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Han Y, Shen X, Gao Z, Han P, Bi X. Enriched environment treatment promotes neural functional recovery together with microglia polarization and remyelination after cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110912. [PMID: 38423189 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia activation and oligodendrocyte maturation are critical for remyelination after cerebral ischemia. Studies have shown that enriched environment (EE) can effectively alleviate stroke-induced neurological deficits. However, little is known about the mechanism associated with glial cells underlying the neuroprotection of EE. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the effect of EE on activated microglia polarization as well as oligodendrogenesis in the progress of remyelination following cerebral ischemia. METHODS The ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Animals executed 4 weeks of environmental intervention after performing MCAO or sham surgery and were divided into sham, MCAO, and MCAO+EE groups. Cognitive function, myelin damage, microglia activation and polarization, inflammation, oligodendrogenesis, remyelination, and protein expression of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway were determined. RESULTS The staining of NeuN indicated that the infarct size of MCAO rats was decreased under EE. EE intervention improved animal performance in the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test, promoting the recovery of cognitive function after I/R injury. EE treatment alleviated myelin damage in MCAO rats, as evidenced by the lower fluorescence intensity ratio of SMI-32/MBP in MCAO+EE group. EE increased the fluorescence intensity ratio of NG2+/Ki67+/Olig2+, MBP, and MOG, enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs and oligodendrogenesis after MCAO. In terms of remyelination, more myelinated axons and lower G/ratio were detected in MCAO+EE rats compared with MCAO group. Moreover, EE treatment decreased the number of Iba1+/CD86+ M1 microglia, increased the number of Iba1+/CD206+ M2 microglia, and suppressed the inflammation response after I/R injury, which could be attributed to the augmented expression of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β axis. CONCLUSION EE improved long‑term recovery of cognitive function after cerebral I/R injury, at least in part by promoting M2 microglia transformation through activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, inhibiting inflammation to provide a favorable microenvironment for oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination. The effect of the EE on myelin and inflammation could account for the neuroprotection provided by EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China; Department of rehabilitation technology, Lianyungang maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang 222062, China
| | - Xinya Shen
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Zhenkun Gao
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Pingping Han
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China.
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Tu R, Xia J. Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota Metabolite TMAO. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:102-121. [PMID: 36740795 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230203140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome interacts with the brain bidirectionally through the microbiome-gutbrain axis, which plays a key role in regulating various nervous system pathophysiological processes. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is produced by choline metabolism through intestinal microorganisms, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to act on the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that elevated plasma TMAO concentrations increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, but there are few studies on TMAO in cerebrovascular disease and vascular cognitive impairment. This review summarized a decade of research on the impact of TMAO on stroke and related cognitive impairment, with particular attention to the effects on vascular cognitive disorders. We demonstrated that TMAO has a marked impact on the occurrence, development, and prognosis of stroke by regulating cholesterol metabolism, foam cell formation, platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombosis, and promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. TMAO can also influence the cognitive impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease via inducing abnormal aggregation of key proteins, affecting inflammation and thrombosis. However, although clinical studies have confirmed the association between the microbiome-gut-brain axis and vascular cognitive impairment (cerebral small vessel disease and post-stroke cognitive impairment), the molecular mechanism of TMAO has not been clarified, and TMAO precursors seem to play the opposite role in the process of poststroke cognitive impairment. In addition, several studies have also reported the possible neuroprotective effects of TMAO. Existing therapies for these diseases targeted to regulate intestinal flora and its metabolites have shown good efficacy. TMAO is probably a new target for early prediction and treatment of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
- Human Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease, Changsha, China
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Nie L, He J, Wang J, Wang R, Huang L, Jia L, Kim YT, Bhawal UK, Fan X, Zille M, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang J. Environmental Enrichment for Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Compr Physiol 2023; 14:5291-5323. [PMID: 38158368 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Acquired brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), can cause severe neurologic damage and even death. Unfortunately, currently, there are no effective and safe treatments to reduce the high disability and mortality rates associated with these brain injuries. However, environmental enrichment (EE) is an emerging approach to treating and rehabilitating acquired brain injuries by promoting motor, sensory, and social stimulation. Multiple preclinical studies have shown that EE benefits functional recovery, including improved motor and cognitive function and psychological benefits mediated by complex protective signaling pathways. This article provides an overview of the enriched environment protocols used in animal models of ischemic stroke, ICH, and TBI, as well as relevant clinical studies, with a particular focus on ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explored studies of animals with stroke and TBI exposed to EE alone or in combination with multiple drugs and other rehabilitation modalities. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of EE in future brain rehabilitation therapy and the molecular and cellular changes caused by EE in rodents with stroke or TBI. This article aims to advance preclinical and clinical research on EE rehabilitation therapy for acquired brain injury. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5291-5323, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Nie
