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Nakamura K, Marushima A, Takahashi Y, Mochizuki M, Kimura A, Fukuda Y, Asami M, Nakamoto H, Egawa S, Kaneko J, Unemoto K, Kondo Y, Yonekawa C, Uchida M, Hoshiyama E, Yamada T, Maruo K, Ishikawa E, Matsumaru Y, Inoue Y. Levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin as a second-line treatment after diazepam for adult convulsive status epilepticus: a multicentre non-inferiority randomised control trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:42-48. [PMID: 36207063 PMCID: PMC9763167 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) is an emergency condition for which rapid and secured cessation is crucial. Although fosphenytoin (FPHT) is recommended as a second-line treatment, levetiracetam (LEV) reportedly has similar efficacy, but higher safety. Therefore, we herein compared LEV with FPHT in adult SE. METHODS We initiated a multicentre randomised control trial in emergency departments with adult patients with convulsive SE. Diazepam was initially administered, followed intravenously by FPHT at 22.5 mg/kg or LEV at 1000-3000 mg. The primary outcome was assigned as the seizure cessation rate within 30 min of the administration of the study drug. RESULTS A total of 176 adult patients with SE were enrolled (82 FPHT and 94 LEV), and 3 were excluded from the full analysis set. Seizure cessation rates within 30 min were 83.8% (67/80) in the FPHT group and 89.2% (83/93) in the LEV group. The difference in these rates was 5.5% (95% CI -4.7 to 15.7, p=0.29). The non-inferiority of LEV to FPHT was confirmed with p<0.001 by the Farrington-Manning test. No significant differences were observed in the seizure recurrence rate or intubation rate within 24 hours. Serious adverse events developed in three patients in the FPHT group and none in the LEV group (p=0.061). CONCLUSION The efficacy of LEV was similar to that of FPHT for adult SE following the administration of diazepam. LEV may be recommended as a second-line treatment for SE along with phenytoin/FPHT. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER jRCTs031190160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Nakamura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Aiki Marushima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan .,Division of Stroke prevention and treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine,University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Epilepsy Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Mochizuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akio Kimura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asami
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Teikyo University Hospital, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nakamoto
- Neurointensive Care Unit, Neurosurgery, Stroke and Epilepsy Center, TMG Asaka Medical Center, Asaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Egawa
- Neurointensive Care Unit, Neurosurgery, Stroke and Epilepsy Center, TMG Asaka Medical Center, Asaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junya Kaneko
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Unemoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chikara Yonekawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Uchida
- Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eisei Hoshiyama
- Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization (T-CReDO), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Epilepsy Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumaru
- Division of Stroke prevention and treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine,University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Epilepsy Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Dell'Aquila J, Soti V. Treating Status Epilepticus: Phenytoin Versus Levetiracetam. Cureus 2021; 13:e18515. [PMID: 34659919 PMCID: PMC8492029 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, phenytoin has been the drug of choice for the treatment of epilepsy but also the second-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE). However, newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have emerged as safer alternatives for the suppression of seizures. Consequently, phenytoin has recently fallen under scrutiny in the research world, prompting many studies to compare its efficacy to these other drugs, most notably levetiracetam. Levetiracetam is a second-generation AED, which is gaining wide clinical use as the second-line agent in treating SE patients. This review focuses on several clinical studies that have directly compared the effectiveness of phenytoin and levetiracetam in suppressing SE seizure activity. Additionally, this review highlights several advantages of using levetiracetam over phenytoin in this clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Soti
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Elmira, USA
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Roberson SW, Patel MB, Dabrowski W, Ely EW, Pakulski C, Kotfis K. Challenges of Delirium Management in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1519-1544. [PMID: 33463474 PMCID: PMC8762177 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210119153839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can initiate a very complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS), starting with the primary pathology of the inciting trauma and subsequent inflammatory and CNS tissue response. Delirium has long been regarded as an almost inevitable consequence of moderate to severe TBI, but more recently has been recognized as an organ dysfunction syndrome with potentially mitigating interventions. The diagnosis of delirium is independently associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased mortality and worse cognitive outcome across critically ill populations. Investigation of the unique problems and management challenges of TBI patients is needed to reduce the burden of delirium in this population. In this narrative review, possible etiologic mechanisms behind post-traumatic delirium are discussed, including primary injury to structures mediating arousal and attention and secondary injury due to progressive inflammatory destruction of the brain parenchyma. Other potential etiologic contributors include dysregulation of neurotransmission due to intravenous sedatives, seizures, organ failure, sleep cycle disruption or other delirium risk factors. Delirium screening can be accomplished in TBI patients and the presence of delirium portends worse outcomes. There is evidence that multi-component care bundles including an analgesia-prioritized sedation algorithm, regular spontaneous awakening and breathing trials, protocolized delirium assessment, early mobility and family engagement can reduce the burden of ICU delirium. The aim of this review is to summarize the approach to delirium in TBI patients with an emphasis on pathogenesis and management. Emerging CNS-active drug therapies that show promise in preclinical studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland; E-mail:
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