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Legarda SB, Michas-Martin PA, McDermott D. Managing Intractable Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Nonsurgical Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:894781. [PMID: 35880105 PMCID: PMC9308006 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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2
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Schilder BM, Navarro E, Raj T. Multi-omic insights into Parkinson's Disease: From genetic associations to functional mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105580. [PMID: 34871738 PMCID: PMC10101343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have elucidated the genetic components of Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, because the vast majority of GWAS association signals fall within non-coding regions, translating these results into an interpretable, mechanistic understanding of the disease etiology remains a major challenge in the field. In this review, we provide an overview of the approaches to prioritize putative causal variants and genes as well as summarise the primary findings of previous studies. We then discuss recent efforts to integrate multi-omics data to identify likely pathogenic cell types and biological pathways implicated in PD pathogenesis. We have compiled full summary statistics of cell-type, tissue, and phentoype enrichment analyses from multiple studies of PD GWAS and provided them in a standardized format as a resource for the research community (https://github.com/RajLabMSSM/PD_omics_review). Finally, we discuss the experimental, computational, and conceptual advances that will be necessary to fully elucidate the effects of functional variants and genes on cellular dysregulation and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Schilder
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Elisa Navarro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Sección Departamental de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Towfique Raj
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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3
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Fiorilli G, Quinzi F, Buonsenso A, Casazza G, Manni L, Parisi A, Di Costanzo A, Calcagno G, Soligo M, di Cagno A. A Single Session of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Increases Muscle Strength, Endurance and proNGF in Early Parkinson Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5499. [PMID: 34065571 PMCID: PMC8161270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients lead a sedentary lifestyle, being unable or unwilling to exercise conventionally, due to physical and mental limitations. The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of a single session of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on the physical performances and serum levels of the neurotrophic factors in PD patients. Ten subjects (aged 72.60 ± 6.82) underwent 20 min of physical activity with superimposed WB-EMS and, after four weeks, the same protocol with no WB-EMS. WB-EMS was conducted with intermittent stimulation, with 4 s WB-EMS/4 s rest, at 85 Hz, 350 μs. A physical fitness assessment and blood samples collection, to evaluate neurotrophic factors' levels (BDNF, FGF21, proNGF, mNGF), were collected before and after the intervention. The RM-ANOVA showed significant improvements in sit-to-stand (p < 0.01), arm curl (p < 0.01), handgrip (p < 0.01) and soda pop test (p < 0.01) after the WB-EMS intervention. Higher proNFG serum levels were observed in the WB-EMS condition compared to the no WB-EMS after 60 min post-intervention (p = 0.0163). The effect of WB-EMS confirmed the electrostimulation ability to modulate the proNGF quantity. The positive impact of the WB-EMS protocol on physical functioning, and eye-hand coordination, makes this intervention a promising strategy to improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Federico Quinzi
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00197 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (A.P.); (A.d.C.)
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Giusy Casazza
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Luigi Manni
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00197 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (A.P.); (A.d.C.)
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00197 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (A.P.); (A.d.C.)
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4
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van Wegen EEH, Hirsch MA, van de Berg WDJ, Vriend C, Rietberg MB, Newman MA, Vanbellingen T, van den Heuvel OA. High-Intensity Interval Cycle Ergometer Training in Parkinson's Disease: Protocol for Identifying Individual Response Patterns Using a Single-Subject Research Design. Front Neurol 2020; 11:569880. [PMID: 33193011 PMCID: PMC7642485 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.569880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: People with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience not only motor problems but also non-motor problems that seriously impede their daily functioning and quality of life. The current pharmacologic treatment of PD is symptomatic, and alternative rehabilitation treatments, which preferably also have a disease-modifying effect and promote neuroplasticity, are needed. Recent studies suggest that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is promising for promoting neuroplasticity in human PD, with short training time and reduced burden. Biomarkers for neuroplasticity such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurodegeneration (including neurofilament NfL and α-synuclein) may play a role, but their response to HIIT is not well-investigated. Objectives: The aims of this study were (1) to study the effects of 4 weeks of HIIT compared with 4 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on motor and non-motor outcomes of PD and (2) to investigate the association between HIIT, motor/non-motor performances changes, and blood biomarker levels for neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. Study Design: Single-subject research design with alternating treatment setup (ABACA) and frequent repeated measurements was used. Each participant received different intervention conditions (B/C) interspersed with baseline periods (A, i.e., ABACA or ACABA), and frequent repeated assessment of outcome measures is done to quantify within-subject, individual response patterns with sufficient power for data analysis. Blood samples were collected once a week in the baseline and training phases (A1 and B/C) and once every 2 weeks in the washout phases (A2 and A3). Intervention: Four subjects with PD on stable dopaminergic medication, two in Hoehn–Yahr stage 1–2, and two in Hoehn–Yahr stage 2.5–3 followed an ABACA or ACABA schedule, consisting of blocks with 30-min sessions of “B” (HIIT) or 50-min sessions of “C” [continuous aerobic exercise (CAE)] 3×/week for 4 weeks, separated by baseline “A” periods of 8 weeks for a total duration of 28 weeks. Outcome Measures: Outcome measures include disease status [Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)], blood biomarkers (BDNF, Nfl, and α-synuclein), measures for functional mobility (including an activity tracker), and activities of daily living, as well as cognition, mood, biorhythm (sleeping problems), and quality of life. Data Analysis: Visual analysis of trends in level, slope, and variability in response patterns was carried out, confirmed by longitudinal regression analysis with phase (ABACA) as the independent variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin E H van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hirsch