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory for Brain Science Research and Transformation in the Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruike Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ujjal K Bhawal
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Xiaochong Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Enriched environment ameliorates learning and memory deficits in hepatic encephalopathy mice by restoration of the structure of dendrites and dendritic spines. Brain Res 2023; 1804:148264. [PMID: 36702182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the most common symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, there is a lack of easily implementable rehabilitation strategies. As an easy-to-implement strategy, numerous studies suggest that enriched environment (EE) can be beneficial for cognitive function. However, the effects of EE on learning and memory, as well as dendritic spines plasticity in HE is still unclear. Accordingly, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of EE on the behavior and dendritic spine morphology in an animal model of HE. Our results showed that HE mice have no movement disorder and anxiety, but they exhibit spatial learning and memory dysfunction. Further analysis revealed that the complexity of the dendrites and the maturity of the dendritic spines are reduced in the hippocampus of HE mice. After 4 weeks of housekeeping in EE, dendritic complexity, and dendritic spine maturity, as well as the spatial learning and memory function of HE mice were restored. In conclusion, exposure to EE can positively influence dendritic spines plasticity in the hippocampus and thereby elicit its beneficial effects on cognitive functions in HE.
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wu F, Wang Z, Li L, Huang H, Qiu S, Li Y. Enriched environment remodels the central immune environment and improves the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in elderly mice with chronic ischemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114596. [PMID: 36969204 PMCID: PMC10033834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aging of many populations, cognitive and motor dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke (IS) secondary to long-term chronic cerebral ischemia presents a global problem. Enriched environment (EE), a classic paradigm of environment response and genetic interaction, has shown tremendous influence on the brain. This research aimed to investigate the potential effect of EE on cognitive and motor function in mice with chronic cerebral ischemia and secondary IS. In the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) phase, EE treatment improved behavior performance by alleviating neuronal loss and white matter myelin damage, promoting the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphor-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB). Furthermore, infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes was inhibited, and the levels of IL-1β and TNFα were decreased. In the IS phase, EE altered the neuronal outcome on day 21 but not on day one after IS. In addition, EE inhibited IS-induced infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, mediated the polarization of microglia/macrophages, and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. Importantly, EE improved IS-induced cognitive and motor deficits on day 21. Collectively, our work demonstrates that EE protects mice from cognitive and motor dysfunction and inhibits neuroinflammation caused by CCH and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Fengfeng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Huilian Huang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Qiu, ; Yuntao Li,
| | - Yuntao Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Qiu, ; Yuntao Li,
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An Enriched Environment Promotes Motor Function through Neuroprotection after Cerebral Ischemia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:4143633. [PMID: 36817860 PMCID: PMC9931462 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4143633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Stroke seriously affects human health. Many studies have shown that enriched environment (EE) can promote functional recovery after stroke, but the intrinsic mechanisms remain unclear. In order to study the internal mechanisms of EE involved in functional recovery after ischemic stroke and which mechanism plays a leading role in the recovery of limb function after cerebral infarction, key proteins potentially involved in neuronal protection and synaptic remodeling in the ischemic penumbra have been investigated. In this study, adult C57BL/6 mice after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were assigned to the EE and standard housing (SH) groups 3 days after operation. The EE house was spacious that contained a large variety of small toys; the SH was a normal sized cage. Sham-operated mice without artery occlusion were housed under standard conditions and were fed a normal diet. On days 3, 7, 14, and 21, postoperative motor functional recovery was tested using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the Rotarod test. The expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), and synaptophysin (SYN) was examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The motor functional recovery (based on the mNSS and Rotarod test 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post operation) of mice in the EE group improved significantly compared to the SH group. The expression of GAP-43 and SYN and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax were all upregulated in the EE group compared to the SH group. In addition, we also explored the relationship between neuronal protection and synaptic remodeling in the EE-mediated recovery of limb function after cerebral infarction by correlation analysis. Correlation analysis showed that compared with the increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the increased expression of GAP-43 and SYN was more closely related to the recovery of limb function in ischemic mice. These data support the hypothesis that EE can promote the process of improvement of limb dysfunction induced by ischemic stroke, and this behavior restoration may, via promoting neuroprotection in the ischemic penumbra, be dependent on the regulation of the expression of GAP-43, SYN, Bcl-2, and Bax. A limitation of the study was that we only observed several representative key indicators of synaptic remodeling and neuronal apoptosis, without an in-depth study of the potential mechanisms involved.
