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Bortolotti A, Padulo C, Conte N, Fairfield B, Palumbo R. Colored valence in a lexical decision task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 244:104172. [PMID: 38324933 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Color influences behavior, from the simplest to the most complex, through controlled and more automatic information elaboration processes. Nonetheless, little is known about how and when these highly interconnected processes interact. This study investigates the interaction between controlled and automatic processes during the processing of color information in a lexical decision task. Participants discriminated stimuli presented in different colors (red, blue, green) as words or pseudowords. Results showed that while color did not affect the faster and more accurate recognition of words compared to pseudowords, performance was influenced when examining words and pseudowords separately. Pseudowords were recognized faster when presented in blue or red, suggesting a potential influence of evolutionary color preferences when processing is not guided by more controlled processes. With words, emotional enhancement effects were found, with a preference for green independent of valence. These results suggest that controlled and more automatic processes do interact when processing color information according to stimulus type and task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Humanities University of Naples "Federico II", Italy.
| | - Nadia Conte
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences University of Chieti, Italy.
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Humanities University of Naples "Federico II", Italy.
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Department of Neuroscience e Imaging University of Chieti, Italy.
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2
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Khadir A, Maghareh M, Sasani Ghamsari S, Beigzadeh B. Brain activity characteristics of RGB stimulus: an EEG study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18988. [PMID: 37923926 PMCID: PMC10624840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception of color is a fundamental cognitive feature of our psychological experience, with an essential role in many aspects of human behavior. Several studies used magnetoencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalography (EEG) approaches to investigate color perception. Their methods includes the event-related potential and spectral power activity of different color spaces, such as Derrington-Krauskopf-Lennie and red-green-blue (RGB), in addition to exploring the psychological and emotional effects of colors. However, we found insufficient studies in RGB space that considered combining all aspects of EEG signals. Thus, in the present study, focusing on RGB stimuli and using a data-driven approach, we investigated significant differences in the perception of colors. Our findings show that beta oscillation of green compared to red and blue colors occurs in early sensory periods with a latency shifting in the occipital region. Furthermore, in the occipital region, the theta power of the blue color decreases noticeably compared to the other colors. Concurrently, in the prefrontal area, we observed an increase in phase consistency in response to the green color, while the blue color showed a decrease. Therefore, our results can be used to interpret the brain activity mechanism of color perception in RGB color space and to choose suitable colors for more efficient performance in cognitive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khadir
- Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Maghareh
- Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Sasani Ghamsari
- Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Borhan Beigzadeh
- Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Singh R, Rauscher FG, Li Y, Eslami M, Kazeminasab S, Zebardast N, Wang M, Elze T. Normative Percentiles of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:13. [PMID: 37844261 PMCID: PMC10584025 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurement aids in the clinical diagnosis of glaucoma. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) machines measure RNFLT and provide normative color-coded plots. In this retrospective study, we investigate whether normative percentiles of RNFLT (pRNFLT) from Spectralis SD-OCT improve prediction of glaucomatous visual field loss over raw RNFLT. Methods A longitudinal database containing OCT scans and visual fields from Massachusetts Eye & Ear glaucoma clinic patients was generated. Reliable OCT-visual field pairs were selected. Spectralis OCT normative distributions were extracted from machine printouts. Supervised machine learning models compared predictive performance between pRNFLT and raw RNFLT inputs. Regional structure-function associations were assessed with univariate regression to predict mean deviation (MD). Multivariable classification predicted MD, pattern standard deviation, MD change per year, and glaucoma hemifield test. Results There were 3016 OCT-visual field pairs that met the reliability criteria. Spectralis norms were found to be independent of age, sex, and ocular magnification. Regional analysis showed significant decrease in R2 from pRNFLT models compared to raw RNFLT models in inferotemporal sectors, across multiple regressors. In multivariable classification, there were no significant improvements in area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) score with pRNFLT models compared to raw RNFLT models. Conclusions Our results challenge the assumption that normative percentiles from OCT machines improve prediction of glaucomatous visual field loss. Raw RNFLT alone shows strong prediction, with no models presenting improvement by the manufacturer norms. This may result from insufficient patient stratification in tested norms. Translational Relevance Understanding correlation of normative databases to visual function may improve clinical interpretation of OCT data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Singh
