inhibitory effects by binding to specific protein targets or through membrane-mediated targets, disrupting neural activity and the integrity and function of neural circuits responsible for signal transmission and conscious perception/subjective experience. Emergence from anesthesia was generally thought to depend on the elimination of the anesthetic from the body. Recently, studies have suggested that emergence from anesthesia is a dynamic and active process that can be partially controlled and is independent of the specific molecular targets of anesthetics. This article summarizes the fundamentals of anesthetics' actions in the brain and the mechanisms of emergence from anesthesia that have been recently revealed in animal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Song
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiang-Jian Hu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao H, Wang J, Zhang R, Luo T. Recent advances in neural mechanism of general anesthesia induced unconsciousness: insights from optogenetics and chemogenetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360864. [PMID: 38655183 PMCID: PMC11035785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For over 170 years, general anesthesia has played a crucial role in clinical practice, yet a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the induction of unconsciousness by general anesthetics remains elusive. Ongoing research into these mechanisms primarily centers around the brain nuclei and neural circuits associated with sleep-wake. In this context, two sophisticated methodologies, optogenetics and chemogenetics, have emerged as vital tools for recording and modulating the activity of specific neuronal populations or circuits within distinct brain regions. Recent advancements have successfully employed these techniques to investigate the impact of general anesthesia on various brain nuclei and neural pathways. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the use of optogenetic and chemogenetic methodologies in studying the effects of general anesthesia on specific brain nuclei and pathways. Additionally, it discusses in depth the advantages and limitations of these two methodologies, as well as the issues that must be considered for scientific research applications. By shedding light on these facets, this paper serves as a valuable reference for furthering the accurate exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. It aids researchers and clinicians in effectively evaluating the applicability of these techniques in advancing scientific research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Zhang X, Li H, Wang D, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhao G, Dong H, Li J. Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamatergic Neurons Facilitated Emergence From Isoflurane Anesthesia Involves Excitation of Lateral Septum γ-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Neurons in Mice. Anesth Analg 2023:00000539-990000000-00668. [PMID: 38048607 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventral tegmental area (VTA) glutamatergic neurons promote wakefulness in the sleep-wake cycle; however, their roles and neural circuit mechanisms during isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia remain unclear. METHODS Fiber photometry and in vivo electrophysiology were used to observe the changes in neuronal or terminal activity during ISO anesthesia and arousal processes. Optogenetic and anesthesia behaviors were used to investigate the effects of VTA glutamatergic neurons and their projections to the lateral septum (LS) during ISO anesthesia and arousal. Anterograde and retrograde tracings were performed to identify the connections between VTA glutamatergic neurons and the LS. RESULTS Population activity and firing rates of VTA glutamatergic neurons decreased during ISO anesthesia (ISO: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-2.06 Spikes.s-1 vs wake: 95% CI, 3.53-7.83 Spikes.s-1; P =.0001; n = 34 from 4 mice). Optogenetic activation of VTA glutamatergic neurons reduced the burst-suppression ratio in electroencephalography (laser: 95% CI, 13.09%-28.76% vs pre: 95% CI, 52.85%-71.59%; P =.0009; n = 6) and facilitated emergence (ChR2: 95% CI, 343.3-388.0 seconds vs mCherry: 95% CI, 447.6-509.8 seconds; P < .0001; n = 11/12) from ISO anesthesia. VTA glutamatergic neurons monosynaptically innervated LS γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons. The activity of VTA glutamatergic terminals in the LS decreased during ISO anesthesia, and optogenetic activation of the VTA glutamatergic terminals in the LS facilitated emergence from ISO anesthesia. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamatergic terminals increased the firing rates of LS γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) neurons (laser: 95% CI, 0.85-4.03 Spikes.s-1 vs pre: 95% CI, 0.24-0.78 Spikes.s-1; P =.008; n = 23 from 4 mice) during ISO anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS VTA glutamatergic neurons facilitated emergence from ISO anesthesia involving excitation of LS GABAergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiming Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sa Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangchao Zhao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Peng Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Liang X, Yuan C, Shi W, Zhang Y. Dopamine D1-receptor-expressing pathway from the nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum-mediated sevoflurane anesthesia in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3364-3377. [PMID: 37208941 PMCID: PMC10580364 