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Liao H, Zou Z, Liu W, Guo X, Xie J, Li L, Li X, Gan X, Huang X, Liu J, Li W, Zeng H, Chen Z, Jiang Q, Yao H. Osteopontin-integrin signaling positively regulates neuroplasticity through enhancing neural autophagy in the peri-infarct area after ischemic stroke. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7726-7743. [PMID: 36505285 PMCID: PMC9730111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Osteopontin (OPN) in mediating macroautophagy, autophagy, and neuroplasticity in the ipsilateral hemisphere after stroke. METHODS Focal stroke was induced by photothrombosis in adult mice. Spatiotemporal expression of endogenous OPN and BECN1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Motor function was determined by the grid-walking and cylinder tasks. We also evaluated markers of neuroplasticity and autophagy using biochemical and histology analyses. RESULTS Herein, we showed that endogenous OPN and beclin1 were increased in the peri-infarct area of stroked patients and mice. Intracerebral administration of OPN (0.1 mg/ml; 3 ml) significantly improved performance in motor behavioral tasks compared with non-OPN-treated stroke mice. Furthermore, the neural repair was induced in OPN-treated stroke mice. We found that OPN treatment resulted in a significantly higher density of a presynaptic marker (vesicular glutamate transporter 1, VgluT1) and synaptic plasticity marker (synaptophysin, SYN) within the peri-infarct region. OPN treatment in stroke mice not only increased protein levels of integrin β1 but also promoted the expression of beclin1 and LC3, two autophagy-related proteins in the peri-infarct area. Additionally, OPN-induced neuroplasticity and autophagy were blocked by an integrin antagonist. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that OPN may enhance neuroplasticity via autophagy, providing a new therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikang Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang LaboratoryWenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Neurology and Chemistry Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Weiqin Liu
- The Ganzhou People’s HospitalGanzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central HospitalHuzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangxian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinying Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiansheng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Juxia Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongji Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China,School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central HospitalHuzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuhua Jiang
- The Ganzhou People’s HospitalGanzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, Guangxi, China
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Han Y, Yuan M, Guo YS, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. The role of enriched environment in neural development and repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:890666. [PMID: 35936498 PMCID: PMC9350910 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.890666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to genetic information, environmental factors play an important role in the structure and function of nervous system and the occurrence and development of some nervous system diseases. Enriched environment (EE) can not only promote normal neural development through enhancing neuroplasticity but also play a nerve repair role in restoring functional activities during CNS injury by morphological and cellular and molecular adaptations in the brain. Different stages of development after birth respond to the environment to varying degrees. Therefore, we systematically review the pro-developmental and anti-stress value of EE during pregnancy, pre-weaning, and “adolescence” and analyze the difference in the effects of EE and its sub-components, especially with physical exercise. In our exploration of potential mechanisms that promote neurodevelopment, we have found that not all sub-components exert maximum value throughout the developmental phase, such as animals that do not respond to physical activity before weaning, and that EE is not superior to its sub-components in all respects. EE affects the developing and adult brain, resulting in some neuroplastic changes in the microscopic and macroscopic anatomy, finally contributing to enhanced learning and memory capacity. These positive promoting influences are particularly prominent regarding neural repair after neurobiological disorders. Taking cerebral ischemia as an example, we analyzed the molecular mediators of EE promoting repair from various dimensions. We found that EE does not always lead to positive effects on nerve repair, such as infarct size. In view of the classic issues such as standardization and relativity of EE have been thoroughly discussed, we finally focus on analyzing the essentiality of the time window of EE action and clinical translation in order to devote to the future research direction of EE and rapid and reasonable clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Graduate School, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Graduate School, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xia Bi
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Enriched Environment-Induced Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Might Be Mediated via Enhancing Autophagy Flux and Mitophagy Flux. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2396487. [PMID: 35795405 PMCID: PMC9252718 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2396487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enriched environment (EE) can protect the brain against damages caused by an ischemic stroke; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Autophagy and mitochondria quality control are instrumental in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated whether and how autophagy and mitochondria quality control contribute to the protective effect of EE in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. Methods We exposed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice to EE or standard condition (SC) for 7 days and then studied them for neurological deficits, autophagy and inflammation-related proteins, and mitochondrial morphology and function. Results Compared to tMCAO mice in the SC group, those in the EE group showed fewer neurological deficits, relatively downregulated inflammation, higher LC3 expression, higher mitochondrial Parkin levels, higher mitochondrial fission factor dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) levels, lower p62 expression, and lower autophagy inhibitor mTOR expression. Furthermore, we found that the EE group showed a higher number of mitophagosomes and normal mitochondria, fewer mitolysosomes, and relatively increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion These results suggested that EE enhances autophagy flux by inhibiting mTOR and enhances mitophagy flux via recruiting Drp1 and Parkin to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria, which in turn inhibits inflammation and alleviates neurological deficits. Limitations. The specific mechanisms through which EE promotes autophagy and mitophagy and the signaling pathways that link them with inflammation need further study.
