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Vathagavorakul R, Gonjo T, Homma M. The influence of sound waves and musical experiences on movement coordination with beats. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 93:103170. [PMID: 38043482 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Synchronizing movement with external stimuli is important in musicians and athletes. This study investigated the effects of sound characteristics, including sound with harmonics (square wave) and without harmonics (sine wave) and levels of expertise in sports and music on rhythmic ability. Thirty-two university students participated in the study. The participants were divided into sixteen music education (ME) and sixteen physical education (PE) majors. They were asked to perform finger tapping tasks with 1,2 and 3 Hz beat rates, tapping in time with the sine and square wave beat produced by a metronome. The relative phase angle of finger tapping and the onset time of metronome sound were calculated using circular statistics. The results showed that type of wave and music experience affected the rhythmic ability of participants. Our study highlights the importance of types of waves on rhythmic ability, especially for participants with no background in music. The square wave is recommended for athletes to learn to synchronize their movement with beats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisara Vathagavorakul
- Division of Health and Physical Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miwako Homma
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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2
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Dalla Bella S, Janaqi S, Benoit CE, Farrugia N, Bégel V, Verga L, Harding EE, Kotz SA. Unravelling individual rhythmic abilities using machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1135. [PMID: 38212632 PMCID: PMC10784578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans can easily extract the rhythm of a complex sound, like music, and move to its regular beat, like in dance. These abilities are modulated by musical training and vary significantly in untrained individuals. The causes of this variability are multidimensional and typically hard to grasp in single tasks. To date we lack a comprehensive model capturing the rhythmic fingerprints of both musicians and non-musicians. Here we harnessed machine learning to extract a parsimonious model of rhythmic abilities, based on behavioral testing (with perceptual and motor tasks) of individuals with and without formal musical training (n = 79). We demonstrate that variability in rhythmic abilities and their link with formal and informal music experience can be successfully captured by profiles including a minimal set of behavioral measures. These findings highlight that machine learning techniques can be employed successfully to distill profiles of rhythmic abilities, and ultimately shed light on individual variability and its relationship with both formal musical training and informal musical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dalla Bella
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Canada.
- University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stefan Janaqi
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, IMT Mines Ales and University of Montpellier, Ales and Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Etienne Benoit
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Laura Verga
- Comparative Bioacoustics Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor E Harding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Martins M, Reis AM, Gaser C, Castro SL. Individual differences in rhythm perception modulate music-related motor learning: a neurobehavioral training study with children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21552. [PMID: 38057419 PMCID: PMC10700636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythm and motor function are intrinsically linked to each other and to music, but the rhythm-motor interplay during music training, and the corresponding brain mechanisms, are underexplored. In a longitudinal training study with children, we examined the role of rhythm predisposition in the fine motor improvements arising from music training, and which brain regions would be implicated. Fifty-seven 8-year-olds were assigned to either a 6-month music training (n = 21), sports training (n = 18), or a control group (n = 18). They performed rhythm and motor tasks, and structural brain scans before and after training were collected. Better ability to perceive rhythm before training was related to less gray matter volume in regions of the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, ventral diencephalon, amygdala, and inferior/middle temporal gyri. Music training improved motor performance, and greater improvements correlated with better pre-training rhythm discrimination. Music training also induced a loss of gray matter volume in the left cerebellum and fusiform gyrus, and volume loss correlated with higher motor gains. No such effects were found in the sports and control groups. In summary, children with finer-tuned rhythm perception abilities were prone to finer motor improvements through music training, and this rhythm-motor link was to some extent subserved by the left cerebellum and fusiform gyrus. These findings have implications for models on music-related plasticity and rhythm cognition, and for programs targeting motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martins
- University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - São Luís Castro
