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Heindorf M, Keller GB. Antipsychotic drugs selectively decorrelate long-range interactions in deep cortical layers. eLife 2024; 12:RP86805. [PMID: 38578678 PMCID: PMC10997332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is characterized by a diminished ability of the brain to distinguish externally driven activity patterns from self-generated activity patterns. Antipsychotic drugs are a class of small molecules with relatively broad binding affinity for a variety of neuromodulator receptors that, in humans, can prevent or ameliorate psychosis. How these drugs influence the function of cortical circuits, and in particular their ability to distinguish between externally and self-generated activity patterns, is still largely unclear. To have experimental control over self-generated sensory feedback, we used a virtual reality environment in which the coupling between movement and visual feedback can be altered. We then used widefield calcium imaging to determine the cell type-specific functional effects of antipsychotic drugs in mouse dorsal cortex under different conditions of visuomotor coupling. By comparing cell type-specific activation patterns between locomotion onsets that were experimentally coupled to self-generated visual feedback and locomotion onsets that were not coupled, we show that deep cortical layers were differentially activated in these two conditions. We then show that the antipsychotic drug clozapine disrupted visuomotor integration at locomotion onsets also primarily in deep cortical layers. Given that one of the key components of visuomotor integration in cortex is long-range cortico-cortical connections, we tested whether the effect of clozapine was detectable in the correlation structure of activity patterns across dorsal cortex. We found that clozapine as well as two other antipsychotic drugs, aripiprazole and haloperidol, resulted in a strong reduction in correlations of layer 5 activity between cortical areas and impaired the spread of visuomotor prediction errors generated in visual cortex. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that a major functional effect of antipsychotic drugs is a selective alteration of long-range layer 5-mediated communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heindorf
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Georg B Keller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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2
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Pal S, Lim JWC, Richards LJ. Diverse axonal morphologies of individual callosal projection neurons reveal new insights into brain connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102837. [PMID: 38271848 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In the mature brain, functionally distinct areas connect to specific targets, mediating network activity required for function. New insights are still occurring regarding how specific connectivity occurs in the developing brain. Decades of work have revealed important insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating cell type specification in the brain. This work classified long-range projection neurons of the cerebral cortex into three major classes based on their primary target (e.g. subcortical, intracortical, and interhemispheric projections). However, painstaking single-cell mapping reveals that long-range projection neurons of the corpus callosum connect to multiple and overlapping ipsilateral and contralateral targets with often highly branched axons. In addition, their scRNA transcriptomes are highly variable, making it difficult to identify meaningful subclasses. This work has prompted us to reexamine how cortical projection neurons that comprise the corpus callosum are currently classified and how this stunning array of variability might be achieved during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Pal
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. https://twitter.com/PalSuranjana
| | - Jonathan W C Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Linda J Richards
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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Timonidis N, Bakker R, Rubio-Teves M, Alonso-Martínez C, Garcia-Amado M, Clascá F, Tiesinga PHE. Translating single-neuron axonal reconstructions into meso-scale connectivity statistics in the mouse somatosensory thalamus. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1272243. [PMID: 38107469 PMCID: PMC10722239 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1272243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the connectomic and morphological diversity of thalamic neurons is key for better understanding how the thalamus relays sensory inputs to the cortex. The recent public release of complete single-neuron morphological reconstructions enables the analysis of previously inaccessible connectivity patterns from individual neurons. Here we focus on the Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) nucleus and characterize the full diversity of 257 VPM neurons, obtained by combining data from the MouseLight and Braintell projects. Neurons were clustered according to their most dominantly targeted cortical area and further subdivided by their jointly targeted areas. We obtained a 2D embedding of morphological diversity using the dissimilarity between all pairs of axonal trees. The curved shape of the embedding allowed us to characterize neurons by a 1-dimensional coordinate. The coordinate values were aligned both with the progression of soma position along the dorsal-ventral and lateral-medial axes and with that of axonal terminals along the posterior-anterior and medial-lateral axes, as well as with an increase in the number of branching points, distance from soma and branching width. Taken together, we have developed a novel workflow for linking three challenging aspects of connectomics, namely the topography, higher order connectivity patterns and morphological diversity, with VPM as a test-case. The workflow is linked to a unified access portal that contains the morphologies and integrated with 2D cortical flatmap and subcortical visualization tools. The workflow and resulting processed data have been made available in Python, and can thus be used for modeling and experimentally validating new hypotheses on thalamocortical connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Timonidis
- Neuroinformatics Department, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rembrandt Bakker