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General anesthesia has long been used in clinical practice, but its precise pharmacological effects on neural circuits are not fully understood. Recent investigations suggest that the sleep-wake system may play a role in the reversible loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics. Studies in mice have shown that microinjection of dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) agonists into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) promotes recovery from isoflurane anesthesia, while microinjection of D1R antagonists has the opposite effect. Furthermore, during the induction and maintenance of sevoflurane anesthesia, there is a significant decrease in extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc, which subsequently increases during the recovery period. These findings suggest the involvement of the NAc in the regulation of general anesthesia. However, the specific role of D1R-expressing neurons in the NAc during general anesthesia and the downstream effect pathways are still not well understood. METHODS In order to analyze the impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on NAcD1R neurons and the NAcD1R -VP pathway, this study employed calcium fiber photometry to investigate alterations in the fluorescence intensity of calcium signals in dopamine D1-receptor-expressing neurons located in the nucleus accumbens (NAcD1R neurons) and the NAcD1R -VP pathway during sevoflurane anesthesia. Subsequently, optogenetic techniques were utilized to activate or inhibit NAcD1R neurons and their synaptic terminals in the ventral pallidum (VP), aiming to elucidate the role of NAcD1R neurons and the NAcD1R -VP pathway in sevoflurane anesthesia. These experiments were supplemented with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and behavioral tests. Lastly, a genetically-encoded fluorescent sensor was employed to observe changes in extracellular GABA neurotransmitters in the VP during sevoflurane anesthesia. RESULTS Our findings revealed that sevoflurane administration led to the inhibition of NAcD1R neuron population activity, as well as their connections within the ventral pallidum (VP). We also observed a reversible reduction in extracellular GABA levels in the VP during both the induction and emergence phases of sevoflurane anesthesia. Additionally, the optogenetic activation of NAcD1R neurons and their synaptic terminals in the VP resulted in a promotion of wakefulness during sevoflurane anesthesia, accompanied by a decrease in EEG slow wave activity and burst suppression rate. Conversely, the optogenetic inhibition of the NAcD1R -VP pathway exerted opposite effects. CONCLUSION The NAcD1R -VP pathway serves as a crucial downstream pathway of NAcD1R neurons, playing a significant role in regulating arousal during sevoflurane anesthesia. Importantly, this pathway appears to be associated with the release of GABA neurotransmitters from VP cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yiting Peng
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chengxi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chengdong Yuan
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vincent KF, Solt K. Modulating anesthetic emergence with pathway-selective dopamine signaling. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2023; 36:468-475. [PMID: 37552017 PMCID: PMC10528732 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent preclinical findings investigating dopaminergic circuits for their involvement in reversing anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. RECENT FINDINGS The release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area onto dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens promotes emergence following general anesthesia. Two relevant targets of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens include the lateral hypothalamus and ventral pallidum. Activating mesocortical dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the prelimbic cortex has also been shown to hasten emergence from general anesthesia. In contrast, the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway is not involved in regulating anesthetic emergence. The role of the tuberoinfundibular endocrine dopamine pathway remains to be tested; however, recent studies have identified an important function of neuroendocrine signaling on modulating general anesthesia. SUMMARY Potential avenues for accelerating anesthetic emergence may be found through targeting specific arousal-promoting pathways in the brain. Accumulating evidence from rodent studies manipulating cell type- and circuit-specific signaling pathways have identified dopamine as a potent modulator of general anesthesia. Specifically, dopamine signaling along the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways plays a fundamental role in regulating consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F. Vincent
