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Bhandare A, Haley M, Torrico Anderson V, Domingos LB, Lopes M, Corrêa SAL, Wall MJ. ArcKR expression modifies synaptic plasticity following epileptic activity: Differential effects with in vitro and in vivo seizure-induction protocols. Epilepsia 2024; 65:2152-2164. [PMID: 38804501 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pathological forms of neural activity, such as epileptic seizures, modify the expression pattern of multiple proteins, leading to persistent changes in brain function. One such protein is activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), which is critically involved in protein-synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. In the present study, we have investigated how the expression of ArcKR, a form of Arc in which the ubiquitination sites have been mutated, resulting in slowed Arc degradation, modifies group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression (G1-mGluR-LTD) following seizures. METHODS We used a knock-in mice line that express ArcKR and two hyperexcitation models: an in vitro model, where hippocampal slices were exposed to zero Mg2+, 6 mM K+; and an in vivo model, where kainic acid was injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. In both models, field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded from the CA1 region of hippocampal slices in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation and G1-mGluR-LTD was induced chemically with the group 1 mGluR agonist DHPG. RESULTS In the in vitro model, ArcKR expression enhanced the effects of seizure activity and increased the magnitude of G1-mGluR LTD, an effect that could be blocked with the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP. In the in vivo model, fEPSPs were significantly smaller in slices from ArcKR mice and were less contaminated by population spikes. In this model, the amount of G1-mGluR-LTD was significantly less in epileptic slices from ArcKR mice as compared to wildtype (WT) mice. SIGNIFICANCE We have shown that expression of ArcKR, a form of Arc in which degradation is reduced, significantly modulates the magnitude of G1-mGluR-LTD following epileptic seizures. However, the effect of ArcKR on LTD depends on the epileptic model used, with enhancement of LTD in an in vitro model and a reduction in the kainate mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Bhandare
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Maisy Haley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Luana B Domingos
- Bradford School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Marcia Lopes
- Bradford School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- Bradford School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Żulińska S, Strosznajder AK, Strosznajder JB. Current View on PPAR-α and Its Relation to Neurosteroids in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Promising Targets in a Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7106. [PMID: 39000217 PMCID: PMC11241121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may play an important role in the pathomechanism/pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several other neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders. AD leads to progressive alterations in the redox state, ion homeostasis, lipids, and protein metabolism. Significant alterations in molecular processes and the functioning of several signaling pathways result in the degeneration and death of synapses and neuronal cells, leading to the most severe dementia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) is among the processes affected by AD; it regulates the transcription of genes related to the metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, other lipids and neurotransmission, mitochondria biogenesis, and function. PPAR-α is involved in the cholesterol transport to mitochondria, the substrate for neurosteroid biosynthesis. PPAR-α-coding enzymes, such as sulfotransferases, which are responsible for neurosteroid sulfation. The relation between PPAR-α and cholesterol/neurosteroids may have a significant impact on the course and progression of neurodegeneration/neuroprotection processes. Unfortunately, despite many years of intensive studies, the pathogenesis of AD is unknown and therapy for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases is symptomatic, presenting a significant goal and challenge today. This review presents recent achievements in therapeutic approaches for AD, which are targeting PPAR-α and its relation to cholesterol and neurosteroids in AD and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Żulińska
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna K Strosznajder
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska St. 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Leitch B. Parvalbumin Interneuron Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Epilepsy and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5549. [PMID: 38791587 PMCID: PMC11122153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin expressing (PV+) GABAergic interneurons are fast spiking neurons that provide powerful but relatively short-lived inhibition to principal excitatory cells in the brain. They play a vital role in feedforward and feedback synaptic inhibition, preventing run away excitation in neural networks. Hence, their dysfunction can lead to hyperexcitability and increased susceptibility to seizures. PV+ interneurons are also key players in generating gamma oscillations, which are synchronized neural oscillations associated with various cognitive functions. PV+ interneuron are particularly vulnerable to aging and their degeneration has been associated with cognitive decline and memory