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Rathcke T, Lin CY. Towards a Comprehensive Account of Rhythm Processing Issues in Developmental Dyslexia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101303. [PMID: 34679368 PMCID: PMC8533826 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is typically defined as a difficulty with an individual's command of written language, arising from deficits in phonological awareness. However, motor entrainment difficulties in non-linguistic synchronization and time-keeping tasks have also been reported. Such findings gave rise to proposals of an underlying rhythm processing deficit in dyslexia, even though to date, evidence for impaired motor entrainment with the rhythm of natural speech is rather scarce, and the role of speech rhythm in phonological awareness is unclear. The present study aimed to fill these gaps. Dyslexic adults and age-matched control participants with variable levels of previous music training completed a series of experimental tasks assessing phoneme processing, rhythm perception, and motor entrainment abilities. In a rhythm entrainment task, participants tapped along to the perceived beat of natural spoken sentences. In a phoneme processing task, participants monitored for sonorant and obstruent phonemes embedded in nonsense strings. Individual sensorimotor skills were assessed using a number of screening tests. The results lacked evidence for a motor impairment or a general motor entrainment difficulty in dyslexia, at least among adult participants of the study. Instead, the results showed that the participants' performance in the phonemic task was predictive of their performance in the rhythmic task, but not vice versa, suggesting that atypical rhythm processing in dyslexia may be the consequence, but not the cause, of dyslexic difficulties with phoneme-level encoding. No evidence for a deficit in the entrainment to the syllable rate in dyslexic adults was found. Rather, metrically weak syllables were significantly less often at the center of rhythmic attention in dyslexic adults as compared to neurotypical controls, with an increased tendency in musically trained participants. This finding could not be explained by an auditory deficit in the processing of acoustic-prosodic cues to the rhythm structure, but it is likely to be related to the well-documented auditory short-term memory issue in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rathcke
- Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Modern Languages and Linguistics, School of Cultures and Languages, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chia-Yuan Lin
- Modern Languages and Linguistics, School of Cultures and Languages, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK;
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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5
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Braun Janzen T, Schaffert N, Schlüter S, Ploigt R, Thaut MH. The effect of perceptual-motor continuity compatibility on the temporal control of continuous and discontinuous self-paced rhythmic movements. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102761. [PMID: 33485154 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the questions yet to be fully understood is to what extent the properties of the sensory and the movement information interact to facilitate sensorimotor integration. In this study, we examined the relative contribution of the continuity compatibility between motor goals and their sensory outcomes in timing variability. The variability of inter-response intervals was measured in a synchronization-continuation paradigm. Participants performed two repetitive movement tasks whereby they drew circles either using continuous or discontinuous self-paced movements while receiving discrete or continuous auditory feedback. The results demonstrated that the effect of perceptual-motor continuity compatibility may be limited in self-paced auditory-motor synchronization as timing variability was not significantly influenced by the continuity of the feedback or the continuity compatibility between feedback and the movement produced. In addition, results suggested that the presence of salient perceptual events marking the completion of the time intervals elicited a common timing process in both continuous and discontinuous circle drawing, regardless of the continuity of the auditory feedback. These findings open a new line of investigation into the role of the discriminability and reliability of the event-based information in determining the nature of the timing mechanisms engaged in continuous and discontinuous self-paced rhythmic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenille Braun Janzen
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
| | - Nina Schaffert
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Institute for Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; BeSB GmbH Berlin, Sound Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roy Ploigt
- BeSB GmbH Berlin, Sound Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael H Thaut
- Music and Health Science Research Collaboratory, Faculty of Music, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Braun Janzen T, Haase M, Thaut MH. Rhythmic priming across effector systems: A randomized controlled trial with Parkinson’s disease patients. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:355-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Martins M, Neves L, Rodrigues P, Vasconcelos O, Castro SL. Orff-Based Music Training Enhances Children's Manual Dexterity and Bimanual Coordination. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2616. [PMID: 30622496 PMCID: PMC6308163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How music training and expertise influence non-musical abilities is a widely researched topic. Most studies focus on the differences between adult professional musicians and non-musicians, or examine the effects of intensive instrumental training in childhood. However, the impact of music programs developed in regular school contexts for children from low-income communities is poorly explored. We conducted a longitudinal training study in such communities to examine if collective (Orff-based) music training enhances fine motor abilities, when compared to a homologous training program in sports (basketball), and to no specific training. The training programs in music and sports had the same duration, 24 weeks, and were homologous in structure. A pre-test, training, post-test and follow-up design was adopted. Children attending