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bao W, Ding J, Jiang S, Yao Z, Qu W, Li W, Huang Z, Han Y. Selective Activation of NAc D1R-VP/LH Circuits Promotes Reanimation From Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:87-97. [PMID: 36944111 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has uncovered a vital role of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons that express the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and its upstream neural circuit in general anesthesia (GA) regulation. However, the underlying downstream neural basis of the modulation of GA emergence by NAc D1R neurons remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the downstream neural mechanism of NAc D1R neurons in the modulation of emergence from sevoflurane GA. METHODS We traced the axonal projections of NAc D1R neurons using a cell type-specific anterograde tracing method and immunohistochemical techniques in D1R-Cre mice. Optogenetic stimulations combined with electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings and behavioral tests were used to determine the effects of optogenetic activation of the axonal terminals of NAc D1R neurons on sevoflurane emergence during sevoflurane-induced continuous, steady-state general anesthesia (CSSGA) or burst-suppression oscillations. RESULTS Labeled efferent fibers of NAc D1R neurons were highly distributed in the ventral pallidum (VP), lateral hypothalamus (LH), and substantia nigra pars compacta. Optogenetic activation of the NAc D1R -VP circuit during CSSGA with sevoflurane induced cortical activation (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; delta power: prestimulation versus during stimulation, 48.7% ± 5.7% vs 35.1% ± 3.3%, P < .0001; beta power: 7.1% ± 2.7% vs 14.2% ± 3.3%, P = .0264) and behavioral emergence, and restored the righting reflex in 66.7% of ChR2 mice. Optogenetic stimulation of the NAc D1R -LH circuit also produced cortical activation (delta power: prestimulation versus during stimulation, 45.0% ± 6.5% vs 36.1% ± 4.6%, P = .0016) and behavioral emergence, and restored the righting reflex in 100% of the ChR2 mice during CSSGA with sevoflurane. Under a sevoflurane-induced burst-suppression state, NAc D1R -VP/LH circuit activation produced evidence of cortical activation (burst-suppression ratio [BSR]: NAc D1R -VP circuit, prestimulation versus during stimulation, 42.4% ± 4.0% vs 26.3% ± 6.0%, P = .0120; prestimulation versus poststimulation, 42.4% ± 4.0% vs 5.9% ± 5.6%, P = .0002; BSR: NAc D1R -LH circuit, prestimulation versus during stimulation, 33.3% ± 13.4% vs 5.1% ± 4.9%, P = .0177; prestimulation vs poststimulation, 33.3% ± 13.4% vs 3.2% ± 4.0%, P = .0105) and behavioral emergence. CONCLUSIONS Both NAc D1R -VP and NAc D1R -LH circuits are sufficient to promote reanimation from sevoflurane GA by simultaneously inducing cortical and behavioral emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Bao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vincent KF. Emerging Circuits in Anesthesia: Following the Mesolimbic Pathway. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:83-86. [PMID: 37326867 PMCID: PMC10287032 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F. Vincent
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nikbakhtzadeh M, Ranjbar H, Moradbeygi K, Zahedi E, Bayat M, Soti M, Shabani M. Cross-talk between the HPA axis and addiction-related regions in stressful situations. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15525. [PMID: 37151697 PMCID: PMC10161713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a worldwide problem that has a negative impact on society by imposing significant costs on health care, public security, and the deactivation of the community economic cycle. Stress is an important risk factor in the development of addiction and relapse vulnerability. Here we review studies that have demonstrated the diverse roles of stress in addiction. Term searches were conducted manually in important reference journals as well as in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, between 2010 and 2022. In each section of this narrative review, an effort has been made to use pertinent sources. First, we will provide an overview of changes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis component following stress, which impact reward-related regions including the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Then we will focus on internal factors altered by stress and their effects on drug addiction vulnerability. We conclude that alterations in neuro-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neurotransmitter factors following stress pathways can impact related mechanisms on craving and relapse susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Elham Zahedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Corresponding author. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Postal Code: 76198-13159, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Corresponding author. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Postal Code: 76198-13159, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang J, Miao X, Sun Y, Li S, Wu A, Wei C. Dopaminergic System in Promoting Recovery from General Anesthesia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040538. [PMID: 37190503 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a biological role by binding to dopamine receptors. The dopaminergic system regulates neural activities, such as reward and punishment, memory, motor control, emotion, and sleep-wake. Numerous studies have confirmed that the dopaminergic system has the function of maintaining wakefulness in the body. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that the sleep-wake cycle in the brain has similar neurobrain network mechanisms to those associated with the loss and recovery of consciousness induced by general anesthesia. With the continuous development and innovation of neurobiological techniques, the dopaminergic system has now been proved to be involved in the emergence from general anesthesia through the modulation of neuronal activity. This article is an overview of the dopaminergic system and the research progress into its role in wakefulness and general anesthesia recovery. It provides a theoretical basis for interpreting the mechanisms regulating consciousness during general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiaolei Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Changwei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu M, Li A, Guo Y, Cao F, You S, Cao J, Mi W, Tong L. GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens core mediate the antidepressant effects of sevoflurane. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175627. [PMID: 36868292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