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc B Rietberg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicines, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark A Newman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland.,Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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6
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Diederich NJ, Uchihara T, Grillner S, Goetz CG. The Evolution-Driven Signature of Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:475-492. [PMID: 32499047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we approach Parkinson's disease (PD) in the context of an evolutionary mismatch of central nervous system functions. The neurons at risk have hyperbranched axons, extensive transmitter release sites, display spontaneous spiking, and elevated mitochondrial stress. They function in networks largely unchanged throughout vertebrate evolution, but now connecting to the expanded human cortex. Their breakdown is favoured by longevity. At the cellular level, mitochondrial dysfunction starts at the synapses, then involves axons and cell bodies. At the behavioural level, network dysfunctions provoke the core motor syndrome of parkinsonism including freezing and failed gait automatization, and non-motor deficits including inactive blindsight and autonomic dysregulation. The proposed evolutionary re-interpretation of PD-prone cellular phenotypes and of prototypical clinical symptoms allows a new conceptual framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, L-1210 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Neurology Clinic with Neuromorphomics Laboratory, Nitobe-Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo 164-8607, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Wang X, Geng X, Li M, Xie J, Chen D, Han H, Meng X, Yao X, Zhang H, Gao Y, Chang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang M. Electrophysiological and Neurochemical Considerations of Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Rat Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Their Responsiveness Following 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1034. [PMID: 31616246 PMCID: PMC6775246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is composed of a morphologically and neurochemically heterogeneous population of neurons, which is severely affected by Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the role of each subtype of neurons within the PPN in the pathophysiology of PD has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we present the discharge profiles of three classified subtypes of PPN neurons and their alterations after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. Following 6-OHDA lesion, the spike timing of the Type II (GABAergic) and Type III (glutamatergic) neurons had phase-lock with the oscillations in the delta and beta band frequency range in the PPN, respectively. Morphological evidence has shown distinct alteration in three kinds of neurons after 6-OHDA lesion. These findings revealed that the changes in the firing characteristics of neurons in PPN in hemi-parkinsonism rats are closely associated with damaged neuronal morphology, which would make contributions to the divergence of dysfunctions in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiwen Geng
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Advanced Material Genome Innovation Team, Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Dadian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,School of Nursing, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongli Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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8
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Santos SF, de Oliveira HL, Yamada ES, Neves BC, Pereira A. The Gut and Parkinson's Disease-A Bidirectional Pathway. Front Neurol 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 31214110 PMCID: PMC6558190 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fonseca Santos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Hadassa Loth de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Sumi Yamada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cruz Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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9
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Diederich NJ, James Surmeier D, Uchihara T, Grillner S, Goetz CG. Parkinson's disease: Is it a consequence of human brain evolution? Mov Disord 2019; 34:453-459. [PMID: 30759321 PMCID: PMC6593760 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Neurology Clinic with Neuromorphomics Laboratory, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030719. [PMID: 30743990 PMCID: PMC6386829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect around one billion people worldwide. They can arise from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A progressive neurodegenerative process and neuroinflammation occur, and no current therapies can prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. To date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and the discovery of new targets and novel therapies are of upmost importance. Neurodegenerative diseases, like in other age-related disorders, the progression of pathology begins many years before the onset of symptoms. Many efforts in this field have led to the conclusion that exits some similar events among these diseases that can explain why the aging brain is so vulnerable to suffer neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge about these diseases by summarizing the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes and consequences, and the proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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11
