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Chen H, Cui L, Chen S, Liu R, Pan X, Zhou F, Xing Y. Comparable dynamic cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling of the posterior cerebral artery between healthy men and women. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14584. [PMID: 38421125 PMCID: PMC10851316 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Most studies focus on dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and few studies investigated neurovascular coupling (NVC) and dCA in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). We investigated NVC and dCA of the PCA in healthy volunteers to identify sex differences. METHODS Thirty men and 30 age-matched women completed dCA and NCV assessments. The cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and mean arterial pressure were evaluated using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and a servo-controlled plethysmograph, respectively. The dCA parameters were analyzed using transfer function analysis. The NCV was evaluated by eyes-open and eyes-closed (24 s each) periodically based on voice prompts. The eyes-open visual stimulation comprised silent reading of Beijing-related tourist information. RESULTS The PCA gain was lower than that of the MCA in all frequency ranges (all p < 0.05). Phase was consistent across the cerebrovascular territories. The cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) and mean CBFV (MV) of the PCA were significantly higher during the eyes-open than eyes-closed period (CVCi: 0.50 ± 0.12 vs. 0.38 ± 0.10; MV: 42.89 ± 8.49 vs. 32.98 ± 7.25, both p < 0.001). The PCA dCA and NVC were similar between the sexes. CONCLUSION We assessed two major mechanisms that maintain cerebral hemodynamic stability in healthy men and women. The visual stimulation-evoked CBFV of the PCA was significantly increased compared to that during rest, confirming the activation of NVC. Men and women have similar functions in PCA dCA and NCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Chen
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liuping Cui
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Songwei Chen
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xijuan Pan
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fubo Zhou
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yingqi Xing
- Department of Vascular UltrasonographyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular UltrasoundBeijingChina
- Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Laviv Y, Saraf D, Oxman L, Zvi IB. Supratentorial hemangioblastoma: correlation between phenotype, gender and vascular territory affected. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:281. [PMID: 37875641 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rare, vascular lesions. The presence of peri-tumoral cysts and edema has meaningful clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of both cyst and edema formation is not fully understood. This study sought to determine if the radiologic phenotype of supratentorial hemangioblastoma is affected by the different cerebral arterial circulations. Review of the English-language literature from 1973 to 2023 yielded 53 cases of parenchymal supratentorial hemangioblastomas eligible for analysis. Patients were divided by the vascular territorial distribution of the lesions: anterior circulation (n = 36) or posterior circulation (n = 17), and the groups were compared for demographic, clinical, radiologic and molecular variables. Univariate analyses yielded a significant difference between the groups in five variables. Cystic changes and "classic" radiological phenotype were associated with hemangioblastomas of the posterior circulation (OR = 0.19, p = 0.045 and OR = 0.287, p = 0.048, respectively), while female gender, significant peritumoral edema and purely solid phenotype were associated with hemangioblastomas of the anterior circulation (OR = 3.384, p = 0.045 and OR = 5.25, p = 0.05 and OR = 14.0, p = 0.015; respectively). On multivariate analysis, solid phenotype and female gender remained significantly associated with the anterior circulation (OR = 36.04, p = 0.014 and OR = 4.45, p = 0.045). The incidence of von-Hippel Lindau disease was higher in the anterior-circulation group. Cystic tumors were present in all females in the posterior-circulation group compared to 43.4% in the anterior-circulation group (OR = 20.714, 95% CI 1.061 to 404.122; p = 0.045). Based on historical cases of supratentorial hemangioblastoma, this study shows that different tumor phenotypes are associated with the different cerebral circulations. Gender was also associated with differences in tumor distribution and radiologic phenotype. These novel data may improve our understanding of unique vascular diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Laviv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - David Saraf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Oxman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Ben Zvi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Oshorov A, Gavrjushin A, Savin I, Alexandrova E, Bragin D. Comparison of Cerebral Autoregulation Above and Below the Tentorium of the Cerebellum In Neurosurgical Patients with Transtentorial ICP Gradient. Neurocrit Care 2023; 39:419-424. [PMID: 36890339 PMCID: PMC10485174 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral autoregulation is an essential mechanism for maintaining cerebral blood flow stability. The phenomenon of transtentorial intracranial pressure (ICP) gradient after neurosurgical operations, complicated by edema and intracranial hypertension in the posterior fossa, has been described in clinical practice but is still underinvestigated. The aim of the study was to compare autoregulation coefficients (i.e., pressure reactivity index [PRx]) in two compartments (infratentorial and supratentorial) during the ICP gradient phenomenon. METHODS Three male patients, aged 24 years, 32 years, and 59 years, respectively, were involved in the study after posterior fossa surgery. Arterial blood pressure and ICP were invasively monitored. Infratentorial ICP was measured in the cerebellar parenchyma. Supratentorial ICP was measured either in the parenchyma of the cerebral hemispheres or through the external ventricular drainage. Cerebral autoregulation was evaluated by the PRx coefficient (ICM + , Cambridge, UK). RESULTS In all patients, ICP was higher in the posterior fossa, and the transtentorial ICP gradient in each patient was 5 ± 1.6 mm Hg, 8.