General anaesthetics have been widely applied to induce reversible loss and recovery of consciousness in clinical practice and have been shown to have reliably safe profiles. Since brief exposure to general anaesthetics can result in long-lasting and global changes in neuronal structures and function, these drugs also exhibit strong therapeutic potential for mood disorders. Preliminary and clinical studies have suggested that the inhalational anaesthetic drug sevoflurane might relieve symptoms of depression. However, the antidepressant effects of sevoflurane and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we confirmed that the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of inhaling 2.5% sevoflurane for 30 min were comparable to those of ketamine and could be sustained for 48 h. Activation of GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acidergic) neurons in the nucleus accumbens core by chemogenetics was shown to mimic the antidepressant effects of inhaled sevoflurane, whereas inhibition of these neurons significantly prevented these effects. Considered together, these results suggested that sevoflurane might exert rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects via modulation of neuronal activities in the nucleus accumbens core nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Ao Li
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fuyang Cao
- Department of Anesthesia, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shaohua You
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Li Tong
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang YL, Wang L, Xu W, He M, Dong H, Shi HY, Chen YQ, Huang ZL. Paraventricular thalamus controls consciousness transitions during propofol anaesthesia in mice. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:698-708. [PMID: 36828739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal mechanisms underlying propofol-induced modulation of consciousness are poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies suggest a potential role for non-specific thalamic nuclei in propofol-induced loss of consciousness. We investigated the contribution of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), a midline thalamic nucleus that has been implicated in arousal control and general anaesthesia with inhaled anaesthetics, to loss and recovery of consciousness during propofol anaesthesia. METHODS Polysomnographic recordings and righting reflex test were used to determine the transitions of loss and recovery of righting reflex, used as a measure of consciousness in mice, during propofol anaesthesia in mice under conditions mimicking clinical propofol administration. PVT neuronal activities were monitored using fibre photometry and regulated using optogenetic and chemogenetic methods. RESULTS Population activities of PVT glutamatergic neurones began to decrease before propofol-induced loss of consciousness and rapidly increased to a peak at the onset of recovery of consciousness. Chemogenetic inhibition of PVT calretinin-expressing (PVTCR) neurones shortened onset (from 176 [35] to 127 [26] s; P=0.001) and prolonged return (from 1568 [611] to 3126 [1616] s; P=0.002) of righting reflex. Conversely, chemogenetic activation of PVTCR neurones exerted opposite effects. Furthermore, optogenetic silencing of PVTCR neurones accelerated transitions to loss of consciousness (from 205 [35] to 158 [44] s; P=0.027) and slowed transitions to recovery of consciousness (from 230 [78] to 370 [99] s; P=0.041). During a steady period of unconsciousness maintained with continuous propofol infusion, brief optical activation of PVTCR neurones restored cortical activity and arousal with a latency of about 5 s. CONCLUSIONS The paraventricular thalamus contributes to the control of consciousness transitions in propofol anaesthesia in mice. This provides a potential neuroanatomical target for controlling consciousness to reduce anaesthetic dose requirements and side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China; Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Ying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Quan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou L, Ran Q, Yi R, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yu T. Glutamatergic Neurons of Piriform Cortex Delay Induction of Inhalational General Anesthesia. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
16
|
Lyu J, Cai H, Chen Y, Chen G. Brain areas modulation in consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:1031613. [PMID: 36619239 PMCID: PMC9811387 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.1031613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is presently one of the most used inhaled anesthetics worldwide. However, the mechanisms through which sevoflurane acts and the areas of the brain associated with changes in consciousness during anesthesia remain important and complex research questions. Sevoflurane is generally regarded as a volatile anesthetic that blindly targets neuronal (and sometimes astrocyte) GABAA receptors. This review focuses on the brain areas of sevoflurane action and their relation to changes in consciousness during anesthesia. We cover 20 years of history, from the bench to the bedside, and include perspectives on functional magnetic resonance, electroencephalogram, and pharmacological experiments. We review the interactions and neurotransmitters involved in brain circuits during sevoflurane anesthesia, improving the effectiveness and accuracy of sevoflurane's future application and shedding light on the mechanisms behind human consciousness.