- Neuroinformatics Department, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mario Rubio-Teves
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Martínez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Amado
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Paul H. E. Tiesinga
- Neuroinformatics Department, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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4
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Yang W, Kanodia H, Arber S. Structural and functional map for forelimb movement phases between cortex and medulla. Cell 2023; 186:162-177.e18. [PMID: 36608651 PMCID: PMC9842395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortex influences movement by widespread top-down projections to many nervous system regions. Skilled forelimb movements require brainstem circuitry in the medulla; however, the logic of cortical interactions with these neurons remains unexplored. Here, we reveal a fine-grained anatomical and functional map between anterior cortex (AC) and medulla in mice. Distinct cortical regions generate three-dimensional synaptic columns tiling the lateral medulla, topographically matching the dorso-ventral positions of postsynaptic neurons tuned to distinct forelimb action phases. Although medial AC (MAC) terminates ventrally and connects to forelimb-reaching-tuned neurons and its silencing impairs reaching, lateral AC (LAC) influences dorsally positioned neurons tuned to food handling, and its silencing impairs handling. Cortico-medullary neurons also extend collaterals to other subcortical structures through a segregated channel interaction logic. Our findings reveal a precise alignment between cortical location, its function, and specific forelimb-action-tuned medulla neurons, thereby clarifying interaction principles between these two key structures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Yang
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harsh Kanodia
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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Morita K, Shimomura K, Kawaguchi Y. Opponent Learning with Different Representations in the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0422-22.2023. [PMID: 36653187 PMCID: PMC9884109 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0422-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia (BG) have been suggested to learn mainly from positive and negative feedbacks, respectively. Since these pathways unevenly receive inputs from different cortical neuron types and/or regions, they may preferentially use different state/action representations. We explored whether such a combined use of different representations, coupled with different learning rates from positive and negative reward prediction errors (RPEs), has computational benefits. We modeled animal as an agent equipped with two learning systems, each of which adopted individual representation (IR) or successor representation (SR) of states. With varying the combination of IR or SR and also the learning rates from positive and negative RPEs in each system, we examined how the agent performed in a dynamic reward navigation task. We found that combination of SR-based system learning mainly from positive RPEs and IR-based system learning mainly from negative RPEs could achieve a good performance in the task, as compared with other combinations. In such a combination of appetitive SR-based and aversive IR-based systems, both systems show activities of comparable magnitudes with opposite signs, consistent with the suggested profiles of the two BG pathways. Moreover, the architecture of such a combination provides a novel coherent explanation for the functional significance and underlying mechanism of diverse findings about the cortico-BG circuits. These results suggest that particularly combining different representations with appetitive and aversive learning could be an effective learning strategy in certain dynamic environments, and it might actually be implemented in the cortico-BG circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Morita
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanji Shimomura
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida 194-8610, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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6
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Im S, Ueta Y, Otsuka T, Morishima M, Youssef M, Hirai Y, Kobayashi K, Kaneko R, Morita K, Kawaguchi Y. Corticocortical innervation subtypes of layer 5 intratelencephalic cells in the murine secondary motor cortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:50-67. [PMID: 35396593 PMCID: PMC9758586 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback projections from the secondary motor cortex (M2) to the primary motor and sensory cortices are essential for behavior selection and sensory perception. Intratelencephalic (IT) cells in layer 5 (L5) contribute feedback projections to diverse cortical areas. Here we show that L5 IT cells participating in feedback connections to layer 1 (L1) exhibit distinct projection patterns, genetic profiles, and electrophysiological properties relative to other L5 IT cells. An analysis of the MouseLight database found that L5 IT cells preferentially targeting L1 project broadly to more cortical regions, including the perirhinal and auditory cortices, and innervate a larger volume of striatum than the other L5 IT cells. We found experimentally that in upper L5 (L5a), ER81 (ETV1) was found more often in L1-preferring IT cells, and in IT cells projecting to perirhinal/auditory regions than those projecting to primary motor or somatosensory regions. The perirhinal region-projecting L5a IT cells were synaptically connected to each other and displayed lower input resistance than contra-M2 projecting IT cells including L1-preferring and nonpreferring cells. Our findings suggest that M2-L5a IT L1-preferring cells exhibit stronger ER81 expression and broader cortical/striatal projection fields than do cells that do not preferentially target L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Im
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otsuka
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mieko Morishima
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan
| | - Mohammed Youssef
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan,KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Morita
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Corresponding author: Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University Machida, Tokyo 1948610, Japan.
