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Nematova S, Zinszer B, Morlet T, Morini G, Petitto LA, Jasińska KK. Impact of ASL Exposure on Spoken Phonemic Discrimination in Adult CI Users: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 5:553-588. [PMID: 38939730 PMCID: PMC11210937 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We examined the impact of exposure to a signed language (American Sign Language, or ASL) at different ages on the neural systems that support spoken language phonemic discrimination in deaf individuals with cochlear implants (CIs). Deaf CI users (N = 18, age = 18-24 yrs) who were exposed to a signed language at different ages and hearing individuals (N = 18, age = 18-21 yrs) completed a phonemic discrimination task in a spoken native (English) and non-native (Hindi) language while undergoing functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Behaviorally, deaf CI users who received a CI early versus later in life showed better English phonemic discrimination, albeit phonemic discrimination was poor relative to hearing individuals. Importantly, the age of exposure to ASL was not related to phonemic discrimination. Neurally, early-life language exposure, irrespective of modality, was associated with greater neural activation of left-hemisphere language areas critically involved in phonological processing during the phonemic discrimination task in deaf CI users. In particular, early exposure to ASL was associated with increased activation in the left hemisphere's classic language regions for native versus non-native language phonemic contrasts for deaf CI users who received a CI later in life. For deaf CI users who received a CI early in life, the age of exposure to ASL was not related to neural activation during phonemic discrimination. Together, the findings suggest that early signed language exposure does not negatively impact spoken language processing in deaf CI users, but may instead potentially offset the negative effects of language deprivation that deaf children without any signed language exposure experience prior to implantation. This empirical evidence aligns with and lends support to recent perspectives regarding the impact of ASL exposure in the context of CI usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhlo Nematova
- Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Benjamin Zinszer
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Thierry Morlet
- Nemours Children’s Hospital, Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Giovanna Morini
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Laura-Ann Petitto
- Brain and Language Center for Neuroimaging, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaja K. Jasińska
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Połczyńska MM, Bookheimer SY. General principles governing the amount of neuroanatomical overlap between languages in bilinguals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:1-14. [PMID: 34400175 PMCID: PMC8958881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The literature has identified many important factors affecting the extent to which languages in bilinguals rely on the same neural populations in the specific brain region. The factors include the age of acquisition of the second language (L2), proficiency level of the first language (L1) and L2, and the amount of language exposure, among others. What is lacking is a set of global principles that explain how the many factors relate to the degree to which languages overlap neuroanatomically in bilinguals. We are offering a set of such principles that together account for the numerous sources of data that have been examined individually but not collectively: (1) the principle of acquisition similarity between L1 and L2, (2) the principle of linguistic similarity between L1 and L2, and (3) the principle of cognitive control and effort. Referencing the broad characteristics of language organization in bilinguals, as presented by the principles, can provide a roadmap for future clinical and basic science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Połczyńska
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Rathmann C. Global Regulatory Review Needed for Cochlear Implants: A Call for FDA Leadership. Matern Child Health J 2020; 24:1345-1359. [PMID: 32876813 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-03002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as example, we argue that regulatory agencies worldwide should review their guidance on cochlear implants (CIs). METHODS This is a position paper, thus the methods are strictly argumentation. Here we give the motivation for our recommendation. The FDA's original approval of implantation in prelingually deaf children was granted without full benefit of information on language acquisition, on childcaregiver communication, and on the lived experience of being deaf. The CI clinical trials, accordingly, did not address risks of linguistic deprivation, especially when the caregiver's communication is not fully accessible to the prelingually deaf child. Wide variability in the effectiveness of CIs since initial and updated approval has been indicated but has not led to new guidance. Children need to be exposed frequently and regularly to accessible natural language while their brains are still plastic enough to become fluent in any language. For the youngest infants, who are not yet producing anything that could be called language although they might be producing salient social signals (Goldstein et al. Child Dev 80:636-644, 2009), good comprehension of communication from caregiver to infant is critical to the development of language. Sign languages are accessible natural languages that, because they are visual, allow full immersion for deaf infants, and they supply the necessary support for this comprehension. The main language contributor to health outcomes is this combination of natural visual language and comprehension in communication. Accordingly, in order to prevent possible language deprivation, all prelingually deaf children should be exposed to both sign and spoken languages when their auditory status is detected, with sign language being critical during infancy and early childhood. Additionally, all caregivers should be given support to learn a sign language if it is new to them so that they can comprehend their deaf children's language expressions fully. However, both languages should be made accessible in their own right, not combined in a simultaneous or total communication approach since speaking one language and signing the other at the same time is problematic. RESULTS Again, because this is a position paper, our results are our recommendations. We call for the FDA (and similar agencies in other countries) to review its approval of cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf children who are within the sensitive period for language acquisition. In the meantime, the FDA should require manufacturers to add a highlighted warning to the effect that results with CI vary widely and CIs should not be relied upon to provide adequate auditory input for complete language development in all deaf children. Recent best information on users' experience with CIs (including abandonment) should be clearly provided so that informed decisions can be made. The FDA should require manufacturers' guidance and information materials to include encouragement to parents of deaf children to offer auditory input of a spoken language and visual input of a sign language and to have their child followed closely from birth by developmental specialists in language and cognition. In this way parents can align with providers to prioritize cognitive development and language access in both audio-vocal and visuo-gestural modalities. DISCUSSION The arguments and recommendations in this paper are discussed at length as they come up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Humphries