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang M, Chen Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Wang R, Zhang D, Zhu T. Development of NMDA receptors contributes to the enhancement of electroencephalogram oscillations under volatile anesthetics in rats. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1065374. [PMID: 36589861 PMCID: PMC9797678 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1065374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Volatile anesthetics including sevoflurane and isoflurane enhance oscillations of cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), partly by their modulations on glutamate-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Expression of NMDA receptors is increased during neonatal development. However, how the development of NMDA receptors influences EEG under volatile anesthesia remains unclear. Methods Expressions of NMDA receptor subtypes (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) during neonatal development were measured by Western blotting. MAC (minimal alveolar concentration) of isoflurane and sevoflurane that inducing loss of righting reflex (LORR) and no response to tail-clamp (immobility) were measured to verify the effect of NR1 expression on anesthetic potency during neonatal development. Cortical electroencephalogram recording was used to examine the influence of NR1 expression on the power density of EEG. Results The expressions of GluNR1, GluNR2A and GluNR2B receptors were gradually increased during neonatal development in cortex, hippocampus and thalamus of rats. Knockdown of NR1 enhanced the sedative potency of volatile anesthetics but not on immobility potency in postnatal day 14 (P14)-P17 rats. For cortical EEG, along with the increased concentration of volatile anesthetics, cortical slow-delta oscillations of P5 rats were inhibited, theta and alpha oscillations were not changed significantly; while these oscillations were enhanced until high anesthetic concentrations in P21 rats. Knockdown of NR1 in forebrain suppressed the enhancement of cortical EEG oscillations in P21 rats. Conclusion The development of NMDA receptors may contribute to the enhancement of cortical EEG oscillations under volatile anesthetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoxin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rurong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Donghang Zhang,
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Tao Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shang J, Li B, Fan H, Liu P, Zhao W, Chen T, Chen P, Yang L. Sevoflurane promotes premature differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941984. [PMID: 36176283 PMCID: PMC9513420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Conventional animal models used in corresponding basic studies are distinct from humans in terms of the brain’s development trajectory, tissue cytoarchitecture and cell types, making it difficult to accurately evaluate the potential adverse effects of anesthetic treatments on human fetal brain development. This study investigated the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development and cytopathology using human physiologically-relevant midbrain organoids. Methods: Monolayer human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived human floor plate cells and three-dimensional hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids (hMBOs) were exposed to 2% (v/v) sevoflurane for 2 or 6 h, followed by expansion or differentiation culture. Then, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, EdU assay, Tunnel assay, and transcriptome sequencing were performed to examine the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development. Results: We found that 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited hFPCs’ proliferation (differentiation culture: 7.2% ± 0.3% VS. 13.3% ± 0.7%, p = 0.0043; expansion culture: 48% ± 2.2% VS. 35.2% ± 1.4%, p = 0.0002) and increased their apoptosis, but did not affect their differentiation into human dopaminergic neurons After 6 h, 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited cell proliferation (62.8% ± 5.6% VS. 100% ± 5.5%, p = 0.0065) and enhanced the premature differentiation of hMBOs (246% ± 5.2% VS. 100% ± 28%, p = 0.0065). The RNA-seq results showed long-term exposure to sevoflurane up regulates some transcription factors in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, while short-term exposure to sevoflurane has a weak up-regulation effect on these transcription factors. Conclusion: This study revealed that long-term exposure to sevoflurane could promote the premature differentiation of hMBOs, while short-term exposure had negligible effects, suggesting that long-term exposure to sevoflurane in pregnant women may lead to fetals’ midbrain development disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shang
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han Fan
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peidi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Longqiu Yang, ; Pu Chen,