the 3rd grade (n = 74, 40 girls; mean age 8.31 years) were pseudorandomly divided into three groups, music, sports and control that were matched on demographic and intellectual characteristics. Fine motor abilities were assessed with the Purdue pegboard test (eye-hand coordination and motor speed, both subsumed under manual dexterity, and bimanual coordination) and with the Grooved pegboard (manipulative dexterity) test. All groups improved in manipulative dexterity that was not affected by type of training. On bimanual coordination and manual dexterity, however, a robust and stable advantage of music training emerged. At the end of training (post-test), children from the music group significantly outperformed children from the sports and control groups, an advantage that persisted at follow-up 4 months after training at the start of the following school year. Also, at follow-up none of the children from the music group were performing below the 20th percentile in the Purdue pegboard subtests and more than half were performing at the high end level (>80th percentile). Children from the sports group also improved significantly from pre- to post-test but their performance was not significantly different from that of the control group. These results show that an affordable, collective-based music practice impacts positively on fine-motor abilities, a finding that is relevant for a better understanding of the impact of music in childhood development, and that may have implications for education at the primary grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martins
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor Neves
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research in Education and Community Intervention, Piaget Institute, Almada, Portugal
| | - Olga Vasconcelos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - São Luís Castro
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Pope MA, Studenka BE. Experience with Event Timing Does not Alter Emergent Timing: Further Evidence for Robustness of Event and Emergent Timing. J Mot Behav 2018; 51:113-120. [PMID: 29447617 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1432548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although, event and emergent timings are thought of as mutually exclusive, significant correlations between tapping and circle drawing (Baer, Thibodeau, Gralnick, Li, & Penhune, 2013 ; Studenka, Zelaznik, & Balasubramaniam, 2012 ; Zelaznik & Rosenbaum, 2010 ) suggest that emergent timing may not be as robust as once thought. We aimed to test this hypothesis in both a younger (18-25) and older (55-100) population. Participants performed one block of circle drawing as a baseline, then six blocks of tapping, followed by circle drawing. We examined the use of event timing. Our hypothesis that acute experience with event timing would bias an individual to use event timing during an emergent task was not supported. We, instead, support the robustness of event and emergent timing as independent timing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Pope
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Science , Utah State University , Logan , UT
| | - Breanna E Studenka
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Science , Utah State University , Logan , UT
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9
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Stupacher J, Wood G, Witte M. Neural Entrainment to Polyrhythms: A Comparison of Musicians and Non-musicians. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:208. [PMID: 28446864 PMCID: PMC5388767 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Music can be thought of as a dynamic path over time. In most cases, the rhythmic structure of this path, such as specific sequences of strong and weak beats or recurring patterns, allows us to predict what and particularly when sounds are going to happen. Without this ability we would not be able to entrain body movements to music, like we do when we dance. By combining EEG and behavioral measures, the current study provides evidence illustrating the importance of ongoing neural oscillations at beat-related frequencies-i.e., neural entrainment-for tracking and predicting musical rhythms. Participants (13 musicians and 13 non-musicians) listened to drum rhythms that switched from a quadruple rhythm to a 3-over-4 polyrhythm. After a silent period of ~2-3 s, participants had to decide whether a target stimulus was presented on time with the triple beat of the polyrhythm, too early, or too late. Results showed that neural oscillations reflected the rhythmic structure of both the simple quadruple rhythm and the more complex polyrhythm with no differences between musicians and non-musicians. During silent periods, the observation of time-frequency plots and more commonly used frequency spectra analyses suggest that beat-related neural oscillations were more pronounced in musicians compared to non-musicians. Neural oscillations during silent periods are not driven by an external input and therefore are thought to reflect top-down controlled endogenous neural entrainment. The functional relevance of endogenous neural entrainment was demonstrated by a positive correlation between the amplitude of task-relevant neural oscillations during silent periods and the number of correctly identified target stimuli. In sum, our findings add to the evidence supporting the neural resonance theory of pulse and meter. Furthermore, they indicate that beat-related top-down controlled neural oscillations can exist without external stimulation and suggest that those endogenous oscillations are strengthened by musical expertise. Finally, this study shows that the analysis of neural oscillations can be a useful tool to assess how we perceive and process complex auditory stimuli such as polyrhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stupacher
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,BioTechMed-GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Matthias Witte
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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10