- Education Studies and Department of Communication, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Gaurav Mathur
- Department of Linguistics, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donna Jo Napoli
- Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
| | - Christian Rathmann
- Department of Deaf Studies and Sign Language Interpreting, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Johnson L, Fitzhugh MC, Yi Y, Mickelsen S, Baxter LC, Howard P, Rogalsky C. Functional Neuroanatomy of Second Language Sentence Comprehension: An fMRI Study of Late Learners of American Sign Language. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 30237778 PMCID: PMC6136263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of sentence comprehension is well-studied but the properties and characteristics of sentence processing networks remain unclear and highly debated. Sign languages (i.e., visual-manual languages), like spoken languages, have complex grammatical structures and thus can provide valuable insights into the specificity and function of brain regions supporting sentence comprehension. The present study aims to characterize how these well-studied spoken language networks can adapt in adults to be responsive to sign language sentences, which contain combinatorial semantic and syntactic visual-spatial linguistic information. Twenty native English-speaking undergraduates who had completed introductory American Sign Language (ASL) courses viewed videos of the following conditions during fMRI acquisition: signed sentences, signed word lists, English sentences and English word lists. Overall our results indicate that native language (L1) sentence processing resources are responsive to ASL sentence structures in late L2 learners, but that certain L1 sentence processing regions respond differently to L2 ASL sentences, likely due to the nature of their contribution to language comprehension. For example, L1 sentence regions in Broca's area were significantly more responsive to L2 than L1 sentences, supporting the hypothesis that Broca's area contributes to sentence comprehension as a cognitive resource when increased processing is required. Anterior temporal L1 sentence regions were sensitive to L2 ASL sentence structure, but demonstrated no significant differences in activation to L1 than L2, suggesting its contribution to sentence processing is modality-independent. Posterior superior temporal L1 sentence regions also responded to ASL sentence structure but were more activated by English than ASL sentences. An exploratory analysis of the neural correlates of L2 ASL proficiency indicates that ASL proficiency is positively correlated with increased activations in response to ASL sentences in L1 sentence processing regions. Overall these results suggest that well-established fronto-temporal spoken language networks involved in sentence processing exhibit functional plasticity with late L2 ASL exposure, and thus are adaptable to syntactic structures widely different than those in an individual's native language. Our findings also provide valuable insights into the unique contributions of the inferior frontal and superior temporal regions that are frequently implicated in sentence comprehension but whose exact roles remain highly debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Johnson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Megan C Fitzhugh
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Yuji Yi
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Soren Mickelsen
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Leslie C Baxter
- Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela Howard
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Corianne Rogalsky
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Ip KI, Hsu LSJ, Arredondo MM, Tardif T, Kovelman I. Brain bases of morphological processing in Chinese-English bilingual children. Dev Sci 2017; 20:10.1111/desc.12449. [PMID: 27523024 PMCID: PMC5309206 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Can bilingual exposure impact children's neural circuitry for learning to read? To answer this question, we investigated the brain bases of morphological awareness, one of the key spoken language abilities for learning to read in English and Chinese. Bilingual Chinese-English and monolingual English children (N = 22, ages 7-12) completed morphological tasks that best characterize each of their languages: compound morphology in Chinese (e.g. basket + ball = basketball) and derivational morphology in English (e.g. re + do = redo). In contrast to monolinguals, bilinguals showed greater activation in the left middle temporal region, suggesting that bilingual exposure to Chinese impacts the functionality of brain regions supporting semantic abilities. Similar to monolinguals, bilinguals showed greater activation in the left inferior frontal region [BA 45] in English than Chinese, suggesting that young bilinguals form language-specific neural representations. The findings offer new insights to inform bilingual and cross-linguistic models of language and literacy acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka I Ip
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Lucy Shih-Ju Hsu
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Maria M. Arredondo
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Twila Tardif
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Ioulia Kovelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor MI, 48109