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Zhou W, Li S, Sun G, Song L, Feng W, Li R, Liu H, Dong Y, Chen S, Yang S, Li J, Li Y. Early Warning of Ischemic Stroke Based on Atherosclerosis Index Combined With Serum Markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1956-1964. [PMID: 35349673 PMCID: PMC9202721 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious public health problem worldwide, threatening human life and health. Atherosclerosis is the cause of stroke. At present, there are few selective indexes that can be used to evaluate atherosclerosis in the clinic; providers rely mainly on the atherosclerotic index (AI). Disturbance of lipid metabolism is considered to be a key event leading to IS. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to discover potential biomarkers in the serum of atherosclerosis-induced IS, combined with the AI to provide early warning for the diagnosis of IS. METHODS In this study, we used nontargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) to measure the changes in serum metabolites in a group of patients with IS. To verify the reproducibility of candidate biomarkers in the population, we expanded the sample size. RESULTS Five metabolites were identified, including sphingomyelin (18:0/14:0), 1-Methylpyrrolinium, PC (18:0/18:0), LysoPC (18:0/0:0), and PC (18: 2/18:2). The combination of these 5 metabolic markers has good diagnostic and predictive ability, and the change level of these metabolites is significantly related to IS. Our results also indicate that changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism may indicate an early risk of IS development. CONCLUSION These findings may contribute to the development of new diagnostic methods of potential biomarkers in serum combined with the AI, thereby providing early warning for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis-induced IS, and may provide a new insights for pathogenesis in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guijiang Sun
- Department of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Hexi District, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenjun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Hexi District, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yaqian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shenshen Yang
- Correspondence: Shenshen Yang, DSc, State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Rd, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Jing Li, MD, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Changling Rd, Xiqing District, Tianjin, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Yubo Li
- Yubo Li, DE, State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Rd, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Hediyal TA, Raj P, Rathipriya AG, Qoronfleh MW, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB. Impact of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Modulators on Dendritic Spines Structure and Functions in Brain. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123405. [PMID: 34943913 PMCID: PMC8699406 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, thin, hair-like protrusions found on the dendritic processes of neurons. They serve as independent compartments providing large amplitudes of Ca2+ signals to achieve synaptic plasticity, provide sites for newer synapses, facilitate learning and memory. One of the common and severe complication of neurodegenerative disease is cognitive impairment, which is said to be closely associated with spine pathologies viz., decreased in spine density, spine length, spine volume, spine size etc. Many treatments targeting neurological diseases have shown to improve the spine structure and distribution. However, concise data on the various modulators of dendritic spines are imperative and a need of the hour. Hence, in this review we made an attempt to consolidate the effects of various pharmacological (cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic agents) and non-pharmacological modulators (dietary interventions, enriched environment, yoga and meditation) on dendritic spines structure and functions. These data suggest that both the pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators produced significant improvement in dendritic spine structure and functions and in turn reversing the pathologies underlying neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, the non-pharmacological approaches have shown to improve intellectual performances both in preclinical and clinical platforms, but still more technology-based evidence needs to be studied. Thus, we conclude that a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention may restore cognitive performance synergistically via improving dendritic spine number and functions in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- SIG-Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Neurosciences Research (BBRC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Tousif Ahmed Hediyal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
| | | | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Q3CG Research Institute (QRI), Research and Policy Division, 7227 Rachel Drive, Ypsilanti, MI 48917, USA;
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA 95211, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.E.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- SIG-Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Neurosciences Research (BBRC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (M.M.E.); (S.B.C.)