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franziska G. Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yangjiani Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Eslami
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saber Kazeminasab
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazlee Zebardast
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Elze
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Wiercioch-Kuzianik K, Brączyk J, Bieniek H, Bąbel P. Red induces hyperalgesia and white induces hypoalgesia regardless of pain modality. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6360. [PMID: 37076528 PMCID: PMC10115883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colors are an important factor that influences different aspects of people's lives. However, little is known about the effects of colors on pain. This preregistered study aimed to investigate whether the type of pain affects the impact of colors on pain intensity. 74 participants were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the type of pain: electrical or thermal. In both groups, pain stimuli of the same intensity were preceded by different colors. Participants rated the pain intensity induced by each pain stimulus. Additionally, pain expectations related to each color were rated at the beginning and the end of the procedure. A significant effect of color on pain intensity ratings was found. Pain was most intense in both groups after red, whereas the lowest ratings were given after white. A similar pattern of results was observed for pain expectations. Expectations also correlated with and were found to be a predictor of experienced pain for white, blue, and green. The study shows that white can reduce, while red can alter the experienced pain. Moreover, it shows that the effect of colors is affected to a greater extent by the pain expectations rather than the pain modality. We conclude that the way colors influence pain broadens the current knowledge on effects of colors on human behavior and could help in the future both patients and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wiercioch-Kuzianik
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Brączyk
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Helena Bieniek
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bąbel
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Zimmer U, Wendt M, Pacharra M. Enhancing allocation of visual attention with emotional cues presented in two sensory modalities. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2022; 18:10. [PMID: 36138461 PMCID: PMC9494825 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-022-00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Responses to a visual target stimulus in an exogenous spatial cueing paradigm are usually faster if cue and target occur in the same rather than in different locations (i.e., valid vs. invalid), although perceptual conditions for cue and target processing are otherwise equivalent. This cueing validity effect can be increased by adding emotional (task-unrelated) content to the cue. In contrast, adding a secondary non-emotional sensory modality to the cue (bimodal), has not consistently yielded increased cueing effects in previous studies. Here, we examined the interplay of bimodally presented cue content (i.e., emotional vs. neutral), by using combined visual-auditory cues. Specifically, the current ERP-study investigated whether bimodal presentation of fear-related content amplifies deployment of spatial attention to the cued location. Results A behavioral cueing validity effect occurred selectively in trials in which both aspects of the cue (i.e., face and voice) were related to fear. Likewise, the posterior contra-ipsilateral P1-activity in valid trials was significantly larger when both cues were fear-related than in all other cue conditions. Although the P3a component appeared uniformly increased in invalidly cued trials, regardless of cue content, a positive LPC deflection, starting about 450 ms after target onset, was, again, maximal for the validity contrast in trials associated with bimodal presentation of fear-related cues. Conclusions Simultaneous presentation of fear-related stimulus information in the visual and auditory modality appears to increase sustained visual attention (impairing disengagement of attention from the cued location) and to affect relatively late stages of target processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Zimmer
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. .,ICAN Insitute of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Wendt
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,ICAN Insitute of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Pacharra
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Kang J, Park YE, Yoon HK. Feeling Blue and Getting Red: An Exploratory Study on the Effect of Color in the Processing of Emotion Information. Front Psychol 2022; 13:515215. [PMID: 35846653 PMCID: PMC9280203 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.515215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific emotions and colors are associated. The current study tested whether the interference of colors with affective processing occurs solely in the semantic stage or extends to a more complex stage like the lexical processing of emotional words. We performed two experiments to determine the effect of colors on affective processing. In Experiment 1, participants completed a color-emotion priming task. The priming stimulus included a color-tinted (blue, red, and gray) image of a neutral face, followed by a target stimulus of gray-scaled emotional (angry and sad) and neutral faces after 50 ms. Experiment 2 used a modified emostroop paradigm and superimposed emotion words on the center of the color-tinted emotional and neutral faces. Results showed the priming effect of red for the angry face compared to the control, but not in blue for the sad face compared to the control. However, responses to the blue-sad pair were significantly faster than the red-sad pair. In the color-emostroop task, we observed a significant interaction between color and emotion target words in the modified emostroop task. Participants detected sad targets more accurately and faster in blue than red, but only in the incongruent condition. The results indicate that the influence of color in the processing of emotional information exists at the semantic level but found no evidence supporting the lexical level effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Kang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeo Eun Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ho-Kyoung Yoon,
