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Klymenko V, González Martínez OG, Zarbin MA. Recent Progress in Photoreceptor Cell-Based Therapy for Degenerative Retinal Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:332-345. [PMID: 38417110 PMCID: PMC11016853 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are degenerative retinal diseases that cause severe vision loss. Early clinical trials involving transplantation of photoreceptors as treatment for these conditions are underway. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field of photoreceptor transplantation, including some pertinent results regarding photoreceptor manufacture, photoreceptor transplantation, mechanisms of donor-host cell integration such as material transfer and photoreceptor transplant immunology. We conclude by proposing several approaches that may provide a rational basis for selecting a vision restoration strategy (eg, donor-host synapse formation vs donor-host nanotube formation) and improved transplant efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Klymenko
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, USA
| | - Orlando G González Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, USA
| | - Marco A Zarbin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, USA
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2
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Patel SH, Lamba DA. Factors Affecting Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Approaches in Retinal Degeneration. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:155-175. [PMID: 37713278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-120222-012817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Inherited and age-associated vision loss is often associated with degeneration of the cells of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The mammalian retina, being a postmitotic neural tissue, does not have the capacity to repair itself through endogenous regeneration. There has been considerable excitement for the development of cell replacement approaches since the isolation and development of culture methods for human pluripotent stem cells, as well as the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. This has now been combined with novel three-dimensional organoid culture systems that closely mimic human retinal development in vitro. In this review, we cover the current state of the field, with emphasis on the cell delivery challenges, role of the recipient immunological microenvironment, and challenges related to connectivity between transplanted cells and host circuitry both locally and centrally to the different areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin H Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Deepak A Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Ho MT, Ortin-Martinez A, Yan NE, Comanita L, Gurdita A, Pham Truong V, Cui H, Wallace VA, Shoichet MS. Hydrogel assisted photoreceptor delivery inhibits material transfer. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122140. [PMID: 37163876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy holds tremendous promise for vision restoration; yet donor cell survival and integration continue to limit efficacy of these strategies. Transplanted photoreceptors, which mediate light sensitivity in the retina, transfer cytoplasmic components to host photoreceptors instead of integrating into the tissue. Donor cell material transfer could, therefore, function as a protein augmentation strategy to restore photoreceptor function. Biomaterials, such as hyaluronan-based hydrogels, can support donor cell survival but have not been evaluated for effects on material transfer. With increased survival, we hypothesized that we would achieve greater material transfer; however, the opposite occurred. Photoreceptors delivered to the subretinal space in mice in a hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) hydrogel showed reduced material transfer. We examined mitochondria transfer in vitro and cytosolic protein transfer in vivo and demonstrate that HAMC significantly reduced transfer in both contexts, which we ascribe to reduced cell-cell contact. Nanotube-like donor cell protrusions were significantly reduced in the hydrogel-transplanted photoreceptors compared to the saline control group, which suggests that HAMC limits the contact required to the host retina for transfer. Thus, HAMC can be used to manipulate the behaviour of transplanted donor cells in cell therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole E Yan
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lacrimioara Comanita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akshay Gurdita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Pham Truong
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie A Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Johnson TV, Calkins DJ, Fortune B, Goldberg JL, La Torre A, Lamba DA, Meyer JS, Reh TA, Wallace VA, Zack DJ, Baranov P. The importance of unambiguous cell origin determination in neuronal repopulation studies. iScience 2023; 26:106361. [PMID: 37009209 PMCID: PMC10060674 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal repopulation achieved through transplantation or transdifferentiation from endogenous sources holds tremendous potential for restoring function in chronic neurodegenerative disease or acute injury. Key to the evaluation of neuronal engraftment is the definitive discrimination of new or donor neurons from preexisting cells within the host tissue. Recent work has identified mechanisms by which genetically encoded donor cell reporters can be transferred to host neurons through intercellular material transfer. In addition, labeling transplanted and endogenously transdifferentiated neurons through viral vector transduction can yield misexpression in host cells in some circumstances. These issues can confound the tracking and evaluation of repopulated neurons in regenerative experimental paradigms. Using the retina as an example, we discuss common reasons for artifactual labeling of endogenous host neurons with donor cell reporters and suggest strategies to prevent erroneous conclusions based on misidentification of cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Johnson
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Calkins
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Healthy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deepak A. Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason S. Meyer