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Li L, Abutalebi J, Emmorey K, Gong G, Yan X, Feng X, Zou L, Ding G. How bilingualism protects the brain from aging: Insights from bimodal bilinguals. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4109-4124. [PMID: 28513102 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilingual experience can delay cognitive decline during aging. A general hypothesis is that the executive control system of bilinguals faces an increased load due to controlling two languages, and this increased load results in a more "tuned brain" that eventually creates a neural reserve. Here we explored whether such a neuroprotective effect is independent of language modality, i.e., not limited to bilinguals who speak two languages but also occurs for bilinguals who use a spoken and a signed language. We addressed this issue by comparing bimodal bilinguals to monolinguals in order to detect age-induced structural brain changes and to determine whether we can detect the same beneficial effects on brain structure, in terms of preservation of gray matter volume (GMV), for bimodal bilinguals as has been reported for unimodal bilinguals. Our GMV analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of age × group in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes, left hippocampus/amygdala, and left insula where bimodal bilinguals showed slight GMV increases while monolinguals showed significant age-induced GMV decreases. We further found through cortical surface-based measurements that this effect was present for surface area and not for cortical thickness. Moreover, to further explore the hypothesis that overall bilingualism provides neuroprotection, we carried out a direct comparison of GMV, extracted from the brain regions reported above, between bimodal bilinguals, unimodal bilinguals, and monolinguals. Bilinguals, regardless of language modality, exhibited higher GMV compared to monolinguals. This finding highlights the general beneficial effects provided by experience handling two language systems, whether signed or spoken. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4109-4124, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen Emmorey
- Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- College of Psychology and Education, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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Petitto LA, Langdon C, Stone A, Andriola D, Kartheiser G, Cochran C. Visual sign phonology: insights into human reading and language from a natural soundless phonology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:366-381. [PMID: 27425650 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among the most prevailing assumptions in science and society about the human reading process is that sound and sound-based phonology are critical to young readers. The child's sound-to-letter decoding is viewed as universal and vital to deriving meaning from print. We offer a different view. The crucial link for early reading success is not between segmental sounds and print. Instead the human brain's capacity to segment, categorize, and discern linguistic patterning makes possible the capacity to segment all languages. This biological process includes the segmentation of languages on the hands in signed languages. Exposure to natural sign language in early life equally affords the child's discovery of silent segmental units in visual sign phonology (VSP) that can also facilitate segmental decoding of print. We consider powerful biological evidence about the brain, how it builds sound and sign phonology, and why sound and sign phonology are equally important in language learning and reading. We offer a testable theoretical account, reading model, and predictions about how VSP can facilitate segmentation and mapping between print and meaning. We explain how VSP can be a powerful facilitator of all children's reading success (deaf and hearing)-an account with profound transformative impact on learning to read in deaf children with different language backgrounds. The existence of VSP has important implications for understanding core properties of all human language and reading, challenges assumptions about language and reading as being tied to sound, and provides novel insight into a remarkable biological equivalence in signed and spoken languages. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:366-381. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1404 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Petitto
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - C Langdon
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Stone
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Andriola
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Kartheiser
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Cochran
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Linguistics, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
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Bowman LC, Kovelman I, Hu X, Wellman HM. Children's belief- and desire-reasoning in the temporoparietal junction: evidence for specialization from functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:560. [PMID: 26500527 PMCID: PMC4595792 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviorally, children's explicit theory of mind (ToM) proceeds in a progression of mental-state understandings: developmentally, children demonstrate accurate explicit desire-reasoning before accurate explicit belief-reasoning. Given its robust and cross-cultural nature, we hypothesize this progression may be paced in part by maturation/specialization of the brain. Neuroimaging research demonstrates that the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) becomes increasingly selective for ToM reasoning as children age, and as their ToM improves. But this research has narrowly focused on beliefs or on undifferentiated mental-states. A recent ERP study in children included a critical contrast to desire-reasoning, and demonstrated that right posterior potentials differentiated belief-reasoning from desire-reasoning. Taken together, the literature suggests that children's desire-belief progression may be paced by specialization of the right TPJ for belief-reasoning specifically, beyond desire-reasoning. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis directly by examining children's belief- and desire-reasoning using functional near-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with structural magnetic resonance imaging to pinpoint brain activation in the right TPJ. Results showed greatest activation in the right TPJ for belief-reasoning, beyond desire-reasoning, and beyond non-mental reasoning (control). Findings replicate and critically extend prior ERP results, and provide clear evidence for a specific neural mechanism underlying children's progression from understanding desires to understanding beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ioulia Kovelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Xiaosu Hu
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Henry M Wellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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9
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Culturally non-preferred cognitive tasks require compensatory attention: a functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-015-0027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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