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Kellner RL, Harris A, Ciulla L, Guidoboni G, Verticchio Vercellin A, Oddone F, Carnevale C, Zaid M, Antman G, Kuvin JT, Siesky B. The Eye as the Window to the Heart: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers as Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:829. [PMID: 38337522 PMCID: PMC10856197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in microvasculature represent some of the earliest pathological processes across a wide variety of human diseases. In many organs, however, inaccessibility and difficulty in directly imaging tissues prevent the assessment of microvascular changes, thereby significantly limiting their translation into improved patient care. The eye provides a unique solution by allowing for the non-invasive and direct visualization and quantification of many aspects of the human microvasculature, including biomarkers for structure, function, hemodynamics, and metabolism. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) studies have specifically identified reduced capillary densities at the level of the retina in several eye diseases including glaucoma. This narrative review examines the published data related to OCTA-assessed microvasculature biomarkers and major systemic cardiovascular disease. While loss of capillaries is being established in various ocular disease, pilot data suggest that changes in the retinal microvasculature, especially within the macula, may also reflect small vessel damage occurring in other organs resulting from cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests retinal microvascular biomarkers as potential indicators of major systemic cardiovascular diseases, including systemic arterial hypertension, atherosclerotic disease, and congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Kellner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.L.K.); (A.H.); (A.V.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Alon Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.L.K.); (A.H.); (A.V.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Lauren Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Giovanna Guidoboni
- Maine College of Engineering and Computing, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
| | - Alice Verticchio Vercellin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.L.K.); (A.H.); (A.V.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Francesco Oddone
- Glaucoma Unit, IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmela Carnevale
- Glaucoma Unit, IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zaid
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
| | - Gal Antman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.L.K.); (A.H.); (A.V.V.); (G.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuvin
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA;
| | - Brent Siesky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.L.K.); (A.H.); (A.V.V.); (G.A.)
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Danielescu C, Dabija MG, Nedelcu AH, Lupu VV, Lupu A, Ioniuc I, Gîlcă-Blanariu GE, Donica VC, Anton ML, Musat O. Automated Retinal Vessel Analysis Based on Fundus Photographs as a Predictor for Non-Ophthalmic Diseases-Evolution and Perspectives. J Pers Med 2023; 14:45. [PMID: 38248746 PMCID: PMC10817503 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of retinal vessels in relation to cardiovascular risk has a long history. The advent of a dedicated tool based on digital imaging, i.e., the retinal vessel analyzer, and also other software such as Integrative Vessel Analysis (IVAN), Singapore I Vessel Assessment (SIVA), and Vascular Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina (VAMPIRE), has led to the accumulation of a formidable body of evidence regarding the prognostic value of retinal vessel analysis (RVA) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (including arterial hypertension in children). There is also the potential to monitor the response of retinal vessels to therapies such as physical activity or bariatric surgery. The dynamic vessel analyzer (DVA) remains a unique way of studying neurovascular coupling, helping to understand the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative conditions and also being complementary to techniques that measure macrovascular dysfunction. Beyond cardiovascular disease, retinal vessel analysis has shown associations with and prognostic value for neurological conditions, inflammation, kidney function, and respiratory disease. Artificial intelligence (AI) (represented by algorithms such as QUantitative Analysis of Retinal vessel Topology and siZe (QUARTZ), SIVA-DLS (SIVA-deep learning system), and many others) seems efficient in extracting information from fundus photographs, providing prognoses of various general conditions with unprecedented predictive value. The future challenges will be integrating RVA and other qualitative and quantitative risk factors in a unique, comprehensive prediction tool, certainly powered by AI, while building the much-needed acceptance for such an approach inside the medical community and reducing the "black box" effect, possibly by means of saliency maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Danielescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Marius Gabriel Dabija
- Department of Surgery II, Discipline of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Horatiu Nedelcu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.V.L.); (I.I.)
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.V.L.); (I.I.)
| | - Ileana Ioniuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.V.L.); (I.I.)
| | | | - Vlad-Constantin Donica
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.-C.D.); (M.-L.A.)
| | - Maria-Luciana Anton
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.-C.D.); (M.-L.A.)
| | - Ovidiu Musat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucuresti, Romania;
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Cheng XR, Zhao L, Huang YX, Wang YL, Wang JL. Comparison of Ophthalmic Artery Morphological Characteristics and Retinal Vessel Diameter for Identifying Ocular Ischemic Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:20. [PMID: 37695602 PMCID: PMC10501491 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the morphological characteristics of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and retinal vessels in ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) and to compare their ability to identify OIS. Methods This cross-sectional observational study included 21 patients with unilateral OIS and 17 controls matched for age, sex, degree of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, and cerebral collateral patency. This study used a three-dimensional reconstruction based on computed tomographic angiography to measure the morphological characteristics of the OA and the ICA. Quantitative measurements of retinal vessel diameter were performed using the Integrative Vessel Analysis software. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the ability of the OA diameter and the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) to identify OIS. Results The diameter of the OA (odds ratio = 0.001; P = 0.001) and the CRAE (odds ratio = 0.951; P = 0.028) were significantly associated with the presence of OIS after adjusting for age, sex, and the degree of the ICA stenosis. The areas under the curve for the OA diameter and the CRAE were, respectively, 0.871 (P < 0.001) and 0.744 (P = 0.017) according to the ROC curves analysis. Conclusions The OA diameter measurement identified OIS better than CRAE measurement. The OA may reflect the changes in ocular blood supply in patients with OIS earlier than retinal vessels. The OA of eyes with OIS may undergo arterial wall remodeling, leading to a decrease in OA diameter and further reduction in blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-ru Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-xiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-ling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-lin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yu K, Chen XF, Guo J, Wang S, Huang XT, Guo Y, Dong SS, Yang TL. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between brain imaging-derived phenotypes and stroke: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2023; 21:271. [PMID: 37491271 PMCID: PMC10369749 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Whether the associations between brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) and stroke are causal is uncertain. METHODS We performed two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore the causal associations between IDPs and stroke. Summary data of 587 brain IDPs (up to 33,224 individuals) from the UK Biobank and five stroke types (sample size range from 301,663 to 446,696, case number range from 5,386 to 40,585) from the MEGASTROKE consortium were used. RESULTS Forward MR indicated 14 IDPs belong to projection fibers or association fibers were associated with stroke. For example, higher genetically determined mean diffusivity (MD) in the right external capsule was causally associated with an increased risk of small vessel stroke (IVW OR = 2.76, 95% CI 2.07 to 3.68, P = 5.87 × 10-12). Reverse MR indicated that genetically determined higher risk of any ischemic stroke was associated with increased isotropic or free water volume fraction (ISOVF) in body of corpus callosum (IVW β = 0.23, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.33, P = 3.22 × 10-7). This IDP is a commissural fiber and it is not included in the IDPs identified by forward MR. CONCLUSIONS We identified 14 IDPs with statistically significant evidence of causal effects on stroke or stroke subtypes. We also identified potential causal effects of stroke on one IDP of commissural fiber. These findings might guide further work toward identifying preventative strategies at the brain imaging levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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