- Departments of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Ophthalmology (Glick Eye Institute), Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Watari K, Yamasaki S, Tu HY, Shikamura M, Kamei T, Adachi H, Tochitani T, Kita Y, Nakamura A, Ueyama K, Ono K, Morinaga C, Matsuyama T, Sho J, Nakamura M, Fujiwara M, Hori Y, Tanabe A, Hirai R, Terai O, Ohno O, Ohara H, Hayama T, Ikeda A, Nukaya D, Matsushita K, Takahashi M, Kishino A, Kimura T, Kawamata S, Mandai M, Kuwahara A. Self-organization, quality control, and preclinical studies of human iPSC-derived retinal sheets for tissue-transplantation therapy. Commun Biol 2023; 6:164. [PMID: 36765170 PMCID: PMC9918541 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional retinal organoids (3D-retinas) are a promising graft source for transplantation therapy. We previously developed self-organizing culture for 3D-retina generation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here we present a quality control method and preclinical studies for tissue-sheet transplantation. Self-organizing hPSCs differentiated into both retinal and off-target tissues. Gene expression analyses identified the major off-target tissues as eye-related, cortex-like, and spinal cord-like tissues. For quality control, we developed a qPCR-based test in which each hPSC-derived neuroepithelium was dissected into two tissue-sheets: inner-central sheet for transplantation and outer-peripheral sheet for qPCR to ensure retinal tissue selection. During qPCR, tissue-sheets were stored for 3-4 days using a newly developed preservation method. In a rat tumorigenicity study, no transplant-related adverse events were observed. In retinal degeneration model rats, retinal transplants differentiated into mature photoreceptors and exhibited light responses in electrophysiology assays. These results demonstrate our rationale toward self-organizing retinal sheet transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watari
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Suguru Yamasaki
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hung-Ya Tu
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayuki Shikamura
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kamei
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Adachi
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Unit, Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tochitani
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Unit, Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Aya Nakamura
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kazuki Ueyama
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Keiichi Ono
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Chikako Morinaga
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub., Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Take Matsuyama
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Junki Sho
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Miyuki Nakamura
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayo Fujiwara
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yoriko Hori
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Anna Tanabe
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Rina Hirai
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Orie Terai
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Osamu Ohno
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ohara
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayama
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Daiki Nukaya
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Keizo Matsushita
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kishino
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shin Kawamata
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub., Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Re-formation of synaptic connectivity in dissociated human stem cell-derived retinal organoid cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213418120. [PMID: 36598946 PMCID: PMC9926218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213418120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal organoids (ROs) can efficiently and reproducibly generate retinal neurons that have potential for use in cell replacement strategies [Capowski et al., Development 146, dev171686 (2019)]. The ability of these lab-grown retinal neurons to form new synaptic connections after dissociation from ROs is key to building confidence in their capacity to restore visual function. However, direct evidence of reestablishment of retinal neuron connectivity via synaptic tracing has not been reported to date. The present study employs an in vitro, rabies virus-based, monosynaptic retrograde tracing assay [Wickersham et al., Neuron 53, 639-647 (2007); Sun et al., Mol. Neurodegener. 14, 8 (2019)] to identify de novo synaptic connections among early retinal cell types following RO dissociation. A reproducible, high-throughput approach for labeling and quantifying traced retinal cell types was developed. Photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells-the primary neurons of interest for retinal cell replacement-were the two major contributing populations among the traced presynaptic cells. This system provides a platform for assessing synaptic connections in cultured retinal neurons and sets the stage for future cell replacement studies aimed at characterizing or enhancing synaptogenesis. Used in this manner, in vitro synaptic tracing is envisioned to complement traditional preclinical animal model testing, which is limited by evolutionary incompatibilities in synaptic machinery inherent to human xenografts.
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7
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Transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cells- derived retinal ganglion cells embed within mouse retinas and are electrophysiologically functional. iScience 2022; 25:105308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Battu R, Ratra D, Gopal L. Newer therapeutic options for inherited retinal diseases: Gene and cell replacement therapy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2316-2325. [PMID: 35791112 PMCID: PMC9426045 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_82_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are genotypically and phenotypically varied disorders that lead to progressive degeneration of the outer retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) eventually resulting in severe vision loss. Recent research and developments in gene therapy and cell therapy have shown therapeutic promise in these hitherto incurable diseases. In gene therapy, copies of a healthy gene are introduced into the host cells via a viral vector. Clinical trials for several genes are underway while treatment for RPE65 called voretigene neparvovec, is already approved and commercially available. Cell therapy involves the introduction of stem cells that can replace degenerated cells. These therapies are delivered to the target tissues, namely the photoreceptors (PR) and RPE via subretinal, intravitreal, or suprachoroidal delivery systems. Although there are several limitations to these therapies, they are expected to slow the disease progression and restore some visual functions. Further advances such as gene editing technologies are likely to result in more precise and personalized treatments. Currently, several IRDs such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, Leber congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, achromatopsia, and Usher syndrome are being evaluated for possible gene therapy or cell therapy. It is important to encourage patients to undergo gene testing and maintain a nationwide registry of IRDs. This article provides an overview of the basics of these therapies and their current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Battu
- Aster CMI Hospital; Centre for Eye Genetics and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanashree Ratra