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Trepkowski C, Marquardt A, Eibich TD, Shikanai Y, Maiero J, Kiyokawa K, Kruijff E, Schoning J, Konig P. Multisensory Proximity and Transition Cues for Improving Target Awareness in Narrow Field of View Augmented Reality Displays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022; 28:1342-1362. [PMID: 34591771 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2021.3116673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Augmented reality applications allow users to enrich their real surroundings with additional digital content. However, due to the limited field of view of augmented reality devices, it can sometimes be difficult to become aware of newly emerging information inside or outside the field of view. Typical visual conflicts like clutter and occlusion of augmentations occur and can be further aggravated especially in the context of dense information spaces. In this article, we evaluate how multisensory cue combinations can improve the awareness for moving out-of-view objects in narrow field of view augmented reality displays. We distinguish between proximity and transition cues in either visual, auditory or tactile manner. Proximity cues are intended to enhance spatial awareness of approaching out-of-view objects while transition cues inform the user that the object just entered the field of view. In study 1, user preference was determined for 6 different cue combinations via forced-choice decisions. In study 2, the 3 most preferred modes were then evaluated with respect to performance and awareness measures in a divided attention reaction task. Both studies were conducted under varying noise levels. We show that on average the Visual-Tactile combination leads to 63% and Audio-Tactile to 65% faster reactions to incoming out-of-view augmentations than their Visual-Audio counterpart, indicating a high usefulness of tactile transition cues. We further show a detrimental effect of visual and audio noise on performance when feedback included visual proximity cues. Based on these results, we make recommendations to determine which cue combination is appropriate for which application.
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Armstrong K, Richards AS, Boyd KJ. Red-Hot Reactance: Color Cues Moderate the Freedom Threatening Characteristics of Health PSAs. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 36:663-670. [PMID: 31818126 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1700885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether color cues in health PSAs affect people's experience of psychological reactance to health recommendations. By integrating psychological reactance theory and color-in-context theory, we predicted that reactance would be greater after viewing a threatening health PSA conveyed in red compared to other colors. Using a 3 (color: gray, green, red) × 2 (freedom threatening language: low, high) experimental design in the context of oral health, we found that red exacerbated the degree to which freedom threatening language elicited perceived freedom threat and reactance, and this effect further decreased attitude and intention toward using a firm-bristled toothbrush. These findings show the importance of considering visual communication like color cues when developing successful health campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam S Richards
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas Christian University
| | - Kylie J Boyd
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas Christian University
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9
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Fernández-Folgueiras U, Méndez-Bértolo C, Hernández-Lorca M, Bódalo C, Giménez-Fernández T, Carretié L. Realistic (3D) looming of emotional visual stimuli: Attentional effects at neural and behavioral levels. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13785. [PMID: 33550631 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that endogenous attention (the controlled selection of certain aspects of our environment) is enhanced toward emotional stimuli due to its biological relevance. Although looming affective stimuli such as threat seem even more critical for survival, little is known about their effect on endogenous attention. Here, we recorded neural (event-related potentials, ERPs) and behavioral responses (errors and reaction times) to explore the combined effect of emotion and looming motion. 3D-recreated static and moving animals assessed as emotionally positive, negative, and neutral, were presented to participants (n = 71), who performed an indirect categorization task (vertebrate vs. invertebrate). Behavioral results showed better task performance, as reflected by lower number of errors and reaction times, in response to threatening stimuli. Neural indices revealed significant early (P1p, 150 milliseconds), intermediate (P2p, 240), and late (LPP, 450) effects, the latter being more intensely associated with behavior, as revealed by regression analyses. In general, neural indexes of attention to both static and dynamic stimuli showed a positivity offset in early stages and a negativity bias in subsequent phases. However, and importantly, the progressive inclusion of negative stimuli in the attentional focus is produced earlier in the case of dynamic (at P2p latency) than in static versions (at LPP). These results point to an enhancement of attention, particularly in temporal terms, toward stimuli combining motion and biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxía Fernández-Folgueiras
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Hernández-Lorca