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg, and 7.7 ± 2.2 mm Hg, respectively. ICP in the infratentorial space was 17 ± 4 mm Hg, 18 ± 4.4 mm Hg, and 20 ± 4 mm Hg, respectively. PRx values in the supratentorial and infratentorial spaces had the smallest difference (- 0.01, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively), and the limits of precision were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.1 in the first, second, and third patients, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the PRx values in the supratentorial and infratentorial spaces for each patient was 0.98, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A high degree of correlation was established between the autoregulation coefficient PRx in two compartments in the presence of transtentorial ICP gradient and persistent intracranial hypertension in the posterior fossa. Cerebral autoregulation, according to the PRx coefficient in both spaces, was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Oshorov
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-Ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str, 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047.
| | - Andrey Gavrjushin
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-Ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str, 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - Ivan Savin
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-Ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str, 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - Evgenia Alexandrova
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-Ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str, 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - Denis Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Panerai RB, Brassard P, Burma JS, Castro P, Claassen JA, van Lieshout JJ, Liu J, Lucas SJ, Minhas JS, Mitsis GD, Nogueira RC, Ogoh S, Payne SJ, Rickards CA, Robertson AD, Rodrigues GD, Smirl JD, Simpson DM. Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: A CARNet white paper 2022 update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:3-25. [PMID: 35962478 PMCID: PMC9875346 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the control of cerebral tissue blood flow (CBF) in response to changes in perfusion pressure. Due to the challenges of measuring intracranial pressure, CA is often described as the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF. Dynamic CA (dCA) can be assessed using multiple techniques, with transfer function analysis (TFA) being the most common. A 2016 white paper by members of an international Cerebrovascular Research Network (CARNet) that is focused on CA strove to improve TFA standardization by way of introducing data acquisition, analysis, and reporting guidelines. Since then, additional evidence has allowed for the improvement and refinement of the original recommendations, as well as for the inclusion of new guidelines to reflect recent advances in the field. This second edition of the white paper contains more robust, evidence-based recommendations, which have been expanded to address current streams of inquiry, including optimizing MAP variability, acquiring CBF estimates from alternative methods, estimating alternative dCA metrics, and incorporating dCA quantification into clinical trials. Implementation of these new and revised recommendations is important to improve the reliability and reproducibility of dCA studies, and to facilitate inter-institutional collaboration and the comparison of results between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Research Center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Joel S Burma
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pedro Castro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jurgen Ahr Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J van Lieshout
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Advanced Computing and Digital Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Samuel Je Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Georgios D Mitsis
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardo C Nogueira
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D Robertson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel D Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David M Simpson
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Sahota IS, Lucci VEM, McGrath MS, Ravensbergen HJC(R, Claydon VE. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to urodynamics testing after spinal cord injury: The influence of autonomic injury. Front Physiol 2022; 13:977772. [PMID: 36187786 PMCID: PMC9525190 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.977772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction is a prominent concern following spinal cord injury (SCI). In particular, autonomic dysreflexia (AD; paroxysmal hypertension and concurrent bradycardia in response to sensory stimuli below the level of injury) is common in autonomically-complete injuries at or above T6. AD is currently defined as a >20 mmHg increase in systolic arterial pressure (SAP) from baseline, without heart rate (HR) criteria. Urodynamics testing (UDS) is performed routinely after SCI to monitor urological sequelae, often provoking AD. We, therefore, aimed to assess the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to UDS and their association with autonomic injury in individuals with chronic (>1 year) SCI. Following blood draw (plasma norepinephrine [NE]), continuous SAP, HR, and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) were recorded at baseline (10-minute supine), during standard clinical UDS, and recovery (10-minute supine) (n = 22, age 41.1 ± 2 years, 15 male). Low frequency variability in systolic arterial pressure (LF SAP; a marker of sympathetic modulation of blood pressure) and cerebral resistance were determined. High-level injury (≥T6) with blunted/absent LF SAP (<1.0 mmHg2) and/or low plasma NE (<0.56 nmol•L−1) indicated autonomically-complete injury. Known electrocardiographic markers of atrial (p-wave duration variability) and ventricular arrhythmia (T-peak–T-end variability) were evaluated at baseline and during UDS. Nine participants were determined as autonomically-complete, yet 20 participants had increased SAP >20 mmHg during UDS. Qualitative autonomic assessment did not discriminate autonomic injury. Maximum SAP was higher in autonomically-complete injuries (207.1 ± 2.3 mmHg) than autonomically-incomplete injuries (165.9 ± 5.3 mmHg) during UDS (p < 0.001). HR during UDS was reduced compared to baseline (p = 0.056) and recovery (p = 0.048) only in autonomically-complete lesions. MCAv was not different between groups or phases (all p > 0.05). Cerebrovascular resistance index was increased during UDS in autonomically-complete injuries compared to baseline (p < 0.001) and recovery (p < 0.001) reflecting intact cerebral autoregulation. Risk for both atrial and ventricular arrhythmia increased during UDS compared to baseline (p < 0.05), particularly in autonomically-complete injuries (p < 0.05). UDS is recommended yearly in chronic SCI but is associated with profound AD and an increased risk of arrhythmia, highlighting the need for continued monitoring during UDS. Our data also highlight the need for HR criteria in the definition of AD and the need for quantitative consideration of autonomic function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet S. Sahota
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vera-Ellen M. Lucci
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maureen S. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H. J. C. (Rianne) Ravensbergen
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria E. Claydon
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Victoria E. Claydon,
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Whittaker JR, Steventon JJ, Venzi M, Murphy K. The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Cerebral Autoregulation in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:795683. [PMID: 35873811 PMCID: PMC9304653 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.795683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The thigh-cuff release (TCR) maneuver is a physiological challenge that is widely used to assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA). It is often applied in conjunction with Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), which provides temporal information of the global flow response in the brain. This established method can only yield very limited insights into the regional variability of dCA, whereas functional MRI (fMRI) has the ability to reveal the spatial distribution of flow responses in the brain with high spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to use whole-brain blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of the flow response to the TCR challenge, and thus pave the way toward mapping dCA in the brain. We used a data driven approach to derive a novel basis set that was then used to provide a voxel-wise estimate of the TCR associated haemodynamic response function (HRF TCR ). We found that the HRF TCR evolves with a specific spatiotemporal pattern, with gray and white matter showing an asynchronous response, which likely reflects the anatomical structure of cerebral blood supply. Thus, we propose that TCR challenge fMRI is a promising method for mapping spatial variability in dCA, which will likely prove to be clinically advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Whittaker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica J. Steventon
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Venzi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Koep JL, Taylor CE, Coombes JS, Bond B, Ainslie PN, Bailey TG. Autonomic control of cerebral blood flow: fundamental comparisons between peripheral and cerebrovascular circulations in humans. J Physiol 2021; 600:15-39. [PMID: 34842285 DOI: 10.1113/jp281058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to cerebral blood flow (CBF) control is challenging, and interpretations are unclear. The identification of calcium channels and adrenoreceptors within cerebral vessels has led to common misconceptions that the function of these receptors and actions mirror those of the peripheral vasculature. This review outlines the fundamental differences and complex actions of cerebral autonomic activation compared with the peripheral circulation. Anatomical differences, including the closed nature of the cerebrovasculature, and differential adrenoreceptor subtypes, density, distribution and sensitivity, provide evidence that measures on peripheral sympathetic nerve activity cannot be extrapolated to the cerebrovasculature. Cerebral sympathetic nerve activity seems to act opposingly to the peripheral circulation, mediated at least in part by changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral blood volume. Additionally, heterogeneity in cerebral adrenoreceptor distribution highlights region-specific autonomic regulation of CBF. Compensatory chemo- and autoregulatory responses throughout the cerebral circulation, and interactions with parasympathetic nerve activity are unique features to the cerebral circulation. This crosstalk between sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes acts to ensure adequate perfusion of CBF to rising and falling perfusion pressures, optimizing delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the brain, while attempting to maintain blood volume and intracranial pressure. Herein, we highlight the distinct similarities and differences between autonomic control of cerebral and peripheral blood flow, and the regional specificity of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation within the cerebrovasculature. Future research directions are outlined with the goal to further our understanding of autonomic control of CBF in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Koep
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Chloe E Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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