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Errante A, Ziccarelli S, Mingolla G, Fogassi L. Grasping and Manipulation: Neural Bases and Anatomical Circuitry in Humans. Neuroscience 2021; 458:203-212. [PMID: 33516776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence suggests a significant contribution of several brain areas, including subdivisions of the parietal and the premotor cortex, during the processing of different components of hand and arm movements. Many investigations improved our knowledge about the neural processes underlying the execution of reaching and grasping actions, while few studies have directly investigated object manipulation. Most studies on the latter topic concern the use of tools to achieve specific goals. Yet, there are very few studies on pure manipulation performed in order to explore and recognize objects, as well as on manipulation performed with a high level of manual dexterity. Another dimension that is quite neglected by the available studies on grasping and manipulation is, on the one hand, the contribution of the subcortical nodes, first of all the basal ganglia and cerebellum, to these functions, and, on the other hand, recurrent connections of these structures with cortical areas. In the first part, we have reviewed the parieto-premotor and subcortical circuits underlying reaching and grasping in humans, with a focus on functional neuroimaging data. Then, we have described the main structures recruited during object manipulation. We have also reported the contribution of recent structural connectivity techniques whereby the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections of grasping-related and manipulation-related areas in the human brain can be determined. Based on our review, we have concluded that studies on cortical and subcortical circuits involved in grasping and manipulation might be promising to provide new insights about motor learning and brain plasticity in patients with motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Settimio Ziccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Gloria Mingolla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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2
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Greulich RS, Adam R, Everling S, Scherberger H. Shared functional connectivity between the dorso-medial and dorso-ventral streams in macaques. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18610. [PMID: 33122655 PMCID: PMC7596572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of an object requires us to transport our hand towards the object (reach) and close our digits around that object (grasp). In current models, reach-related information is propagated in the dorso-medial stream from posterior parietal area V6A to medial intraparietal area, dorsal premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex. Grasp-related information is processed in the dorso-ventral stream from the anterior intraparietal area to ventral premotor cortex and the hand area of primary motor cortex. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the validity of this separation in separate processing streams. We investigated in 10 male rhesus macaques the whole-brain functional connectivity of these areas using resting state fMRI at 7-T. Although we found a clear separation between dorso-medial and dorso-ventral network connectivity in support of the two-stream hypothesis, we also found evidence of shared connectivity between these networks. The dorso-ventral network was distinctly correlated with high-order somatosensory areas and feeding related areas, whereas the dorso-medial network with visual areas and trunk/hindlimb motor areas. Shared connectivity was found in the superior frontal and precentral gyrus, central sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, precuneus, and insular cortex. These results suggest that while sensorimotor processing streams are functionally separated, they can access information through shared areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stefan Greulich
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ramina Adam
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Karl JM, Slack BM, Wilson AM, Wilson CA, Bertoli ME. Increasing task precision demands reveals that the reach and grasp remain subject to different perception-action constraints in 12-month-old human infants. Infant Behav Dev 2019; 57:101382. [PMID: 31580995 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reach and grasp follow different developmental trajectories, but are often considered to have achieved nearly adult-like precision and integration by 12 months of age. This study used frame-by-frame video analysis to investigate whether increasing precision demands, by placing small reaching targets on a narrow pedestal rather than on a flat table, would influence the reach and grasp movements of 12-month-old infants in a complementary or differential fashion. The results reveal that placing the target atop a pedestal impaired the infants's ability to direct an appropriate digit towards the small target, but did not produce a corresponding decrease in the frequency with which they used an index-thumb pincer grip to grasp the target. This was due to the fact that, although infants were more likely to contact the target with a suboptimal part of the hand in the pedestal condition, a greater proportion of these suboptimal contacts ultimately transitioned to a successful index-thumb pincer grip. Thus, increasing task precision demands impaired reach accuracy, but facilitated index-thumb grip formation, in 12-month-old infants. The differential response of the reach and grasp to the increased precision demands of the pedestal condition suggests that the two movements are not fully integrated and, when precision demands are great, remain sensitive to different perception-action constraints in 12-month-old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M Karl
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada.
| | - Braydon M Slack
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | - Alexis M Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | | | - Marisa E Bertoli
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
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4
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Zipoli Caiani S. When the affordances disappear: Dynamical and computational explanations of optic ataxia. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0959354317722867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two options fuel the debate on the cognitive processes underlying the perception of affordances. On the one hand, the ecological theory of affordance fits with the methodological assumptions of the dynamical systems theory of cognition. On the other hand, it is nowadays common to conceive the perception of affordances within a computational framework. This article defends the explanatory power of a computational approach and aims to extend the concept of affordance beyond the boundaries of the dynamical systems theory of cognition. For that purpose, I consider the case of patients suffering from optic ataxia, a condition in which some aspects of visual guidance over reaching with the hand are lost following a lesion in the left parietal cortex. Etiological considerations, indeed, reveal that a computational approach to the perception of affordances allows for an explanation of ataxic behavior that is not available to the dynamical systems theory.