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bódalo
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Giménez-Fernández
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carretié
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Sample C, Jensen MJ, Scott K, McAlaney J, Fitchpatrick S, Brockinton A, Ormrod D, Ormrod A. Interdisciplinary Lessons Learned While Researching Fake News. Front Psychol 2020; 11:537612. [PMID: 33424670 PMCID: PMC7793757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The misleading and propagandistic tendencies in American news reporting have been a part of public discussion from its earliest days as a republic (Innis, 2007; Sheppard, 2007). "Fake news" is hardly new (McKernon, 1925), and the term has been applied to a variety of distinct phenomenon ranging from satire to news, which one may find disagreeable (Jankowski, 2018; Tandoc et al., 2018). However, this problem has become increasingly acute in recent years with the Macquarie Dictionary declaring "fake news" the word of the year in 2016 (Lavoipierre, 2017). The international recognition of fake news as a problem (Pomerantsev and Weiss, 2014; Applebaum and Lucas, 2016) has led to a number of initiatives to mitigate perceived causes, with varying levels of success (Flanagin and Metzger, 2014; Horne and Adali, 2017; Sample et al., 2018). The inability to create a holistic solution continues to stymie researchers and vested parties. A significant contributor to the problem is the interdisciplinary nature of digital deception. While technology enables the rapid and wide dissemination of digitally deceptive data, the design and consumption of data rely on a mixture of psychology, sociology, political science, economics, linguistics, marketing, and fine arts. The authors for this effort discuss deception's history, both old and new, from an interdisciplinary viewpoint and then proceed to discuss how various disciplines contribute to aiding in the detection and countering of fake news narratives. A discussion of various fake news types (printed, staged events, altered photographs, and deep fakes) ensues with the various technologies being used to identify these; the shortcomings of those technologies and finally the insights offered by the other disciplines can be incorporated to improve outcomes. A three-point evaluation model that focuses on contextual data evaluation, pattern spread, and archival analysis of both the author and publication archives is introduced. While the model put forth cannot determine fact from fiction, the ability to measure distance from fact across various domains provides a starting point for evaluating the veracity of a new story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Char Sample
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States
| | - Michael J. Jensen
- Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Keith Scott
- Department of Linguistics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John McAlaney
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda Brockinton
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy Ormrod
- Terra Schwartz, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Visual Design Cues Impacting Food Choice: A Review and Future Research Agenda. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101495. [PMID: 33086720 PMCID: PMC7589873 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to tackle the challenge of understanding how visual design cues can affect behavioural outcomes in a food context. The review answers two key questions: (1) What are the effects of the most important visual design cues on behavioural outcomes and how can they be explained? (2) What are the research gaps in this area? We start from a comprehensive taxonomy of visual design cues delineating the most important visual design cues. Next, we evaluate the extant research based on a structured, narrative literature review on visual design cues in the food domain. We differentiate between object processed and spatially processed visual design cues in food choice contexts and show how they affect behavioural outcomes through a range of psychological processes (attention, affective-, cognitive- and motivational reactions, food perceptions and attitudes). We end with recommendations which take into account the current food store context, the state-of-art in measuring psychological processes and behavioural outcomes and the specific food-, person- and context-related moderators. This review offers guidance for research to untangle the complexity of the effect of visual design cues in a food choice context.
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12
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Wiercioch-Kuzianik K, Bąbel P. Color Hurts. The Effect of Color on Pain Perception. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:1955-1962. [PMID: 30649442 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Research suggests that colors may have an effect on human behavior, cognition, and emotions; however, little is known about their influence on pain perception. The aim of these two studies was to investigate whether colors have an impact on pain perception and to find the mechanism that underlies the influence of colors on pain. Methods In both studies, participants received electrocutaneous pain stimuli of the same intensity preceded by one of six colors (red, green, orange, blue, pink, or yellow) or a blank slide, which served as a control condition. In the first study, the intensity of experienced pain was measured; in the second study, both experienced and expected pain was measured. Results The studies revealed that colors increased the intensity of experienced pain in comparison with the noncolor condition (blank slide), regardless of both the sex of participants and whether they noticed a relationship between colors and pain intensity. Particularly, participants rated pain stimuli preceded by red as being more painful compared with pain stimuli preceded by other colors, especially green and blue. Conclusions It is concluded that colors have an impact on pain perception. Our results have important implications for the color lights paradigm applied in studies on placebo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemysław Bąbel