- Department of Vitreoretinal Diseases, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lingam Gopal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Eye Research, Singapore
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Xue Y, Lin B, Chen JT, Tang WC, Browne AW, Seiler MJ. The Prospects for Retinal Organoids in Treatment of Retinal Diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:314-327. [PMID: 36041146 PMCID: PMC9966053 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is a significant cause of incurable blindness worldwide. Photoreceptors and retinal pigmented epithelium are irreversibly damaged in advanced RD. Functional replacement of photoreceptors and/or retinal pigmented epithelium cells is a promising approach to restoring vision. This paper reviews the current status and explores future prospects of the transplantation therapy provided by pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids (ROs). This review summarizes the status of rodent RD disease models and discusses RO culture and analytical tools to evaluate RO quality and function. Finally, we review and discuss the studies in which RO-derived cells or sheets were transplanted. In conclusion, methods to derive ROs from pluripotent stem cells have significantly improved and become more efficient in recent years. Meanwhile, more novel technologies are applied to characterize and validate RO quality. However, opportunity remains to optimize tissue differentiation protocols and achieve better RO reproducibility. In order to screen high-quality ROs for downstream applications, approaches such as noninvasive and label-free imaging and electrophysiological functional testing are promising and worth further investigation. Lastly, transplanted RO-derived tissues have allowed improvements in visual function in several RD models, showing promises for clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Xue
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Bin Lin
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Jacqueline T. Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - William C. Tang
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Andrew W. Browne
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Magdalene J. Seiler
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA
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Heisterkamp P, Borsch O, Lezama ND, Gasparini S, Fathima A, Carvalho LS, Wagner F, Karl MO, Schlierf M, Ader M. Evidence for endogenous exchange of cytoplasmic material between a subset of cone and rod photoreceptors within the adult mammalian retina via direct cell-cell connections. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Rizzolo LJ, Nasonkin IO, Adelman RA. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:269-281. [PMID: 35356975 PMCID: PMC8968686 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells grown on a scaffold, an RPE patch, have potential to ameliorate visual impairment in a limited number of retinal degenerative conditions. This tissue-replacement therapy is suited for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and related diseases. RPE cells must be transplanted before the disease reaches a point of no return, represented by the loss of photoreceptors. Photoreceptors are specialized, terminally differentiated neurosensory cells that must interact with RPE’s apical processes to be functional. Human photoreceptors are not known to regenerate. On the RPE’s basal side, the RPE transplant must induce the reformation of the choriocapillaris, thereby re-establishing the outer blood-retinal barrier. Because the scaffold is positioned between the RPE and choriocapillaris, it should ideally degrade and be replaced by the natural extracellular matrix that separates these tissues. Besides biodegradable, the scaffolds need to be nontoxic, thin enough to not affect the focal length of the eye, strong enough to survive the transplant procedure, yet flexible enough to conform to the curvature of the retina. The challenge is patients with progressing AMD treasure their remaining vision and fear that a risky surgical procedure will further degrade their vision. Accordingly, clinical trials only treat eyes with severe impairment that have few photoreceptors to interact with the transplanted patch. Although safety has been demonstrated, the cell-replacement mechanism and efficacy remain difficult to validate. This review covers the structure of the retina, the pathology of AMD, the limitations of cell therapy approaches, and the recent progress in developing retinal therapies using biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Corresponding author: Lawrence J. Rizzolo, PhD, 24 Long Hill Farm, Guilford, CT 06437, USA. Tel: 203-676-5583;
| | - Igor O Nasonkin
- Phythera Therapeutics LLC, San Leandro, CA, USA
- Igor O. Nasonkin, Phythera Therapeutics, 3021 Teagarden street, San Leandro, CA 92612, USA. Telephone: 510-205-7828;
| | - Ron A Adelman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Kalargyrou AA, Basche M, Hare A, West EL, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Nanotube-like processes facilitate material transfer between photoreceptors. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53732. [PMID: 34494703 PMCID: PMC8567251 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication is typically mediated via synapses and gap junctions. New forms of intercellular communication, including nanotubes (NTs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been described for non-neuronal cells, but their role in neuronal communication is not known. Recently, transfer of cytoplasmic material between donor and host neurons ("material transfer") was shown to occur after photoreceptor transplantation. The cellular mechanism(s) underlying this surprising finding are unknown. Here, using transplantation, primary neuronal cultures and the generation of chimeric retinae, we show for the first time that mammalian photoreceptor neurons can form open-end NT-like processes. These processes permit the transfer of cytoplasmic and membrane-bound molecules in culture and after transplantation and can mediate gain-of-function in the acceptor cells. Rarely, organelles were also observed to transfer. Strikingly, use of chimeric retinae revealed that material transfer can occur between photoreceptors in the intact adult retina. Conversely, while photoreceptors are capable of releasing EVs, at least in culture, these are taken up by glia and not by retinal neurons. Our findings provide the first evidence of functional NT-like processes forming between sensory neurons in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini A Kalargyrou
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mark Basche
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
| | - Aura Hare
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
| | - Emma L West
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
| | - Alexander J Smith
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
| | - Robin R Ali
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
- Kellogg Eye CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- University College London Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- Centre for Cell and Gene TherapyKing’s College LondonGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