impairment in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overall, dysfunction of PV+ interneurons disrupts the normal excitatory/inhibitory balance within specific neurocircuits in the brain and thus has been linked to a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the role of dysfunctional PV+ inhibitory interneurons in the generation of epileptic seizures and cognitive impairment and their potential as targets in the design of future therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Recent research using cutting-edge optogenetic and chemogenetic technologies has demonstrated that they can be selectively manipulated to control seizures and restore the balance of neural activity in the brains of animal models. This suggests that PV+ interneurons could be important targets in developing future treatments for patients with epilepsy and comorbid disorders, such as AD, where seizures and cognitive decline are directly linked to specific PV+ interneuron deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulah Leitch
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Deng L, Jiang H, Lin J, Xu D, Qi A, Guo Q, Li PP, Wang X, Liu JS, Fu X, Li P. Clock knockout in inhibitory neurons reduces predisposition to epilepsy and influences anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106457. [PMID: 38423191 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder affecting up to 1 in 26 individuals. Despite its clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis are still far from clarified. Our previous study showed that disruption of Clock in excitatory neurons alters cortical circuits and leads to generation of focal epilepsy. In this study, a GAD-Cre;Clockflox/flox mouse line with conditional Clock gene knockout in inhibitory neurons was established. We observed that seizure latency was prolonged, the severity and mortality of pilocarpine-induced seizure were significantly reduced, and memory was improved in GAD-Cre;Clockflox/flox mice. We hypothesize that mice with CLOCK knockout in inhibitory neurons have increased threshold for seizure, opposite from mice with CLOCK knockout in excitatory neurons. Further investigation showed Clock knockout in inhibitory neurons upregulated the basal protein level of ARC, a synaptic plasticity-associated immediate-early gene product, likely through the BDNF-ERK pathway. Altered basal levels of ARC may play an important role in epileptogenesis after Clock deletion in inhibitory neurons. Although sEPSCs and intrinsic properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex exhibit no changes, the spine density increased in apical dendrite of pyramidal neurons in CLOCK knockout group. Our results suggest an underlying mechanism by which the circadian protein CLOCK in inhibitory neurons participates in neuronal activity and regulates the predisposition to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ailin Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Peijun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Della Vecchia S, Tessa A, Pasquariello R, Seabra L, Crow YJ, Battini R. NOTCH1-Related Leukoencephalopathy: A Novel Variant and Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2864. [PMID: 38474113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
NOTCH1-related leukoencephalopathy is a new diagnostic entity linked to heterozygous gain-of-function variants in NOTCH1 that neuroradiologically show some overlap with the inflammatory microangiopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). To report a 16-year-old boy harbouring a novel NOTCH1 mutation who presented neuroradiological features suggestive of enhanced type I interferon signalling. We describe five years of follow-up and review the current literature on NOTCH1-related leukoencephalopathy. Clinical evaluation, standardised scales (SPRS, SARA, CBCL, CDI-2:P, WISCH-IV and VABS-2) and neuroradiological studies were performed, as well as blood DNA analysis. For the literature review, a search was performed on Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science up to December 2023 using the following text word search strategy: (NOTCH1) AND (leukoencephalopathy). Our patient presents clinical features consistent with other reported cases with NOTCH1 mutations but is among the minority of patients with an onset after infancy. During the five-year follow-up, we observed an increase in the severity of spasticity and ataxia. However, at the age of 16 years, our proband is still ambulatory. As for other reported patients, he manifests psychiatric features ranging from hyperactivity during childhood to anxiety and depression during adolescence. The neuroradiological picture remained essentially stable over five years. In addition to the typical findings of leukoencephalopathy with cysts and calcifications already described, we report the presence of T2-hyperintensity and T1-hypotensity of the transverse pontine fibres, enhancement in the periventricular white matter after gadolinium administration and decreased NAA and Cho peaks in the periventricular white matter on MRS. We identified a novel heterozygous variant in NOTCH1 (c.4788_4799dup), a frame insertion located in extracellular negative regulatory region (NRR)-domain as in previously published cases. Blood interferon signalling was not elevated compared to controls. This case provides further data on a new diagnostic entity, i.e., NOTCH1-related leukoencephalopathy. By describing a standardised five-year follow-up in one case and reviewing the other patients described to date, we outline recommendations relating to monitoring in this illness, emphasising the importance of psychiatric and gastroenterological surveillance alongside neurological and neuropsychological management. Studies are needed to better understand the factors influencing disease onset and severity, which are heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Della Vecchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Pasquariello