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Pilarczyk J, Kuniecki M, Wołoszyn K, Sterna R. Blue blood, red blood. How does the color of an emotional scene affect visual attention and pupil size? Vision Res 2020; 171:36-45. [PMID: 32371225 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The function of color in the processing of emotional scenes is not entirely clear. While there are studies showing that color matters in terms of the capture of covert attention by emotional stimuli, the impact of color on fixation patterns, reflecting overt attention, is unresolved. Studies on the role of color in evoking emotional response have also produced mixed results. Here, we aimed to explore how image color and content influence pupillary response and the engagement of overt visual attention. In the first experiment, we examined the pupillary reaction to neutral images (intact and phase scrambled) in three color variants (natural, abnormal, and grayscale). In the second experiment, we investigated the pupillary changes and fixation pattern in response to images of different valence (neutral, positive, and negative), again in three color versions. The results showed that pupillary responses were influenced by both content and the color of the images. The pupillary response to phase-scrambled images did not differ between the color versions. Intact neutral and positive images, but not negative ones, evoked smaller pupil responses if they were presented in abnormal colors rather than natural ones. The initial capture of attention by emotional content depended on the color version, whereas holding of attention was affected solely by the emotional valence. Thus, color changes the physiological response to images, particularly low-arousing ones, and modulates the initial engagement of attention by image content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pilarczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Kuniecki
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kinga Wołoszyn
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Radosław Sterna
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Batbat T, Güven A, Dolu N. Evaluation of divided attention using different stimulation models in event-related potentials. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2069-2079. [PMID: 31352660 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Divided attention is defined as focusing on different tasks at once, and this is described as one of the biggest problems of today's society. Default examinations for understanding attention are questionnaires or physiological signals, like evoked potentials and electroencephalography. Physiological records were obtained using visual, auditory, and auditory-visual stimuli combinations with 48 participants-18-25-year-old university students-to find differences between sustained and divided attention. A Fourier-based filter was used to get a 0.01-30-Hz frequency band. Fractal dimensions, entropy values, power spectral densities, and Hjorth parameters from electroencephalography and P300 components from evoked potentials were calculated as features. To decrease the size of the feature set, some features, which yield less detail level for data, were eliminated. The visual and auditory stimuli in selective attention were compared with the divided attention state, and the best accuracy was found to be 88.89% on a support vector machine with linear kernel. As a result, it was seen that divided attention could be more difficult to determine from selective attention, but successful classification could be obtained with appropriate methods. Contrary to literature, the study deals with the infrastructure of attention types by working on a completely healthy and attention-high group. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Batbat
- Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Güven
- Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazan Dolu
- Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Torriero S, Mattavelli G, Lo Gerfo E, Romero Lauro L, Actis-Grosso R, Ricciardelli P. FEF Excitability in Attentional Bias: A TMS-EEG Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:333. [PMID: 30687035 PMCID: PMC6336732 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of distinct cortical regions in guiding social orienting needs further investigation. Our aim was to explore the contribution of the frontal eye field (FEF) in early orienting of attention towards stimuli with social value. We used a TMS-EEG approach to investigate event related potentials (ERPs; no-TMS block) and TMS evoked potentials (TEPs; TMS block) during the cueing phase of a modified version of the dot-probe task, comparing competing (face vs. house) and not competing (house vs. house) conditions. Our results revealed an increased amplitude of ERP components in the competing condition, showing greater posterior N170 and fronto-central vertex positive potential (VPP) and an enhanced frontal negative component at 250-270 ms from cue onset. TMS pulses over the FEF induced similar N170 and VPP amplified components. In addition, in the ERPs, a reduced positivity at 400 ms was shown when the face appeared on the left side vs. the right side of space. In contrast, in the TMS blocks, we found lateralized effects on N170 depending on the side of face presentation. The enhanced cortical excitability induced by TMS over the right FEF significantly correlated with the performance on the behavioral task, suggesting a link between the FEF activity during the cueing phase of the dot-probe task and the subsequent behavioral response times to the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torriero
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Lo Gerfo