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13
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Too LK, Simunovic MP. Retinal Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Adult Müller Glia for the Treatment of Retinal Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749131. [PMID: 34660607 PMCID: PMC8511496 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, progress in our understanding of glial function has been revolutionary. Within the retina, a subset of glial cells termed the “Müller glia (MG),” have been demonstrated to play key roles in retinal homeostasis, structure and metabolism. Additionally, MG have also been shown to possess the regenerative capacity that varies across species. In teleost fish, MG respond to injury by reprogramming into stem-like cells capable of regenerating lost tissue. The expression of stem/progenitor cell markers has been demonstrated broadly in mammalian MG, including human MG, but their in vivo regenerative capacity appears evolutionarily limited. Advances in stem cell therapy have progressively elucidated critical mechanisms underlying innate MG reprogramming in teleost fish, which have shown promising results when applied to rodents. Furthermore, when cultured ex vivo, MG from mammals can differentiate into several retina cell types. In this review, we will explore the reparative and regenerative potential of MG in cellular therapy approaches, and outline our current understanding of embryonic retinal development, the stem-cell potential of MG in adult vertebrate retina (including human), and microenvironmental cues that guide MG reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Khoon Too
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P Simunovic
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Ahmed I, Johnston RJ, Singh MS. Pluripotent stem cell therapy for retinal diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1279. [PMID: 34532416 PMCID: PMC8421932 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which include human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), have been used to study development of disease processes, and as potential therapies in multiple organ systems. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of PSC-based transplantation to treat disorders of the retina in which retinal cells have been functionally damaged or lost through degeneration. The retina, which consists of neuronal tissue, provides an excellent system to test the therapeutic utility of PSC-based transplantation due to its accessibility and the availability of high-resolution imaging technology to evaluate effects. Preclinical trials in animal models of retinal diseases have shown improvement in visual outcomes following subretinal transplantation of PSC-derived photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. This review focuses on preclinical studies and clinical trials exploring the use of PSCs for retinal diseases. To date, several phase I/II clinical trials in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt disease (STGD1) have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of PSC-derived RPE transplantation. Additional phase I/II clinical trials using PSC-derived RPE or photoreceptor cells for the treatment of AMD, STGD1, and also retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are currently in the pipeline. As this field continues to evolve, additional technologies may enhance PSC-derived cell transplantation through gene-editing of autologous cells, transplantation of more complex cellular structures such as organoids, and monitoring of transplanted cells through novel imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Ahmed
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Ludwig AL, Gamm DM. Outer Retinal Cell Replacement: Putting the Pieces Together. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:15. [PMID: 34724034 PMCID: PMC8572485 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) affecting photoreceptors (PRs) are one of the most prevalent sources of incurable blindness worldwide. Due to a lack of endogenous repair mechanisms, functional cell replacement of PRs and/or retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells are among the most anticipated approaches for restoring vision in advanced RDD. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have accelerated development of outer retinal cell therapies as they provide a theoretically unlimited source of donor cells. Human PSC-RPE replacement therapies have progressed rapidly, with several completed and ongoing clinical trials. Although potentially more promising, hPSC-PR replacement therapies are still in their infancy. A first-in-human trial of hPSC-derived neuroretinal transplantation has recently begun, but a number of questions regarding survival, reproducibility, functional integration, and mechanism of action remain. The discovery of biomaterial transfer between donor and PR cells has highlighted the need for rigorous safety and efficacy studies of PR replacement. In this review, we briefly discuss the history of neuroretinal and PR cell transplantation to identify remaining challenges and outline a stepwise approach to address specific pieces of the outer retinal cell replacement puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Ludwig
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M. Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Becker SM, Tumminia SJ, Chiang MF. The NEI Audacious Goals Initiative: Advancing the Frontier of Regenerative Medicine. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 34383880 PMCID: PMC8362633 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight years since the launch of the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, real progress has been made in the effort to restore vision by replacing retinal neurons. Although challenges remain, the infrastructure, tools, and preclinical models to support clinical studies in humans are being prepared. Building on the pioneering trials that are replacing the retinal pigment epithelium, it is expected that by the end of this decade first-in-human trials for the replacement of retinal neurons will be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Becker
- Office of Regenerative Medicine, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Santa J. Tumminia
- Office of the Director, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael F. Chiang
- Office of the Director, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are an important cause of blindness worldwide. Over 270 genes have been associated with IRD. Genetic testing can determine the cause of the clinical disease in the majority of patients. However, at least 25-50% of patients with clinical diagnosis of IRD remain unsolved even after whole genome sequencing. Animal models of IRD can be useful for expanding the set of established IRD genes, to gain biological understanding of the function of these genes in the retina, and to test advanced therapeutics prior to human clinical trials. In this chapter some small and large animal models of IRD are discussed including some of the advantages and limitations of each for various forms of retinopathy.