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Alluri V, Toiviainen P, Burunat I, Kliuchko M, Vuust P, Brattico E. Connectivity patterns during music listening: Evidence for action-based processing in musicians. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2955-2970. [PMID: 28349620 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Musical expertise is visible both in the morphology and functionality of the brain. Recent research indicates that functional integration between multi-sensory, somato-motor, default-mode (DMN), and salience (SN) networks of the brain differentiates musicians from non-musicians during resting state. Here, we aimed at determining whether brain networks differentially exchange information in musicians as opposed to non-musicians during naturalistic music listening. Whole-brain graph-theory analyses were performed on participants' fMRI responses. Group-level differences revealed that musicians' primary hubs comprised cerebral and cerebellar sensorimotor regions whereas non-musicians' dominant hubs encompassed DMN-related regions. Community structure analyses of the key hubs revealed greater integration of motor and somatosensory homunculi representing the upper limbs and torso in musicians. Furthermore, musicians who started training at an earlier age exhibited greater centrality in the auditory cortex, and areas related to top-down processes, attention, emotion, somatosensory processing, and non-verbal processing of speech. We here reveal how brain networks organize themselves in a naturalistic music listening situation wherein musicians automatically engage neural networks that are action-based while non-musicians use those that are perception-based to process an incoming auditory stream. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2955-2970, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoo Alluri
- Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Toiviainen
- Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Iballa Burunat
- Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marina Kliuchko
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark.,Advanced Magnetic Imaging (AMI) Centre, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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11
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Matthews TE, Thibodeau JNL, Gunther BP, Penhune VB. The Impact of Instrument-Specific Musical Training on Rhythm Perception and Production. Front Psychol 2016; 7:69. [PMID: 26869969 PMCID: PMC4737902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies comparing musicians and non-musicians have shown that musical training can improve rhythmic perception and production. These findings tell us that training can result in rhythm processing advantages, but they do not tell us whether practicing a particular instrument could lead to specific effects on rhythm perception or production. The current study used a battery of four rhythm perception and production tasks that were designed to test both higher- and lower-level aspects of rhythm processing. Four groups of musicians (drummers, singers, pianists, string players) and a control group of non-musicians were tested. Within-task differences in performance showed that factors such as meter, metrical complexity, tempo, and beat phase significantly affected the ability to perceive and synchronize taps to a rhythm or beat. Musicians showed better performance on all rhythm tasks compared to non-musicians. Interestingly, our results revealed no significant differences between musician groups for the vast majority of task measures. This was despite the fact that all musicians were selected to have the majority of their training on the target instrument, had on average more than 10 years of experience on their instrument, and were currently practicing. These results suggest that general musical experience is more important than specialized musical experience with regards to perception and production of rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas E. Matthews
- Laboratory for Motor Learning and Neural Plasticity, Department of Psychology, Concordia UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Bravi R, Quarta E, Del Tongo C, Carbonaro N, Tognetti A, Minciacchi D. Music, clicks, and their imaginations favor differently the event-based timing component for rhythmic movements. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1945-61. [PMID: 25837726 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 63, 50134, Florence, Italy
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13
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Baer LH, Park MTM, Bailey JA, Chakravarty MM, Li KZH, Penhune VB. Regional cerebellar volumes are related to early musical training and finger tapping performance. Neuroimage 2015; 109:130-9. [PMID: 25583606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been associated with timing on the millisecond scale and with musical rhythm and beat processing. Early musical training (before age 7) is associated with enhanced rhythm synchronization performance and differences in cortical motor areas and the corpus callosum. In the present study, we examined the relationships between regional cerebellar volumes, early musical training, and timing performance. We tested adult musicians and non-musicians on a standard finger tapping task, and extracted cerebellar gray and white matter volumes using a novel multi-atlas automatic segmentation pipeline. We found that early-trained musicians had reduced volume in bilateral cerebellar white matter and right lobules IV, V and VI, compared to late-trained musicians. Strikingly, better timing performance, greater musical experience and an earlier age of start of musical training were associated with smaller cerebellar volumes. Better timing performance was specifically associated with smaller volumes of right lobule VI. Collectively, these findings support the sensitivity of the cerebellum to the age of initiation of musical training and suggest that lobule VI plays a role in timing. The smaller cerebellar volumes associated with musical training and timing performance may be a reflection of more efficiently implemented low-level timing and sensorimotor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Baer