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luis Seabra
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Witkowski G, Szulczyk B, Nurowska E, Jurek M, Pasierski M, Lipiec A, Charzewska A, Dawidziuk M, Milewski M, Owsiak S, Rola R, Sienkiewicz Jarosz H, Hoffman-Zacharska D. Functional Characteristics of the Nav1.1 p.Arg1596Cys Mutation Associated with Varying Severity of Epilepsy Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1745. [PMID: 38339022 PMCID: PMC10855957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SCN1A gene, which encodes the voltage-dependent Na+ channel's α subunit, are associated with diverse epileptic syndromes ranging in severity, even intra-family, from febrile seizures to epileptic encephalopathy. The underlying cause of this variability is unknown, suggesting the involvement of additional factors. The aim of our study was to describe the properties of mutated channels and investigate genetic causes for clinical syndromes' variability in the family of five SCN1A gene p.Arg1596Cys mutation carriers. The analysis of additional genetic factors influencing SCN1A-associated phenotypes was conducted through exome sequencing (WES). To assess the impact of mutations, we used patch clamp analysis of mutated channels expressed in HEK cells and in vivo neural excitability studies (NESs). In cells expressing the mutant channel, sodium currents were reduced. NESs indicated increased excitability of peripheral motor neurons in mutation carriers. WES showed the absence of non-SCA1 pathogenic variants that could be causative of disease in the family. Variants of uncertain significance in three genes, as potential modifiers of the most severe phenotype, were identified. The p.Arg1596Cys substitution inhibits channel function, affecting steady-state inactivation kinetics. Its clinical manifestations involve not only epileptic symptoms but also increased excitability of peripheral motor fibers. The role of Nav1.1 in excitatory neurons cannot be ruled out as a significant factor of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Witkowski
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (S.O.); (H.S.J.)
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartlomiej Szulczyk
- Chair and Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.S.); (E.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Ewa Nurowska
- Chair and Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.S.); (E.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Jurek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (A.C.); (M.M.); (D.H.-Z.)
| | - Michal Pasierski
- Chair and Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.S.); (E.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Agata Lipiec
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Charzewska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (A.C.); (M.M.); (D.H.-Z.)
| | - Mateusz Dawidziuk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (A.C.); (M.M.); (D.H.-Z.)
| | - Michal Milewski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (A.C.); (M.M.); (D.H.-Z.)
| | - Szymon Owsiak
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (S.O.); (H.S.J.)
| | - Rafal Rola
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Halina Sienkiewicz Jarosz
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (S.O.); (H.S.J.)
| | - Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (A.C.); (M.M.); (D.H.-Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Boleti APDA, Cardoso PHDO, Frihling BEF, de Moraes LFRN, Nunes EAC, Mukoyama LTH, Nunes EAC, Carvalho CME, Macedo MLR, Migliolo L. Pathophysiology to Risk Factor and Therapeutics to Treatment Strategies on Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38248286 PMCID: PMC10813806 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a condition in which abnormal neuronal discharges or the hyperexcitability of neurons occur with synchronicity, presenting a significant public health challenge. Prognostic factors, such as etiology, electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, the type and number of seizures before treatment, as well as the initial unsatisfactory effects of medications, are important considerations. Although there are several third-generation antiepileptic drugs currently available, their multiple side effects can negatively affect patient quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex, involving multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play crucial roles in maintaining the normal physiology of different neurons. Dysregulations in neurotransmission, due to abnormal transmitter levels or changes in their receptors, can result in seizures. In this review, we address the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we extensively explore the neurological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of epilepsy, along with its risk factors. Furthermore, we highlight the new therapeutic targets, along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies currently employed in the treatment of epileptic syndromes, including drug interventions employed in clinical trials related to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Breno Emanuel Farias Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Luiz Filipe Ramalho Nunes de Moraes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellynes Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Takashi Hota Mukoyama
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellydberto Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
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