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18
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Viringipurampeer IA, Yanai A, Nizamudheen VS, Gregory-Evans CY, Gregory-Evans K. Photoreceptor precursor cell integration into rodent retina after treatment with novel glycopeptide PKX-001. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:556-566. [PMID: 33779072 DOI: 10.1002/term.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is emerging as an important approach in novel treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Many problems remain, in particular improvements are needed in the survival of transplanted cells and increasing functional integration into host tissue. These problems arise because of immune rejection, suboptimal precursor cell type, trauma during cell transplantation, and toxic compounds released by dying tissues and nutritional deficiencies. We recently developed an ex vivo system to facilitate identification of factors contributing to the death of transplanted neuronal (photoreceptor) and showed 2.8-fold improvement in transplant cell survival after pretreatment with a novel glycopeptide (PKX-001). In this study, we extended these studies to look at cell survival, maturation, and functional integration in an in vivo rat model of rhodopsin-mutant retinitis pigmentosa causing blindness. We found that only when human photoreceptor precursor cells were preincubated with PKX-001 prior to transplantation, did the cells integrate and mature into cone photoreceptors expressing S-opsin or L/M opsin. In addition, ribbon synapses were observed in the transplanted cells suggesting they were making synaptic connections with the host tissue. Furthermore, optokinetic tracking and electroretinography responses in vivo were significantly improved compared to cell transplants without PKX-001 pre-treatment. These data demonstrate that PKX-001 promotes significant long-term stem cell survival in vivo, providing a platform for further investigation towards the clinical application to repair damaged or diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq A Viringipurampeer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye, Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anat Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye, Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vahitha S Nizamudheen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye, Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheryl Y Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye, Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye, Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Ribeiro J, Procyk CA, West EL, O'Hara-Wright M, Martins MF, Khorasani MM, Hare A, Basche M, Fernando M, Goh D, Jumbo N, Rizzi M, Powell K, Tariq M, Michaelides M, Bainbridge JWB, Smith AJ, Pearson RA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR. Restoration of visual function in advanced disease after transplantation of purified human pluripotent stem cell-derived cone photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109022. [PMID: 33882303 PMCID: PMC8065177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration and other macular diseases result in the loss of light-sensing cone photoreceptors, causing irreversible sight impairment. Photoreceptor replacement may restore vision by transplanting healthy cells, which must form new synaptic connections with the recipient retina. Despite recent advances, convincing evidence of functional connectivity arising from transplanted human cone photoreceptors in advanced retinal degeneration is lacking. Here, we show restoration of visual function after transplantation of purified human pluripotent stem cell-derived cones into a mouse model of advanced degeneration. Transplanted human cones elaborate nascent outer segments and make putative synapses with recipient murine bipolar cells (BCs), which themselves undergo significant remodeling. Electrophysiological and behavioral assessments demonstrate restoration of surprisingly complex light-evoked retinal ganglion cell responses and improved light-evoked behaviors in treated animals. Stringent controls exclude alternative explanations, including material transfer and neuroprotection. These data provide crucial validation for photoreceptor replacement therapy and for the potential to rescue cone-mediated vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Emma L West
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Monica F Martins
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Aura Hare
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mark Basche
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Milan Fernando
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Debbie Goh
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Neeraj Jumbo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Matteo Rizzi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Kate Powell
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Menahil Tariq
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Alexander J Smith
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Kellogg Eye Centre, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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20
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Schick R, Farah N, Markus A, Korngreen A, Mandel Y. Electrophysiologic Characterization of Developing Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Photoreceptor Precursors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:44. [PMID: 32991686 PMCID: PMC7533729 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Photoreceptor precursor cells (PRPs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells can serve as a source for cell replacement therapy aimed at vision restoration in patients suffering from degenerative diseases of the outer retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa and AMD. In this work, we studied the electrophysiologic maturation of PRPs throughout the differentiation process. Methods Human embryonic stem cells were differentiated into PRPs and whole-cell recordings were performed for electrophysiologic characterization at days 0, 30, 60, and 90 along with quantitative PCR analysis to characterize the expression level of various ion channels, which shape the electrophysiologic response. Finally, to characterize the electrically induced calcium currents, we employed calcium imaging (rhod4) to visualize intracellular calcium dynamics in response to electrical activation. Results Our results revealed an early and steady presence (approximately 100% of responsive cells) of the delayed potassium rectifier current. In contrast, the percentage of cells exhibiting voltage-gated sodium currents increased with maturation (from 0% to almost 90% of responsive cells at 90 days). Moreover, calcium imaging revealed the presence of voltage-gated calcium currents, which play a major role in vision formation. These results were further supported by quantitative PCR analysis, which revealed a significant and continuous (3- to 50-fold) increase in the expression of various voltage-gated channels concomitantly with the increase in the expression of the photoreceptor marker CRX. Conclusions These results can shed light on the electrophysiologic maturation of neurons in general and PRP in particular and can form the basis for devising and optimizing cell replacement-based vision restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Schick
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nairouz Farah
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos Markus
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alon Korngreen
- Faculty of Life Science and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yossi Mandel
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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21
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Oswald J, Kegeles E, Minelli T, Volchkov P, Baranov P. Transplantation of miPSC/mESC-derived retinal ganglion cells into healthy and glaucomatous retinas. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:180-198. [PMID: 33816648 PMCID: PMC7994731 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathies, including glaucoma, are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. While previous studies demonstrated the potential to replace RGCs with primary neurons from developing mouse retinas, their use is limited clinically. We demonstrate successful transplantation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (miPSC)/mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived RGCs into healthy and glaucomatous mouse retinas, at a success rate exceeding 65% and a donor cell survival window of up to 12 months. Transplanted Thy1-GFP+ RGCs were able to polarize within the host retina and formed axonal processes that followed host axons along the retinal surface and entered the optic nerve head. RNA sequencing of donor RGCs re-isolated from host retinas at 24 h and 1 week post-transplantation showed upregulation of cellular pathways mediating axonal outgrowth, extension, and guidance. Additionally, we provide evidence of subtype-specific diversity within miPSC-derived RGCs prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Evgenii Kegeles
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Tomas Minelli
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
- Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow 117036, Russia
| | - Petr Baranov
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Corresponding author: Petr Baranov, The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Role of the Internal Limiting Membrane in Structural Engraftment and Topographic Spacing of Transplanted Human Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 16:149-167. [PMID: 33382979 PMCID: PMC7897583 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement holds potential for restoring vision lost to optic neuropathy. Transplanted RGCs must undergo neuroretinal integration to receive afferent visual signals for processing and efferent transmission. To date, retinal integration following RGC transplantation has been limited. We sought to overcome key barriers to transplanted human stem cell-derived RGC integration. Following co-culture ex vivo on organotypic mouse retinal explants, human RGCs cluster and extend bundled neurites that remain superficial to the neuroretina, hindering afferent synaptogenesis. To enhance integration, we increased the cellular permeability of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Extracellular matrix digestion using proteolytic enzymes achieved ILM disruption while minimizing retinal toxicity and preserving glial reactivity. ILM disruption is associated with dispersion rather than clustering of co-cultured RGC bodies and neurites, and increased parenchymal neurite ingrowth. The ILM represents a significant obstacle to transplanted RGC connectivity and its circumvention may be necessary for functional RGC replacement.