| | - Longqiu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Longqiu Yang, ; Pu Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang K, Pan J, Yu Y. Regulation of Neural Circuitry under General Anesthesia: New Methods and Findings. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070898. [PMID: 35883456 PMCID: PMC9312763 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Since both general anesthesia and sleep are reversible losses of consciousness, studies on the neural-circuit mechanisms affected by general anesthesia have mainly focused on the neural nuclei or the pathways known to regulate sleep. Three advanced technologies commonly used in neuroscience, in vivo calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and optogenetics, are used to record and modulate the activity of specific neurons or neural circuits in the brain areas of interest. Recently, they have successfully been used to study the neural nuclei and pathways of general anesthesia. This article reviews these three techniques and their applications in the brain nuclei or pathways affected by general anesthesia, to serve as a reference for further and more accurate exploration of other neural circuits under general anesthesia and to contribute to other research fields in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Liang P, Huang H, Wu Y, Kang Y, Zhu T, Zhou C. Signatures of Thalamocortical Alpha Oscillations and Synchronization With Increased Anesthetic Depths Under Isoflurane. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:887981. [PMID: 35721144 PMCID: PMC9204038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.887981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings under propofol exhibit an increase in slow and alpha oscillation power and dose-dependent phase–amplitude coupling (PAC), which underlie GABAA potentiation and the central role of thalamocortical entrainment. However, the exact EEG signatures elicited by volatile anesthetics and the possible neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.Methods: Cortical EEG signals and thalamic local field potential (LFP) were recorded in a mouse model to detect EEG signatures induced by 0.9%, 1.5%, and 2.0% isoflurane. Then, the power of the EEG spectrum, thalamocortical coherence, and slow–alpha phase–amplitude coupling were analyzed. A computational model based on the thalamic network was used to determine the primary neurophysiological mechanisms of alpha spiking of thalamocortical neurons under isoflurane anesthesia.Results: Isoflurane at 0.9% (light anesthesia) increased the power of slow and delta oscillations both in cortical EEG and in thalamic LFP. Isoflurane at 1.5% (surgery anesthesia) increased the power of alpha oscillations both in cortical EEG and in thalamic LFP. Isoflurane at 2% (deep anesthesia) further increased the power of cortical alpha oscillations, while thalamic alpha oscillations were unchanged. Thalamocortical coherence of alpha oscillation only exhibited a significant increase under 1.5% isoflurane. Isoflurane-induced PAC modulation remained unchanged throughout under various concentrations of isoflurane. By adjusting the parameters in the computational model, isoflurane-induced alpha spiking in thalamocortical neurons was simulated, which revealed the potential molecular targets and the thalamic network involved in isoflurane-induced alpha spiking in thalamocortical neurons.Conclusion: The EEG changes in the cortical alpha oscillation, thalamocortical coherence, and slow–alpha PAC may provide neurophysiological signatures for monitoring isoflurane anesthesia at various depths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoxin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Chengdu Jincheng College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zhu, ; Cheng Zhou,
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zhu, ; Cheng Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dean JG, Fields CW, Brito MA, Silverstein BH, Rybicki-Kler C, Fryzel AM, Groenhout T, Liu T, Mashour GA, Pal D. Inactivation of Prefrontal Cortex Attenuates Behavioral Arousal Induced by Stimulation of Basal Forebrain During Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1140-1152. [PMID: 35436248 PMCID: PMC9093733 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic stimulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) can reverse anesthesia. Conversely, inactivation of PFC can delay emergence from anesthesia. PFC receives cholinergic projections from basal forebrain, which contains wake-promoting neurons. However, the role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in arousal from the anesthetized state requires refinement, and it is currently unknown whether the arousal-promoting effect of basal forebrain is mediated through PFC. To address these gaps in knowledge, we implemented a novel approach to the use of chemogenetic stimulation and tested the role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in behavioral arousal during sevoflurane anesthesia. Next, we investigated the effect of tetrodotoxin-mediated inactivation of PFC on behavioral arousal produced by electrical stimulation of basal forebrain during sevoflurane anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon G Dean
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Center for Consciousness Science
| | | | - Michael A Brito
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - George A Mashour
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dinesh Pal