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12
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Yang L, Li CY, Ouyang JY, Li MZ, Zhan Y, Feng XF, Lu Y, Li MC, Lei JF, Zhao T, Wang L, Zou HY, Zhao H. Trillium tschonoskii rhizomes' saponins induces oligodendrogenesis and axonal reorganization for ischemic stroke recovery in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114358. [PMID: 34166736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. is one of traditional Chinese medical herbs that has been utilized to treat brain damages and cephalalgia. The neuroprotective effect of total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii rhizome (TSTT) has been demonstrated efficacy in rats following ischemia. However, the axonal remodeling effect of TSTT and the detailed mechanisms after ischemic stroke have not been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to estimate therapeutic role of TSTT in axonal remodeling using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, and explored possible mechanisms underlying this process followed by histological assays in ischemic rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent permanently focal cerebral ischemia induced by occluding right permanent middle cerebral artery. TSTT was intragastrically administrated 6 h after surgery and once daily for consecutive 15 days. Neurological function was assessed by the motor deficit score and beam walking test. T2 relaxation mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were applied for detecting cerebral tissues damages and microstructural integrity of axons. Luxol fast blue (LFB) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were performed to evaluate histopathology in myelinated axons. Double immunofluorescent staining was conducted to assess oligodendrogenesis. Furthermore, the protein expressions regarding to axonal remodeling related signaling pathways were detected by Western blot assays. RESULTS TSTT treatment (65, 33 mg/kg) markedly improved motor function after ischemic stroke. T2 mapping MRI demonstrated that TSTT decreased lesion volumes, and DTI further confirmed that TSTT preserved axonal microstructure of the sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule. Meanwhile, diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) showed that TSTT elevated correspondent density and length of fiber in the internal capsule. These MRI measurements were confirmed by histological examinations. Notably, TSTT significantly increased Ki67/NG2, Ki67/CNPase double-labeled cells along the boundary zone of ischemic cortex and striatum. Meanwhile, TSTT treatment up-regulated the phosphorylation level of Ser 9 in GSK-3β, and down-regulated phosphorylated β-catenin and CRMP-2 expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicated that TSTT (65, 33 mg/kg) enhanced post-stroke functional recovery, amplified endogenous oligodendrogenesis and promoted axonal regeneration. The beneficial role of TSTT might be correlated with GSK-3/β-catenin/CRMP-2 modulating axonal reorganization after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Chang-Yi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jun-Yao Ouyang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Man-Zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xue-Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ming-Cong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Medical Imaging laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Liu J, Zheng J, Xu Y, Cao W, Wang J, Wang B, Zhao L, Zhang X, Liao W. Enriched Environment Attenuates Pyroptosis to Improve Functional Recovery After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:717644. [PMID: 34646128 PMCID: PMC8504677 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.717644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enriched environment (EE) is a complex containing social, cognitive, and motor stimuli. Exposure to EE can promote functional recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Pyroptosis has recently been identified and demonstrated a significant role in ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of EE on neuronal pyroptosis after cerebral I/R injury. In the current study, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was applied to establish the cerebral I/R injury model. Behavior tests including the modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS) and the Morris Water Maze (MWM) were performed. The infarct volume was evaluated by Nissl staining. To evaluate the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, the levels of GSDMD-N and nod-like receptor protein 1/3 (NLRP1/3) inflammasome-related proteins were examined. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). The secretion levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were analyzed by ELISA. Also, the expression of p65 and p-p65 were detected. The results showed that EE treatment improved functional recovery, reduced infarct volume, attenuated neuronal pyroptosis after cerebral I/R injury. EE treatment also suppressed the activities of NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasomes. These may be affected by inhabiting the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that neuronal pyroptosis was probably the neuroprotective mechanism that EE treatment rescued neurological deficits after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyue Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinchen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biru Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linyao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Yuan M, Guo YS, Han Y, Gao ZK, Shen XY, Bi X. Effectiveness and mechanisms of enriched environment in post-stroke cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113357. [PMID: 33989729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is one of the most common complications of stroke, it is also an important reason for the poor prognosis in stroke patients with motor and speech dysfunction. Enriched Environment (EE), a novel and easy-to-implement rehabilitation treatment strategy, is thought to be a potential intervention for PSCI recently. In this paper, we review the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of EE in PSCI from the level of animal research and clinical application. Besides, we further discuss the application prospects and limitations of EE in PSCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditionary Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditionary Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xia Bi