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Department of Economics Management and Statistics, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Actis-Grosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ricciardelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Elliot AJ. A Historically Based Review of Empirical Work on Color and Psychological Functioning: Content, Methods, and Recommendations for Future Research. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Empirical work on color and psychological functioning has a long history, dating back to the 19th century. This early research focused on five different areas: Arousal, physical strength, preference, time perception, and attention. In the present paper, I overview the relations observed in this early research, and detail methodological weaknesses therein. I then trace subsequent 20th and 21st century developments in these research areas, in terms of both content and methods. Finally, I extend the review to cover the full breadth of research in this domain of inquiry, and provide guidelines for interpreting existing work and conducting future work. Thus, this historically based review tells us much about research on color and psychological functioning, including where it started, where it has been, where it is, and where it can go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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Wilson DA, Tomonaga M. Exploring attentional bias towards threatening faces in chimpanzees using the dot probe task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207378. [PMID: 30485317 PMCID: PMC6261591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates have evolved to rapidly detect and respond to danger in their environment. However, the mechanisms involved in attending to threatening stimuli are not fully understood. The dot-probe task is one of the most widely used experimental paradigms to investigate these mechanisms in humans. However, to date, few studies have been conducted in non-human primates. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the dot-probe task can measure attentional biases towards threatening faces in chimpanzees. Eight adult chimpanzees participated in a series of touch screen dot-probe tasks. We predicted faster response times towards chimpanzee threatening faces relative to neutral faces and faster response times towards faces of high threat intensity (scream) than low threat intensity (bared teeth). Contrary to prediction, response times for chimpanzee threatening faces relative to neutral faces did not differ. In addition, we found no difference in response times for faces of high and low threat intensity. In conclusion, we found no evidence that the touch screen dot-probe task can measure attentional biases specifically towards threatening faces in our chimpanzees. Methodological limitations of using the task to measure emotional attention in human and non-human primates, including stimulus threat intensity, emotional state, stimulus presentation duration and manual responding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan A. Wilson
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masaki Tomonaga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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Xia T, Qi Z, Shi J, Zhang M, Luo W. The Early Facilitative and Late Contextual Specific Effect of the Color Red on Attentional Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:224. [PMID: 29950979 PMCID: PMC6008538 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have proved that color represents a variety of emotionally meaningful information. Researchers have proposed that context information endows colors with different associated meanings, and elicits corresponding behavior. Others have contended that the color red intensifies the stimulus' existing valence or motivation tendency in the early processing step. The present study attempts to incorporate these two effects of the color red to explore their differences in a dot probe task, using event-related potential (ERP). Our ERP results indicate that the color red intensifies the initial attention to emotion-congruent conditions, as indicated by the P1 component. However, the colors red and green lead to sustained attention to the expression of anger and happiness, respectively, but not fear, as shown by the late positive complex component (all results are available at: https://osf.io/k3b8c/). This study found the different processing stages of the effect of the color red during attentional processing in a discrete emotional context, using ERPs, and may refine the Color-in-Context theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xia
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhengyang Qi
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaxin Shi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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The dot-probe task to measure emotional attention: A suitable measure in comparative studies? Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 24:1686-1717. [PMID: 28092078 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For social animals, attending to and recognizing the emotional expressions of other individuals is of crucial importance for their survival and likely has a deep evolutionary origin. Gaining insight into how emotional expressions evolved as adaptations over the course of evolution can be achieved by making direct cross-species comparisons. To that extent, experimental paradigms that are suitable for investigating emotional processing across species need to be developed and evaluated. The emotional dot-probe task, which measures attention allocation toward emotional stimuli, has this potential. The task is implicit, and subjects need minimal training to perform the task successfully. Findings in nonhuman primates, although scarce, show that they, like humans, have an attentional bias toward emotional stimuli. However, the wide literature on human studies has shown that different factors can have important moderating effects on the results. Due to the large heterogeneity of this literature, these moderating effects often remain unnoticed. We here review this literature and show that subject characteristics and differences in experimental designs affect the results of the dot-probe task. We conclude with specific recommendations regarding these issues that are particularly relevant to take into consideration when applying this paradigm to study animals.
