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Frydrychowicz M, Telec M, Anioła J, Kazmierski R, Chowaniec H, Dworacki G, Wojtasz I, Kozubski W, Łukasik M. The Alteration of Circulating Invariant Natural Killer T, γδT, and Natural Killer Cells after Ischemic Stroke in Relation to Clinical Outcomes: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Cells 2024; 13:1401. [PMID: 39195289 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive response occurs only after 7-10 days of antigen presentation. Nevertheless, the autoreactive T cells infiltrate the stroke lesion within the first 48 h. Thus, we hypothesized that the unconventional lymphocytes as invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) and γδT cells that share immediate innate and delayed adaptive response features are involved in acute stroke pathophysiology. We assessed prospectively the quantity of circulating iNKT cells, γδT cells, and NK cells with flow cytometry in 52 subjects within three months after stroke, and we compared the results with those obtained in age-, sex-, and vascular risk factor-matched controls. We studied lymphocyte parameters regarding clinical outcomes, infarct volume, stroke-associated infection (SAI), and burden risk factors. The reduced number of circulating γδT cells and decreased percentage of the Vδ2 subset in the acute phase of stroke correlated with worse neurological status in the recovery phase. In subjects treated with thrombolysis and those who developed SAI, a lower percentage of γδT cells in the 90-day follow-up was observed. An increased percentage of iNKT cells in the acute and subacute phases of stroke was observed, and it was related to the worse clinical status. The circulating NK cells do not change temporarily or affect the outcomes after stroke. It seems that γδT cells play a long-lasting role in ischemic stroke, mainly related to the Vδ2 subset. The role of iNKT cells appears to be detrimental, especially in the acute and subacute phases of stroke. The effect of circulating NK cells on the outcome after stroke seems negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Telec
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Kazmierski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Hanna Chowaniec
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dworacki
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Łukasik
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Zhou SY, Guo ZN, Yang Y, Qu Y, Jin H. Gut-brain axis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke through immune functions. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1081347. [PMID: 36777635 PMCID: PMC9911679 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1081347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After an ischemic stroke (IS) occurs, immune cells begin traveling to the brain and immune system from the gut and gastrointestinal tract, where most of them typically reside. Because the majority of the body's macrophages and more than 70% of the total immune cell pool are typically found within the gut and gastrointestinal tract, inflammation and immune responses in the brain and immune organs require the mobilization of a large number of immune cells. The bidirectional communication pathway between the brain and gut is often referred to as the gut-brain axis. IS usually leads to intestinal motility disorders, dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, and a leaky gut, which are often associated with poor prognosis in patients with IS. In recent years, several studies have suggested that intestinal inflammation and immune responses play key roles in the development of IS, and thus may become potential therapeutic targets that can drive new therapeutic strategies. However, research on gut inflammation and immune responses after stroke remains in its infancy. A better understanding of gut inflammation and immune responses after stroke may be important for developing effective therapies. This review discusses the immune-related mechanisms of the gut-brain axis after IS and compiles potential therapeutic targets to provide new ideas and strategies for the future effective treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Hang Jin,
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Alterations of inflammatory cytokines in super-acute stroke patients and the potential pathogenesis. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 99:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nguyen VA, Crewther SG, Howells DW, Wijeratne T, Ma H, Hankey GJ, Davis S, Donnan GA, Carey LM. Acute Routine Leukocyte and Neutrophil Counts Are Predictive of Poststroke Recovery at 3 and 12 Months Poststroke: An Exploratory Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 34:844-855. [PMID: 32940147 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320948607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims. White blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts (NC) are common markers of inflammation and neurological stroke damage and could be expected to predict poststroke outcomes. Objective. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of early poststroke WBC and NC to predict cognition, mood, and disability outcomes at 3 and 12 months poststroke. Methods. Routine clinical analyses WBC and NC were collected at 3 time points in the first 4 days of hospitalization from 156 acute stroke patients. Correlations using hierarchical or ordinal regressions were explored between acute WBC and NC and functional recovery, depression, and cognition at 3 and 12 months poststroke, after covarying for age and baseline stroke severity. Results. We found significant increases in NC between <12 hours and 24 to 48 hours time points (P = .05). Hierarchical regressions, covaried for age and baseline stroke severity, found that 24 to 48 hours WBC (P = .05) and NC (P = .04) significantly predicted 3-month cognition scores. Similarly, 24 to 48 hours WBC (P = .05) and NC (P = .02) predicted cognition scores at 12 months. Increases in WBC and NC were predictive of increased cognition scores at both 3 and 12 months (positive recovery) though there were no significant associations between WBC and NC and disability or depression scores. Conclusions. Routine acute stroke clinical laboratory tests such as WBC and NC taken between 24 and 48 hours poststroke are predictive of cognition poststroke. It is interpreted that higher rapid immunological activation in the acute phase is an indicator for the trajectory of positive stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh A Nguyen
- La Trobe University, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- La Trobe University, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tissa Wijeratne
- Melbourne Medical School, Western Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Ma
- Department of Medcine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Davis
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- La Trobe University, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Zhang X, Wang L, Han Z, Dong J, Pang D, Fu Y, Li L. KLF4 alleviates cerebral vascular injury by ameliorating vascular endothelial inflammation and regulating tight junction protein expression following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:107. [PMID: 32264912 PMCID: PMC7140364 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although inflammatory cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and anti-inflammation factor Kruppel-like transcription factor (KLF) 4 have all been reported to be induced after cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS), the close temporal and spatial relationship between expressions of CAMs and KLF4 following CIS and whether and how CAMs and KLF-4 contribute to the development of CIS-induced vascular injury are still unclear. Methods Here, we first examined the correlation between serum levels of CAMs/KLF4 and infarct volume in acute CIS patients. Then, we determined the relationship between CAMs and KLF4 in mice after focal cerebral ischemia. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of KLF4 in protecting against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced brain endothelial cell injury. Results Our results demonstrated that patients with moderate to severe CIS had higher serum levels of three CAMs including E-selectin, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) but lower levels of KLF4 at 48 h after an acute event as compared to patients with minor CIS. The expression levels of three CAMs as well as KLF4 all correlated well with the infarct volume in all the CIS subjects at that time. Although the expressions of three CAMs and KLF4 were all induced in the ischemic hemisphere following focal cerebral ischemia, the peak timing and distribution patterns of their expression were different: the induction of KLF4 lagged behind that of the CAMs in the ischemic penumbra; furthermore, the dual immunofluorescent studies displayed that high expression of KLF4 was always associated with relatively less cerebral vascular endothelial inflammation response in the ischemic hemisphere and vice versa. Mechanistic analyses revealed that KLF4 alleviated CIS-induced cerebral vascular injury by regulating endothelial expressions of CAMs, nuclear factor-kB, and tight junction proteins. Conclusions These data indicate that KLF4 confers vascular protection against cerebral ischemic injury, suggesting that circulating CAMs and KLF4 might be used as potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke and also providing a new proof of concept and potential targets for future prevention and treatment of CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.,The Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxiang Han
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Pang
- Department of Special Outpatient Service, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
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