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song Y, Chu R, Cao F, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cao J, Guo Y, Mi W, Tong L. Dopaminergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental-Prelimbic Pathway Promote the Emergence of Rats from Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:417-428. [PMID: 34954810 PMCID: PMC9068857 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play an important role in cognition, emergence from anesthesia, reward, and aversion, and their projection to the cortex is a crucial part of the "bottom-up" ascending activating system. The prelimbic cortex (PrL) is one of the important projection regions of the VTA. However, the roles of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and the VTADA-PrL pathway under sevoflurane anesthesia in rats remain unclear. In this study, we found that intraperitoneal injection and local microinjection of a dopamine D1 receptor agonist (Chloro-APB) into the PrL had an emergence-promoting effect on sevoflurane anesthesia in rats, while injection of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) deepened anesthesia. The results of chemogenetics combined with microinjection and optogenetics showed that activating the VTADA-PrL pathway prolonged the induction time and shortened the emergence time of anesthesia. These results demonstrate that the dopaminergic system in the VTA has an emergence-promoting effect and that the bottom-up VTADA-PrL pathway facilitates emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Song
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ruitong Chu
- Department of Anesthesia, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Fuyang Cao
- Department of Anesthesia, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Li Tong
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo D, Chen S, Zhang Y. Effects of different injection methods of propofol anesthesia on the behavior and electroencephalography recording in mice. IBRAIN 2022; 8:109-116. [PMID: 37786422 PMCID: PMC10529194 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is commonly used in mice studies on the mechanism of general anesthesia. The administration routes of propofol include intraperitoneal injection, single tail vein injection, and continuous tail vein pumping. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the three injection methods on the behavior and electroencephalography (EEG) recording in mice. Mice were divided into an intraperitoneal injection group, a single tail vein injection group, and a continuous tail vein pumping group according to the propofol administration route. The indexes for observation were: time of loss of righting reflex (LORR), time of resumption of righting reflex (RORR), and change in the number of EEG spindle waves during anesthesia. The LORR and RORR were detected again after 1 week to determine the repeatability of the three administration routes. Death and behavioral change after anesthesia recovery in mice were recorded in the three groups. For propofol administration in mice, intraperitoneal injection induced long-duration anesthesia, but the depth of anesthesia was shallow and there was a risk of anesthesia accidents. A small dose of propofol administered through a single tail vein can induce loss of consciousness but the LORR time was not recorded, hence the metrics during induction of anesthesia were not investigated. Continuous tail vein pumping produced stable behavior and EEG recording during anesthesia induction and recovery in mice, and the individual difference was small. Continuous tail vein pumping is an ideal administration route for studying the mechanism of loss of consciousness of propofol anesthesia in mice, which could provide reference data for future mice experiments using propofol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Shi‐Yu Chen
- College of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ni RJ, Shu YM, Li T, Zhou JN. Whole-Brain Afferent Inputs to the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Accumbens Nucleus in the Tree Shrew Striatum. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:763298. [PMID: 34795566 PMCID: PMC8593333 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.763298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Day-active tree shrews have a well-developed internal capsule (ic) that clearly separates the caudate nucleus (Cd) and putamen (Pu). The striatum consists of the Cd, ic, Pu, and accumbens nucleus (Acb). Here, we characterized the cytoarchitecture of the striatum and the whole-brain inputs to the Cd, Pu, and Acb in tree shrews by using immunohistochemistry and the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). Our data show the distribution patterns of parvalbumin (PV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calretinin (CR), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the striatum of tree shrews, which were different from those observed in rats. The Cd and Pu mainly received inputs from the thalamus, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and other cortical and subcortical regions, whereas the Acb primarily received inputs from the anterior olfactory nucleus, claustrum, infralimbic cortex, thalamus, raphe nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and so on. The Cd, Pu, and Acb received inputs from different neuronal populations in the ipsilateral (60, 67, and 63 brain regions, respectively) and contralateral (23, 20, and 36 brain regions, respectively) brain hemispheres. Overall, we demonstrate that there are species differences between tree shrews and rats in the density of PV, NOS, CR, and TH immunoreactivity in the striatum. Additionally, we mapped for the first time the distribution of whole-brain input neurons projecting to the striatum of tree shrews with FG injected into the Cd, Pu, and Acb. The similarities and differences in their brain-wide input patterns may provide new insights into the diverse functions of the striatal subregions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Ni
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Mian Shu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|