- Centre for Research in Human Development and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - M T M Park
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - J A Bailey
- Centre for Research in Human Development and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - M M Chakravarty
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - K Z H Li
- Centre for Research in Human Development and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - V B Penhune
- Centre for Research in Human Development and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal H4B 1R6, Canada; International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, 1430 Mont Royal Boulevard, Montréal H2V 4P3, Canada
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14
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Braun Janzen T, Thompson WF, Ammirante P, Ranvaud R. Timing skills and expertise: discrete and continuous timed movements among musicians and athletes. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1482. [PMID: 25566154 PMCID: PMC4274878 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Movement-based expertise relies on precise timing of movements and the capacity to predict the timing of events. Music performance involves discrete rhythmic actions that adhere to regular cycles of timed events, whereas many sports involve continuous movements that are not timed in a cyclical manner. It has been proposed that the precision of discrete movements relies on event timing (clock mechanism), whereas continuous movements are controlled by emergent timing. We examined whether movement-based expertise influences the timing mode adopted to maintain precise rhythmic actions. Materials and Method: Timing precision was evaluated in musicians, athletes and control participants. Discrete and continuous movements were assessed using finger-tapping and circle-drawing tasks, respectively, based on the synchronization-continuation paradigm. In Experiment 1, no auditory feedback was provided in the continuation phase of the trials, whereas in Experiment 2 every action triggered a feedback tone. Results: Analysis of precision in the continuation phase indicated that athletes performed significantly better than musicians and controls in the circle-drawing task, whereas musicians were more precise than controls in the finger tapping task. Interestingly, musicians were also more precise than controls in the circle-drawing task. Results also showed that the timing mode adopted was dependent on expertise and the presence of auditory feedback. Discussion: Results showed that movement-based expertise is associated with enhanced timing, but these effects depend on the nature of the training. Expertise was found to influence the timing strategy adopted to maintain precise rhythmic movements, suggesting that event and emergent timing mechanisms are not strictly tied to specific tasks, but can both be adopted to achieve precise timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenille Braun Janzen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Ammirante
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald Ranvaud
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Kamiyama KS, Okanoya K. Synchronized tapping facilitates learning sound sequences as indexed by the P300. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:826. [PMID: 25400564 PMCID: PMC4212678 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether and how single finger tapping in synchrony with sound sequences contributed to the auditory processing of them. The participants learned two unfamiliar sound sequences via different methods. In the tapping condition, they learned an auditory sequence while they tapped in synchrony with each sound onset. In the no tapping condition, they learned another sequence while they kept pressing a key until the sequence ended. After these learning sessions, we presented the two melodies again and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs). During the ERP recordings, 10% of the tones within each melody deviated from the original tones. An analysis of the grand average ERPs showed that deviant stimuli elicited a significant P300 in the tapping but not in the no-tapping condition. In addition, the significance of the P300 effect in the tapping condition increased as the participants showed highly synchronized tapping behavior during the learning sessions. These results indicated that single finger tapping promoted the conscious detection and evaluation of deviants within the learned sequences. The effect was related to individuals’ musical ability to coordinate their finger movements along with external auditory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko S Kamiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Sceince Institute Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Sceince Institute Saitama, Japan ; Okanoya Emotional Information Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama, Japan
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16
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Braun Janzen T, Thompson WF, Ranvaud R. A developmental study of the effect of music training on timed movements. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:801. [PMID: 25346677 PMCID: PMC4193239 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When people clap to music, sing, play a musical instrument, or dance, they engage in temporal entrainment. We examined the effect of music training on the precision of temporal entrainment in 57 children aged 10–14 years (31 musicians, 26 non-musicians). Performance was examined for two tasks: self-paced finger tapping (discrete movements) and circle drawing (continuous movements). For each task, participants synchronized their movements with a steady pacing signal and then continued the movement at the same rate in the absence of the pacing signal. Analysis of movements during the continuation phase revealed that musicians were more accurate than non-musicians at finger tapping and, to a lesser extent, circle drawing. Performance on the finger-tapping task was positively associated with the number of years of formal music training, whereas performance on the circle-drawing task was positively associated with the age of participants. These results indicate that music training and maturation of the motor system reinforce distinct skills of timed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenille Braun Janzen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Ranvaud