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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15
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Zhan Y, Li MZ, Yang L, Feng XF, Lei JF, Zhang N, Zhao YY, Zhao H. The three-phase enriched environment paradigm promotes neurovascular restorative and prevents learning impairment after ischemic stroke in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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An Enriched Environment Enhances Angiogenesis Surrounding the Cingulum in Ischaemic Stroke Rats. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8840319. [PMID: 33273907 PMCID: PMC7676980 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8840319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An enriched environment (EE) has been demonstrated to improve functional recovery in animal models of ischaemic stroke through enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) mediated neuroprotection accompanied by angiogenesis in the ischaemic hemisphere. Whether EEs also promote VEGF-mediated neuroprotection and angiogenesis in the contralateral hemisphere remains unclear. Here, we explored the effect of EEs on VEGF expression and angiogenesis within the contralateral cerebral cortex in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/r) model. We assessed the expression levels of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), VEGF, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the whole contralateral cerebral cortex using Western blotting assay but did not find an increase in the expression of CD31, VEGF, or eNOS in MCAO/r rats housed in EEs, which suggested that EEs did not enhance the overall expression of VEGF and eNOS or angiogenesis in the entire contralateral cortex. We further analysed the local effect of EEs by immunohistochemistry and found that in and around the bilateral cingulum in MCAO/r rats housed in EEs, haematopoietic progenitor cell antigen- (CD34-) positive endothelial progenitor cells were significantly increased compared with those of rats housed in standard cages (SCs). Further experiments showed that EEs increased neuronal VEGF expression surrounding the cingulum in MCAO/r rats and robustly upregulated eNOS expression. These results revealed that EEs enhanced angiogenesis, VEGF expression, and activation of the VEGF-eNOS pathway in and/or around the cingulum in MCAO/r rats, which were involved in the functional recovery of MCAO/r rats.
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Yang K, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Yan F, Guan L, Liu H, Liu W. Synaptic Plasticity After Focal Cerebral Ischemia Was Attenuated by Gap26 but Enhanced by GAP-134. Front Neurol 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 32982919 PMCID: PMC7479336 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Synaptic plasticity is critical for neurorehabilitation after focal cerebral ischemia. Connexin 43 (Cx43), the main component of the gap junction, has been shown to be pivotal for synaptic plasticity. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the Cx43 inhibitor (Gap26) and gap junction modifier (GAP-134) in neurorehabilitation and to study their contribution to synaptic plasticity after focal ischemia. Methods: Time course expression of both total and phosphorylated Cx43 (p-Cx43) were detected by western blotting at 3, 7, and 14 d after focal ischemia. Gap26 and GAP-134 were administered starting from 3 d post focal ischemia. Neurological performances were evaluated by balance beam walking test and Y-maze test at 1, 3, and 7 d. Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM) detection were conducted at 7 d for observing dendritic spine numbers and synaptic ultrastructure, respectively. Immunofluorescent staining was used at 7 d for detection of synaptic plasticity markers, including synaptophysin (SYN) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). Results: Expression levels of both total Cx43 and p-Cx43 were increased after focal cerebral ischemia, peaking at 7 d. Compared with the MCAO group, Gap26 worsened the neurological behavior and decreased the dendritic spine number while GAP-134 improved the neurobehavior and increased the number of dendritic spines. Moreover, Gap26 further destroyed the synaptic structure, concomitant with downregulated SYN and GAP-43, whereas GAP-134 alleviated synaptic destruction and upregulated SYN and GAP-43. Conclusion: These findings suggested that Cx43 or the gap junction was involved in synaptic plasticity, thereby promoting neural recovery after ischemic stroke. Treatments enhancing gap junctions may be potential promising therapeutic measures for neurorehabilitation after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lequan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuman Yan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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