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23
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Oliveira-Valença VM, Bosco A, Vetter ML, Silveira MS. On the Generation and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581136. [PMID: 33043015 PMCID: PMC7527462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal development follows a conserved neurogenic program in vertebrates to orchestrate the generation of specific cell types from multipotent progenitors in sequential but overlapping waves. In this program, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the first cell type generated. RGCs are the final output neurons of the retina and are essential for vision and circadian rhythm. Key molecular steps have been defined in multiple vertebrate species to regulate competence, specification, and terminal differentiation of this cell type. This involves neuronal-specific transcription factor networks, regulators of chromatin dynamics and miRNAs. In mammals, RGCs and their optic nerve axons undergo neurodegeneration and loss in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, resulting in irreversible vision loss. The incapacity of RGCs and axons to regenerate reinforces the need for the design of efficient RGC replacement strategies. Here we describe the essential molecular pathways for the differentiation of RGCs in vertebrates, as well as experimental manipulations that extend the competence window for generation of this early cell type from late progenitors. We discuss recent advances in regeneration of retinal neurons in vivo in both mouse and zebrafish and discuss possible strategies and barriers to achieving RGC regeneration as a therapeutic approach for vision restoration in blinding diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Oliveira-Valença
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mariana S Silveira
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Improving outcomes in retinal detachment: the potential role of rho-kinase inhibitors. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2020; 31:192-198. [PMID: 32235252 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Retinal detachment initiates a series of events that lead to degenerative changes in retinal synaptic architecture as well as the well-known phenomena of gliosis and photoreceptor apoptosis. Retinal reattachment does not always result in complete visual recovery, even if the fovea is not directly involved in the detachment. Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors may mitigate some of these deleterious changes including disruption of synaptic architecture, photoreceptor apoptosis, and initiation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition that characterizes proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This review focuses on the use of ROCK inhibitors to modulate synaptic disjunction. RECENT FINDINGS ROCK inhibition prevents retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor synaptic terminal retraction (i.e., synaptic disjunction), thereby diminishing the damage of the first synapse in the visual pathway. ROCK inhibition also reduces retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and suppresses PVR progression in preclinical models. SUMMARY Inhibition of ROCK may help to optimize visual recovery after retinal detachment surgery or iatrogenic detachments during cell transplantation or viral subretinal injection and might play a role in reducing the risk of PVR after retinal detachment surgery.