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5
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Rise and fall of the two visual systems theory. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 60:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Murphy AP, Leopold DA, Humphreys GW, Welchman AE. Lesions to right posterior parietal cortex impair visual depth perception from disparity but not motion cues. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150263. [PMID: 27269606 PMCID: PMC4901457 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is understood to be active when observers perceive three-dimensional (3D) structure. However, it is not clear how central this activity is in the construction of 3D spatial representations. Here, we examine whether PPC is essential for two aspects of visual depth perception by testing patients with lesions affecting this region. First, we measured subjects' ability to discriminate depth structure in various 3D surfaces and objects using binocular disparity. Patients with lesions to right PPC (N = 3) exhibited marked perceptual deficits on these tasks, whereas those with left hemisphere lesions (N = 2) were able to reliably discriminate depth as accurately as control subjects. Second, we presented an ambiguous 3D stimulus defined by structure from motion to determine whether PPC lesions influence the rate of bistable perceptual alternations. Patients' percept durations for the 3D stimulus were generally within a normal range, although the two patients with bilateral PPC lesions showed the fastest perceptual alternation rates in our sample. Intermittent stimulus presentation reduced the reversal rate similarly across subjects. Together, the results suggest that PPC plays a causal role in both inferring and maintaining the perception of 3D structure with stereopsis supported primarily by the right hemisphere, but do not lend support to the view that PPC is a critical contributor to bistable perceptual alternations.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan P Murphy
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20838, USA School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20838, USA
| | - Glyn W Humphreys
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Andrew E Welchman
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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Davarpanah Jazi S, Heath M. Pantomime-Grasping: Advance Knowledge of Haptic Feedback Availability Supports an Absolute Visuo-Haptic Calibration. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:197. [PMID: 27199718 PMCID: PMC4858644 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging issue in movement neurosciences is whether haptic feedback influences the nature of the information supporting a simulated grasping response (i.e., pantomime-grasping). In particular, recent work by our group contrasted pantomime-grasping responses performed with (i.e., PH+ trials) and without (i.e., PH− trials) terminal haptic feedback in separate blocks of trials. Results showed that PH− trials were mediated via relative visual information. In contrast, PH+ trials showed evidence of an absolute visuo-haptic calibration—a finding attributed to an error signal derived from a comparison between expected and actual haptic feedback (i.e., an internal forward model). The present study examined whether advanced knowledge of haptic feedback availability influences the aforementioned calibration process. To that end, PH− and PH+ trials were completed in separate blocks (i.e., the feedback schedule used in our group’s previous study) and a block wherein PH− and PH+ trials were randomly interleaved on a trial-by-trial basis (i.e., random feedback schedule). In other words, the random feedback schedule precluded participants from predicting whether haptic feedback would be available at the movement goal location. We computed just-noticeable-difference (JND) values to determine whether responses adhered to, or violated, the relative psychophysical principles of Weber’s law. Results for the blocked feedback schedule replicated our group’s previous work, whereas in the random feedback schedule PH− and PH+ trials were supported via relative visual information. Accordingly, we propose that a priori knowledge of haptic feedback is necessary to support an absolute visuo-haptic calibration. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the presence and expectancy of haptic feedback is an important consideration in contrasting the behavioral and neural properties of natural and simulated grasping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
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Connolly JD, Kentridge RW, Cavina-Pratesi C. Coding of attention across the human intraparietal sulcus. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:917-30. [PMID: 26677082 PMCID: PMC4751187 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been concentrated debate over four decades as to whether or not the nonhuman primate parietal cortex codes for intention or attention. In nonhuman primates, certain studies report results consistent with an intentional role, whereas others provide support for coding of visual-spatial attention. Until now, no one has yet directly contrasted an established motor “intention” paradigm with a verified “attention” paradigm within the same protocol. This debate has continued in both the nonhuman primate and healthy human brain and is subsequently timely. We incorporated both paradigms across two distinct temporal epochs within a whole-parietal slow event-related human functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. This enabled us to examine whether or not one paradigm proves more effective at driving the neural response across three intraparietal areas. As participants performed saccadic eye and/or pointing tasks, discrete event-related components with dissociable responses were elicited in distinct sub-regions of human parietal cortex. Critically, the posterior intraparietal area showed robust activity consistent with attention (no intention planning). The most contentious area in the literature, the middle intraparietal area produced activation patterns that further reinforce attention coding in human parietal cortex. Finally, the anterior intraparietal area showed the same pattern. Therefore, distributed coding of attention is relatively more pronounced across the two computations within human parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Connolly
- Department of Psychology, Durham University Science Site, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Robert W Kentridge
- Department of Psychology, Durham University Science Site, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Cristiana Cavina-Pratesi