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
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17
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The influence of auditory-motor coupling on fractal dynamics in human gait. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5879. [PMID: 25080936 PMCID: PMC4118321 DOI: 10.1038/srep05879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit an innate ability to synchronize their movements to music. The field of gait rehabilitation has sought to capitalize on this phenomenon by invoking patients to walk in time to rhythmic auditory cues with a view to improving pathological gait. However, the temporal structure of the auditory cue, and hence the temporal structure of the target behavior has not been sufficiently explored. This study reveals the plasticity of auditory-motor coupling in human walking in relation to 'complex' auditory cues. The authors demonstrate that auditory-motor coupling can be driven by different coloured auditory noise signals (e.g. white, brown), shifting the fractal temporal structure of gait dynamics towards the statistical properties of the signals used. This adaptive capability observed in whole-body movement, could potentially be harnessed for targeted neuromuscular rehabilitation in patient groups, depending on the specific treatment goal.
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18
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Miendlarzewska EA, Trost WJ. How musical training affects cognitive development: rhythm, reward and other modulating variables. Front Neurosci 2014; 7:279. [PMID: 24672420 PMCID: PMC3957486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Musical training has recently gained additional interest in education as increasing neuroscientific research demonstrates its positive effects on brain development. Neuroimaging revealed plastic changes in the brains of adult musicians but it is still unclear to what extent they are the product of intensive music training rather than of other factors, such as preexisting biological markers of musicality. In this review, we synthesize a large body of studies demonstrating that benefits of musical training extend beyond the skills it directly aims to train and last well into adulthood. For example, children who undergo musical training have better verbal memory, second language pronunciation accuracy, reading ability and executive functions. Learning to play an instrument as a child may even predict academic performance and IQ in young adulthood. The degree of observed structural and functional adaptation in the brain correlates with intensity and duration of practice. Importantly, the effects on cognitive development depend on the timing of musical initiation due to sensitive periods during development, as well as on several other modulating variables. Notably, we point to motivation, reward and social context of musical education, which are important yet neglected factors affecting the long-term benefits of musical training. Further, we introduce the notion of rhythmic entrainment and suggest that it may represent a mechanism supporting learning and development of executive functions. It also hones temporal processing and orienting of attention in time that may underlie enhancements observed in reading and verbal memory. We conclude that musical training uniquely engenders near and far transfer effects, preparing a foundation for a range of skills, and thus fostering cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Miendlarzewska
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, (CMU), University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke J Trost
- Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Schäfer T, Fachner J, Smukalla M. Changes in the representation of space and time while listening to music. Front Psychol 2013; 4:508. [PMID: 23964254 PMCID: PMC3734375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Music is known to alter people's ordinary experience of space and time. Not only does this challenge the concept of invariant space and time tacitly assumed in psychology but it may also help us understand how music works and how music can be understood as an embodied experience. Yet research about these alterations is in its infancy. This review is intended to delineate a future research agenda. We review experimental evidence and subjective reports of the influence of music on the representation of space and time and present prominent approaches to explaining these effects. We discuss the role of absorption and altered states of consciousness and their associated changes in attention and neurophysiological processes, as well as prominent models of human time processing and time experience. After integrating the reviewed research, we conclude that research on the influence of music on the representation of space and time is still quite inconclusive but that integrating the different approaches could lead to a better understanding of the observed effects. We also provide a working model that integrates a large part of the evidence and theories. Several suggestions for further research in both music psychology and cognitive psychology are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schäfer
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fachner
- Department of Music and Performing Arts, Anglia Ruskin UniversityCambridge, UK
| | - Mario Smukalla
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitz, Germany
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