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25
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Lam PT, Gutierrez C, Del Rio-Tsonis K, Robinson ML. Generation of a Retina Reporter hiPSC Line to Label Progenitor, Ganglion, and Photoreceptor Cell Types. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32714647 PMCID: PMC7352077 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Early in mammalian eye development, VSX2, BRN3b, and RCVRN expression marks neural retinal progenitors (NRPs), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and photoreceptors (PRs), respectively. The ability to create retinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great potential for modeling both human retinal development and retinal disease. However, no methods allowing the simultaneous, real-time monitoring of multiple specific retinal cell types during development currently exist. Methods CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) in hiPSCs facilitated the replacement of the VSX2 (Progenitor), BRN3b (Ganglion), and RCVRN (Photoreceptor) stop codons with sequences encoding a viral P2A peptide fused to Cerulean, green fluorescent protein, and mCherry reporter genes, respectively, to generate a triple transgenic reporter hiPSC line called PGP1. This was accomplished by co-electroporating HDR templates and sgRNA/Cas9 vectors into hiPSCs followed by antibiotic selection. Functional validation of the PGP1 hiPSC line included the ability to generate retinal organoids, with all major retinal cell types, displaying the expression of the three fluorescent reporters consistent with the onset of target gene expression. Disaggregated organoids were also analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescent populations were tested for the expression of the targeted gene. Results Retinal organoids formed from the PGP1 line expressed appropriate fluorescent proteins consistent with the differentiation of NRPs, RGCs, and PRs. Organoids produced from the PGP1 line expressed transcripts consistent with the development of all major retinal cell types. Conclusions and Translational Relevance The PGP1 line offers a powerful new tool to study retinal development, retinal reprogramming, and therapeutic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Lam
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Robinson
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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26
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Ahmad I, Teotia P, Erickson H, Xia X. Recapitulating developmental mechanisms for retinal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100824. [PMID: 31843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of specific retinal neurons in diseases like glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, there is no therapy to modify the disease-associated degenerative changes. With the advancement in our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the development of the vertebrate retina, the approach to treat blinding diseases through regenerative medicine appears a near possibility. Recapitulation of developmental mechanisms is critical for reproducibly generating cells in either 2D or 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells for retinal repair and disease modeling. It is the key for unlocking the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in the adult retina for therapeutic regeneration. Here, we examine the current status and potential of the regenerative medicine approach for the retina in the backdrop of developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Erickson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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27
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Martin JF, Poché RA. Awakening the regenerative potential of the mammalian retina. Development 2019; 146:146/23/dev182642. [PMID: 31792065 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As with all glial cells, the major role of retinal Müller glia (MG) is to provide essential neuronal support. However, the MG of some non-mammalian species have the additional ability to generate new retinal neurons capable of sight restoration. Unfortunately, mammalian MG do not possess this ability. However, if we could understand the reasons why, we may be able to devise strategies to confer regenerative potential. The recent discovery that the Hippo signaling pathway acts as an intrinsic block to mammalian MG proliferation, along with reports of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based MG reprogramming and functional photoreceptor differentiation, may indicate a watershed moment in the field of mammalian retinal regeneration. However, as researchers delve deeper into the cellular and molecular mechanisms, and further refine MG reprogramming strategies, we should recall past misinterpretations of data in this field and proceed with caution. Here, we provide a summary of these emerging data and a discussion of technical concerns specific to AAV-mediated reprogramming experiments that must be addressed in order for the field to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Cardiovasular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Heart Institute, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Garita-Hernandez M, Lampič M, Chaffiol A, Guibbal L, Routet F, Santos-Ferreira T, Gasparini S, Borsch O, Gagliardi G, Reichman S, Picaud S, Sahel JA, Goureau O, Ader M, Dalkara D, Duebel J. Restoration of visual function by transplantation of optogenetically engineered photoreceptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4524. [PMID: 31586094 PMCID: PMC6778196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases, with the transplantation of replacement photoreceptors, is the difficulty in inducing the grafted cells to grow and maintain light sensitive outer segments in the host retina, which depends on proper interaction with the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, for an RPE-independent treatment approach, we introduce a hyperpolarizing microbial opsin into photoreceptor precursors from newborn mice, and transplant them into blind mice lacking the photoreceptor layer. These optogenetically-transformed photoreceptors are light responsive and their transplantation leads to the recovery of visual function, as shown by ganglion cell recordings and behavioral tests. Subsequently, we generate cone photoreceptors from human induced pluripotent stem cells, expressing the chloride pump Jaws. After transplantation into blind mice, we observe light-driven responses at the photoreceptor and ganglion cell levels. These results demonstrate that structural and functional retinal repair is possible by combining stem cell therapy and optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maruša Lampič
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Chaffiol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Laure Guibbal
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Routet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvia Gasparini
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, CMCB, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Borsch
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, CMCB, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuliana Gagliardi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Marius Ader
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, CMCB, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Jens Duebel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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29
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Rocha-Martins M, de Toledo BC, Santos-França PL, Oliveira-Valença VM, Vieira-Vieira CH, Matos-Rodrigues GE, Linden R, Norden C, Martins RAP, Silveira MS. De novo genesis of retinal ganglion cells by targeted expression of Klf4 in vivo. Development 2019; 146:dev.176586. [PMID: 31405994 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is a hallmark of glaucoma, the most prevalent cause of irreversible blindness. Thus, therapeutic strategies are needed to protect and replace these projection neurons. One innovative approach is to promote de novo genesis of RGCs via manipulation of endogenous cell sources. Here, we demonstrate that the pluripotency regulator gene Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is sufficient to change the potency of lineage-restricted retinal progenitor cells to generate RGCs in vivo Transcriptome analysis disclosed that the overexpression of Klf4 induces crucial regulators of RGC competence and specification, including Atoh7 and Eya2 In contrast, loss-of-function studies in mice and zebrafish demonstrated that Klf4 is not essential for generation or differentiation of RGCs during retinogenesis. Nevertheless, induced RGCs (iRGCs) generated upon Klf4 overexpression migrate to the proper layer and project axons aligned with endogenous fascicles that reach the optic nerve head. Notably, iRGCs survive for up to 30 days after in vivo generation. We identified Klf4 as a promising candidate for reprogramming retinal cells and regenerating RGCs in the retina.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Rocha-Martins