- Department of Psychology, Durham University Science Site, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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9
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Ambron E, Lingnau A, Lunardelli A, Pesavento V, Rumiati RI. The effect of goals and vision on movements: A case study of optic ataxia and limb apraxia. Brain Cogn 2015; 95:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Andersen RA, Andersen KN, Hwang EJ, Hauschild M. Optic ataxia: from Balint's syndrome to the parietal reach region. Neuron 2014; 81:967-983. [PMID: 24607223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Optic ataxia is a high-order deficit in reaching to visual goals that occurs with posterior parietal cortex (PPC) lesions. It is a component of Balint's syndrome that also includes attentional and gaze disorders. Aspects of optic ataxia are misreaching in the contralesional visual field, difficulty preshaping the hand for grasping, and an inability to correct reaches online. Recent research in nonhuman primates (NHPs) suggests that many aspects of Balint's syndrome and optic ataxia are a result of damage to specific functional modules for reaching, saccades, grasp, attention, and state estimation. The deficits from large lesions in humans are probably composite effects from damage to combinations of these functional modules. Interactions between these modules, either within posterior parietal cortex or downstream within frontal cortex, may account for more complex behaviors such as hand-eye coordination and reach-to-grasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Kristen N Andersen
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eun Jung Hwang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Markus Hauschild
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Chechlacz M, Humphreys GW. The enigma of Bálint's syndrome: neural substrates and cognitive deficits. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:123. [PMID: 24639641 PMCID: PMC3945799 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glyn W Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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12
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Vingerhoets G. Contribution of the posterior parietal cortex in reaching, grasping, and using objects and tools. Front Psychol 2014; 5:151. [PMID: 24634664 PMCID: PMC3942635 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging data suggest a differential contribution of posterior parietal regions during the different components of a transitive gesture. Reaching requires the integration of object location and body position coordinates and reaching tasks elicit bilateral activation in different foci along the intraparietal sulcus. Grasping requires a visuomotor match between the object's shape and the hand's posture. Lesion studies and neuroimaging confirm the importance of the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus for human grasping. Reaching and grasping reveal bilateral activation that is generally more prominent on the side contralateral to the hand used or the hemifield stimulated. Purposeful behavior with objects and tools can be assessed in a variety of ways, including actual use, pantomimed use, and pure imagery of manipulation. All tasks have been shown to elicit robust activation over the left parietal cortex in neuroimaging, but lesion studies have not always confirmed these findings. Compared to pantomimed or imagined gestures, actual object and tool use typically produces activation over the left primary somatosensory region. Neuroimaging studies on pantomiming or imagery of tool use in healthy volunteers revealed neural responses in possibly separate foci in the left supramarginal gyrus. In sum, the parietal contribution of reaching and grasping of objects seems to depend on a bilateral network of intraparietal foci that appear organized along gradients of sensory and effector preferences. Dorsal and medial parietal cortex appears to contribute to the online monitoring/adjusting of the ongoing prehensile action, whereas the functional use of objects and tools seems to involve the inferior lateral parietal cortex. This functional input reveals a clear left lateralized activation pattern that may be tuned to the integration of acquired knowledge in the planning and guidance of the transitive movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Vingerhoets
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Karl JM, Whishaw IQ. Different evolutionary origins for the reach and the grasp: an explanation for dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex. Front Neurol 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 24391626 PMCID: PMC3870330 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dual Visuomotor Channel Theory proposes that manual prehension consists of two temporally integrated movements, each subserved by distinct visuomotor pathways in occipitoparietofrontal cortex. The Reach is mediated by a dorsomedial pathway and transports the hand in relation to the target's extrinsic properties (i.e., location and orientation). The Grasp is mediated by a dorsolateral pathway and opens, preshapes, and closes the hand in relation to the target's intrinsic properties (i.e., size and shape). Here, neuropsychological, developmental, and comparative evidence is reviewed to show that the Reach and the Grasp have different evolutionary origins. First, the removal or degradation of vision causes prehension to decompose into its constituent Reach and Grasp components, which are then executed in sequence or isolation. Similar decomposition occurs in optic ataxic patients following cortical injury to the Reach and the Grasp pathways and after corticospinal tract lesions in non-human primates. Second, early non-visual PreReach and PreGrasp movements develop into mature Reach and Grasp movements but are only integrated under visual control after a prolonged developmental period. Third, comparative studies reveal many similarities between stepping movements and the Reach and between food handling movements and the Grasp, suggesting that the Reach and the Grasp are derived from different evolutionary antecedents. The evidence is discussed in relation to the ideas that dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex emerged as a result of distinct evolutionary origins for the Reach and the Grasp; that foveated vision in primates serves to integrate the Reach and the Grasp into a single prehensile act; and, that flexible recombination of discrete Reach and Grasp movements under various forms of sensory and cognitive control can produce adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Karl
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Ian Q. Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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