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Larijani B, Goodarzi P, Payab M, Tayanloo-Beik A, Sarvari M, Gholami M, Gilany K, Nasli-Esfahani E, Yarahmadi M, Ghaderi F, Arjmand B. The Design and Application of an Appropriate Parkinson's Disease Animal Model in Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1341:89-105. [PMID: 31485993 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aging as an inevitable and complex physiological process occurs through a progressive decrease in the potential of tissue regeneration. Given the increasing global outbreak of aging and age-related disorders, it is important to control this phenomenon. Parkinson's disease (one of the age-related neurodegenerative and progressive disorders) resulted from predominant dopaminergic neurons deficiency. Usual Parkinson's disease treatments just can lead to symptomatically relieving. Recently, cell therapy and regenerative medicine a great promise in the treatment of several types of disorders including Parkinson's disease. Herein, before starting clinical trials, preclinical studies should be performed to answer some fundamental questions about the safety and efficacy of various treatments. Additionally, developing a well-designed and approved study is required to provide an appropriate animal model with strongly reliable validation methods. Hereupon, this review will discuss about the design and application of an appropriate Parkinson's disease animal model in regenerative medicine. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In order to conduct the present review, numbers of Parkinson's disease preclinical studies, as well as literatures related to the animal modeling, were considered. RESULTS Appropriate animal models which approved by related authorize committees should have a high similarity to humans from anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and genetic characteristics view of point. CONCLUSION It is concluded that animal studies before starting clinical trials have an important role in answering the crucial questions about the various treatments safety and efficacy. Therein, it is recommended that all of animal modeling stages be assessed by animal ethics and welfare guidelines and also evaluated by different validation tests. However, it is better to find some alternatives to replacement, refinement, and, reduction of animals. Nowadays, some novel technologies such as using imaging methods have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Goodarzi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Payab
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sarvari
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Yarahmadi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Ghaderi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Fox M. 'Evolutionary medicine' perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease: Review and new directions. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:140-148. [PMID: 30059789 PMCID: PMC6195455 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolution by natural selection eliminates maladaptive traits from a species, and yet Alzheimer's Disease (AD) persists with rapidly increasing prevalence globally. This apparent paradox begs an explanation within the framework of evolutionary sciences. Here, I summarize and critique previously proposed theories to explain human susceptibility to AD, grouped into 8 distinct hypotheses based on the concepts of novel extension of the lifespan; lack of selective pressure during the post-reproductive phase; antagonistic pleiotropy; rapid brain evolution; delayed neuropathy by selection for grandmothering; novel alleles selected to delay neuropathy; by-product of selection against cardiovascular disease; and thrifty genotype. Subsequently, I describe a new hypothesis inspired by the concept of mismatched environments. Many of the factors that enhance AD risk today may have been absent or functioned differently before the modern era, potentially making AD a less common affliction for age-matched individuals before industrialization and for the majority of human history. Future research is needed to further explore whether changes in environments and lifestyles across human history moderate risk factors and susceptibility to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, Zhang P, Zhao C, Min J, Wang F. Association of Levels of Physical Activity With Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e182421. [PMID: 30646166 PMCID: PMC6324511 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The association between physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) has been increasingly recognized. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative dose-response association between physical activity and PD risk has not been performed previously. OBJECTIVE To quantify the dose-response association between physical activity and the risk of developing PD. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published through February 2018 reporting the association between physical activity and PD risk. STUDY SELECTION Prospective studies that examined the association between physical activity and PD risk were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted independently by 2 investigators. Adjusted risk estimates were extracted and pooled using a random-effects model. The study adhered to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was the incidence of PD diagnoses confirmed by the treating neurologists or the authoritative medical records. RESULTS Eight prospective studies totaling 544 336 participants included 2192 patients with PD with a median (range) follow-up period of 12 (6.1-22.0) years were identified. A significantly reduced risk of PD was associated with the highest levels of either total physical activity (relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.91) or moderate to vigorous physical activity (relative risk, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.87), with stronger associations among men than among women. In contrast, light physical activity was not associated with PD risk (relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.60-1.23). The dose-response analysis revealed that for each 10 metabolic equivalent of task-hours/week increase in total or moderate to vigorous physical activity, the risk of PD among men decreased by 10% and 17%, respectively. No linear dose-response association was found between physical activity and PD risk among women. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This analysis revealed an inverse dose-response association between physical activity and PD risk among men; importantly, even moderate exercise was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of PD. Future studies with quantified measurements of physical activity will help identify the precise relative risk estimates for various levels of activity with respect to PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexian Fang
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Han
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxia Min
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- School of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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