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Beatriz C de Toledo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Santos-França
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Oliveira-Valença
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Vieira-Vieira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Silveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Photoreceptor cell replacement in macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa: A pluripotent stem cell-based approach. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 71:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Tsai ELS, Ortin-Martinez A, Gurdita A, Comanita L, Yan N, Smiley S, Delplace V, Shoichet MS, Nickerson PEB, Wallace VA. Modeling of Photoreceptor Donor-Host Interaction Following Transplantation Reveals a Role for Crx, Müller Glia, and Rho/ROCK Signaling in Neurite Outgrowth. Stem Cells 2019; 37:529-541. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En L. S. Tsai
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Akshay Gurdita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lacrimioara Comanita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Yan
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila Smiley
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vianney Delplace
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Philip E. B. Nickerson
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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32
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Léveillard T, Klipfel L. Mechanisms Underlying the Visual Benefit of Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030557. [PMID: 30696106 PMCID: PMC6387096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of retinal cells has been studied in animals to establish proof of its potential benefit for the treatment of blinding diseases. Photoreceptor precursors have been grafted in animal models of Mendelian-inherited retinal degenerations, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells have been used to restore visual function in animal models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and recently in patients. Cell therapy over corrective gene therapy in inherited retinal degeneration can overcome the genetic heterogeneity by providing one treatment for all genetic forms of the diseases. In AMD, the existence of multiple risk alleles precludes a priori the use of corrective gene therapy. Mechanistically, the experiments of photoreceptor precursor transplantation reveal the importance of cytoplasmic material exchange between the grafted cells and the host cells for functional rescue, an unsuspected mechanism and novel concept. For transplantation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells, the mechanisms behind the therapeutic benefit are only partially understood, and clinical trials are ongoing. The fascinating studies that describe the development of methodologies to produce cells to be grafted and demonstrate the functional benefit for vision are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Klipfel
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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33
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Gasparini SJ, Llonch S, Borsch O, Ader M. Transplantation of photoreceptors into the degenerative retina: Current state and future perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 69:1-37. [PMID: 30445193 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian retina displays no intrinsic regenerative capacities, therefore retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinitis pigmentosa (RP) result in a permanent loss of the light-sensing photoreceptor cells. The degeneration of photoreceptors leads to vision impairment and, in later stages, complete blindness. Several therapeutic strategies have been developed to slow down or prevent further retinal degeneration, however a definitive cure i.e. replacement of the lost photoreceptors, has not yet been established. Cell-based treatment approaches, by means of photoreceptor transplantation, have been studied in pre-clinical animal models over the last three decades. The introduction of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids represents, in principle, an unlimited source for the generation of transplantable human photoreceptors. However, safety, immunological and reproducibility-related issues regarding the use of such cells still need to be solved. Moreover, the recent finding of cytoplasmic material transfer between donor and host photoreceptors demands reinterpretation of several former transplantation studies. At the same time, material transfer between healthy donor and dysfunctional patient photoreceptors also offers a potential alternative strategy for therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the history and current state of photoreceptor transplantation, the techniques used to assess rescue of visual function, the prerequisites for effective transplantation as well as the main roadblocks, including safety and immune response to the graft, that need to be overcome for successful clinical translation of photoreceptor transplantation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia J Gasparini
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sílvia Llonch
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Borsch
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Jin ZB, Gao ML, Deng WL, Wu KC, Sugita S, Mandai M, Takahashi M. Stemming retinal regeneration with pluripotent stem cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 69:38-56. [PMID: 30419340 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising treatment for irreversible retinal cell death in diverse diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Stargardt's disease, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and glaucoma. These diseases are all characterized by the degeneration of one or two retinal cell types that cannot regenerate spontaneously in humans. Aberrant retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells can be observed through optical coherence tomography (OCT) in AMD patients. In RP patients, the morphological and functional abnormalities of RPE and photoreceptor layers are caused by a genetic abnormality. Stargardt's disease or juvenile macular degeneration, which is characterized by the loss of the RPE and photoreceptors in the macular area, causes central vision loss at an early age. Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be observed in patients with glaucoma. Once the retinal cell degeneration is triggered, no treatments can reverse it. Transplantation-based approaches have been proposed as a universal therapy to target patients with various concomitant diseases. Both the replacement of dead cells and neuroprotection are strategies used to rescue visual function in animal models of retinal degeneration. Diverse retinal cell types derived from pluripotent stem cells, including RPE cells, photoreceptors, RGCs and even retinal organoids with a layered structure, provide unlimited cell sources for transplantation. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multifunctional and protect degenerating retinal cells. The aim of this review is to summarize current findings from preclinical and clinical studies. We begin with a brief introduction to retinal degenerative diseases and cell death in diverse diseases, followed by methods for retinal cell generation. Preclinical and clinical studies are discussed, and future concerns about efficacy, safety and immunorejection are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Optometry & Visual Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Mei-Ling Gao
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Optometry & Visual Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wen-Li Deng
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Optometry & Visual Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Kun-Chao Wu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Optometry & Visual Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Sunao Sugita
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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