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García-Madariaga J, Blasco López MF, Burgos IM, Virto NR. Do isolated packaging variables influence consumers' attention and preferences? Physiol Behav 2018; 200:96-103. [PMID: 29702121 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Developments in neuroscience have provided the opportunity to know unconscious consumer reactions and acknowledge direct measures of cognitive constructs like attention. Given the ever-increasing concern over packaging's contribution to creating a positive first impression, the current research seeks to examine consumers' attention and declarative preferences regarding the three main different packaging attributes as isolated variables: images, texts and colours. The experiment exposed participants (N = 40) to 63 stimuli, which were based on modifications of the three main packaging attributes of three products of three different food categories. This study used electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking (ET) to measure attention, and a declarative test was employed to examine preference. First, the results presented herein show that the presence of visual elements, either images or texts on packages, increased the participants' level of attention. Second, the results reveal that colour modifications do not have a significant effect on participants' neurophysiological attention levels. Third, the results demonstrated that the neurophysiological effects among the participants do not necessarily coincide with their subjective evaluations of preference. Hence, this study increases awareness of the relevance of combining traditional market research tools that rely on explicit consumer responses with neuroscientific techniques. These findings indicate, first of all, that more research is needed to ascertain the extent to which consumers' neurophysiological outcomes correspond to their declarative preferences and second, that neurophysiological methods should be given more attention in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Madariaga
- Marketing Department, School of Economics and Business, Complutense University (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ingrit Moya Burgos
- Marketing Department, School of Economics and Business, Complutense University (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Recuero Virto
- Marketing Department, School of Economics and Business, Complutense University (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Bringing color to emotion: The influence of color on attentional bias to briefly presented emotional images. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:1028-1047. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Blizzard S, Fierro-Rojas A, Fallah M. Response Inhibition Is Facilitated by a Change to Red Over Green in the Stop Signal Paradigm. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:655. [PMID: 28101011 PMCID: PMC5209377 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actions are informed by the complex interactions of response execution and inhibition networks. These networks integrate sensory information with internal states and behavioral goals to produce an appropriate action or to update an ongoing action. Recent investigations have shown that, behaviorally, attention is captured through a hierarchy of colors. These studies showed how the color hierarchy affected visual processing. To determine whether the color hierarchy can be extended to higher level executive functions such as response execution and inhibition, we conducted several experiments using the stop-signal task (SST). In the first experiment, we modified the classic paradigm so that the go signals could vary in task-irrelevant color, with an auditory stop signal. We found that the task-irrelevant color of the go signals did not differentially affect response times. In the second experiment we determined that making the color of the go signal relevant for response selection still did not affect reaction times(RTs) and, thus, execution. In the third experiment, we modified the paradigm so that the stop signal was a task relevant change in color of the go signal. The mean RT to the red stop signal was approximately 25 ms faster than to the green stop signal. In other words, red stop signals facilitated response inhibition more than green stop signals, however, there was no comparative facilitation of response execution. These findings suggest that response inhibition, but not execution, networks are sensitive to differences in color salience. They also suggest that the color hierarchy is based on attentional networks and not simply on early sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Blizzard
- Visual Attention and Perception Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adriela Fierro-Rojas
- Department of Psychology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Visual Attention and Perception Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Hoefer D, Handel M, Müller KM, Hammer TR. Electroencephalographic study showing that tactile stimulation by fabrics of different qualities elicit graded event-related potentials. Skin Res Technol 2016; 22:470-478. [PMID: 26991667 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Neurophysiologic data on reactions of the human brain towards tactile stimuli evoked by fabrics moved on the skin are scarce. Furthermore, evaluation of fabrics' pleasantness using questionnaires suffers subjective biases. That is why we used a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to objectively evaluate real-time brain reactions to fabric-skin interactions. METHODS Tactile stimuli were triggered by selected fabrics of different qualities, i.e. modal/polyamide single jersey, cotton double rib and a jute fabric, applied hidden to either the palm or forearm of 24 subjects via a custom-made fabric-to-skin applicator called SOFIA. One-way anova analysis was carried out to verify the EEG data. RESULTS The modal/polyamide fabric applied to the forearm and palm led to slightly stronger emotional valence scores in the brain than the conventional or baseline fabric. Furthermore, the single jersey elicits significant higher event-related potential (ERP) signals in all subjects when applied to the forearm, suggesting less distraction and better cognitive resources during the fabric/skin interaction. The brain thus reacts with instantaneous ERP to tactile stimulation of fabrics and is able to discriminate different qualities via implicit preferences. CONCLUSION The test procedure described here may be a tool to evaluate the fabric feel with the exclusion of subjective biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hoefer
- Department of Hygiene, Environment & Medicine, Hohenstein Institutes, Boennigheim, Germany.
| | - M Handel
- Department of Hygiene, Environment & Medicine, Hohenstein Institutes, Boennigheim, Germany
| | | | - T R Hammer
- Department of Hygiene, Environment & Medicine, Hohenstein Institutes, Boennigheim, Germany
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