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7
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Rubio-Teves M, Díez-Hermano S, Porrero C, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Prensa L, Clascá F, García-Amado M, Villacorta-Atienza JA. Benchmarking of tools for axon length measurement in individually-labeled projection neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009051. [PMID: 34879058 PMCID: PMC8824366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Projection neurons are the commonest neuronal type in the mammalian forebrain and their individual characterization is a crucial step to understand how neural circuitry operates. These cells have an axon whose arborizations extend over long distances, branching in complex patterns and/or in multiple brain regions. Axon length is a principal estimate of the functional impact of the neuron, as it directly correlates with the number of synapses formed by the axon in its target regions; however, its measurement by direct 3D axonal tracing is a slow and labor-intensive method. On the contrary, axon length estimations have been recently proposed as an effective and accessible alternative, allowing a fast approach to the functional significance of the single neuron. Here, we analyze the accuracy and efficiency of the most used length estimation tools—design-based stereology by virtual planes or spheres, and mathematical correction of the 2D projected-axon length—in contrast with direct measurement, to quantify individual axon length. To this end, we computationally simulated each tool, applied them over a dataset of 951 3D-reconstructed axons (from NeuroMorpho.org), and compared the generated length values with their 3D reconstruction counterparts. The evaluated reliability of each axon length estimation method was then balanced with the required human effort, experience and know-how, and economic affordability. Subsequently, computational results were contrasted with measurements performed on actual brain tissue sections. We show that the plane-based stereological method balances acceptable errors (~5%) with robustness to biases, whereas the projection-based method, despite its accuracy, is prone to inherent biases when implemented in the laboratory. This work, therefore, aims to provide a constructive benchmark to help guide the selection of the most efficient method for measuring specific axonal morphologies according to the particular circumstances of the conducted research. Characterization of single neurons is a crucial step to understand how neural circuitry operates. Visualization of individual neurons is feasible thanks to labelling techniques that allow precise measurements at cellular resolution. This milestone gave access to powerful estimators of the functional impact of a neuron, such as axon length. Although techniques relying on direct 3D reconstruction of individual axons are the gold standard, handiness and accessibility are still an issue. Indirect estimations of axon length have been proposed as agile and effective alternatives, each offering different solutions to the accuracy-cost tradeoff. In this work we report a computational benchmarking between three experimental tools used for axon length estimation on brain tissue sections. Performance of each tool was simulated and tested for 951 3D-reconstructed axons, by comparing estimated axon lengths against direct measurements. Assessment of suitability to different research and funding circumstances is also provided, taking into consideration factors such as training expertise, economic cost and required equipment, alongside methodological results. These findings could be an important reference for research on neuronal wiring, as well as for broader studies involving neuroanatomical and neural circuit modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rubio-Teves
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díez-Hermano
- Department of Biodiversity, ecology and evolution, Biomathematics Unit, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Porrero
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Biodiversity, ecology and evolution, Biomathematics Unit, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Prensa
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Amado
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Villacorta-Atienza
- Department of Biodiversity, ecology and evolution, Biomathematics Unit, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Corticospinal populations broadcast complex motor signals to coordinated spinal and striatal circuits. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1721-1732. [PMID: 34737448 PMCID: PMC8639707 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many models of motor control emphasize the role of sensorimotor cortex in movement, principally through the projections that corticospinal neurons (CSNs) make to the spinal cord. Additionally, CSNs possess expansive supraspinal axon collaterals, the functional organization of which is largely unknown. Using anatomical and electrophysiological circuit-mapping techniques in the mouse, we reveal dorsolateral striatum as the preeminent target of CSN collateral innervation. We found that this innervation is biased so that CSNs targeting different striatal pathways show biased targeting of spinal cord circuits. Contrary to more conventional perspectives, CSNs encode not only individual movements, but also information related to the onset and offset of motor sequences. Furthermore, similar activity patterns are broadcast by CSN populations targeting different striatal circuits. Our results reveal a logic of coordinated connectivity between forebrain and spinal circuits, where separate CSN modules broadcast similarly complex information to downstream circuits, suggesting that differences in postsynaptic connectivity dictate motor specificity.
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