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Ciorli T, Pia L. The role of identity priming on the (unconscious) bodily self-attribution. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1331-1338. [PMID: 38492085 PMCID: PMC11143043 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that hand stimuli presented in a first-, with respect to a third-, person perspective were prioritized before awareness independently from their identity (i.e., self, or other). This pattern would represent an unconscious advantage for self-related bodily stimuli rooted in spatial perspective. To deeper investigate the role of identity, we employed a breaking-Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm in which a self- or other-hand presented in first- or third-person perspective was displayed after a conscious identity-related prime (i.e., self or other face). We replicated the unconscious advantage of the first-person perspective but, crucially, we reported that within the first-person perspective, other-hand stimuli preceded by other-face priming slowed down the conscious access with respect to the other conditions. These findings demonstrate that a top-down conscious identity context modulates the unconscious self-attribution of bodily stimuli. Within a predictive processing framework, we suggest that, by adding ambiguous information, the prime forces a prediction update that slows conscious access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Ciorli
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pia
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123, Turin, Italy.
- NIT (Neuroscience Institute of Turin), Turin, Italy.
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2
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Cesari V, D’Aversa S, Piarulli A, Melfi F, Gemignani A, Menicucci D. Sense of Agency and Skills Learning in Virtual-Mediated Environment: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:350. [PMID: 38672002 PMCID: PMC11048251 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Agency is central to remote actions, and it may enhance skills learning due to a partial overlap between brain structures and networks, the promotion of confidence towards a telemanipulator, and the feeling of congruence of the motor choice to the motor plan. We systematically reviewed studies aiming to verify the role of agency in improving learning. Fifteen studies were selected from MEDLINE and Scopus®. When a mismatch is introduced between observed and performed actions, the decrease in agency and learning is proportional to the intensity of the mismatch, which is due to greater interference with the motor programming. Thanks to multisensory integration, agency and learning benefit both from sensory and performance feedback and from the timing of feedback based on control at the goal level or the perceptual-motor level. This work constitutes a bedrock for professional teleoperation settings (e.g., robotic surgery), with particular reference to the role of agency in performing complex tasks with remote control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cesari
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Sveva D’Aversa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Piarulli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Franca Melfi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
- Clinical Psychology Branch, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.C.); (S.D.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
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3
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Laricchiuta D, Garofalo C, Mazzeschi C. Trauma-related disorders and the bodily self: current perspectives and future directions. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166127. [PMID: 37275691 PMCID: PMC10235635 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that influence people who have directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Dramatic brain/body transformations and altered person's relationship with self, others, and the world occur when experiencing multiple types of traumas. In turn, these unfortunate modifications may contribute to predisposition to trauma-related vulnerability conditions, such as externalizing (aggression, delinquency, and conduct disorders) problems. This mini-review analyzes the relations between traumatic experiences (encoded as implicit and embodied procedural memories) and bodily self, sense of safety for the own body, and relationship with others, also in the presence of externalizing conducts. Furthermore, an emerging research area is also considered, highlighting principles and techniques of body-oriented and sensorimotor therapies designed to remodel bodily self-aspects in the presence of trauma, discussing their potential application with individuals showing externalizing problems.
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4
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Social, affective, and non-motoric bodily cues to the Sense of Agency: A systematic review of the experience of control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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EEG-based analysis of various sensory stimulation effects to reduce visually induced motion sickness in virtual reality. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18043. [PMID: 36302810 PMCID: PMC9613667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of virtual reality (VR) is frequently accompanied by motion sickness, and approaches for preventing it are not yet well established. We explored the effects of synchronized presentations of sound and motion on visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) in order to reduce VIMS. A total of 25 participants bicycle riding for 5 min with or without sound and motion synchronization presented on a head-mounted display. As a result, the VIMS scores measured by the fast motion sickness scale and simulator sickness questionnaire were significantly lower in the participants who experienced the riding scene with sound and motion than those who experienced the riding scene with sound only, motion only, or neither. Furthermore, analysis of the EEG signal showed that the higher the VIMS, the significant increase in alpha and theta waves in the parietal and occipital lobes. Therefore, we demonstrate that the simultaneous presentation of sound and motion, closely associated with synchronous and visual flow speed, is effective in reducing VIMS while experiencing simulated bicycle riding in a VR environment.
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6
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Developmental changes in action-outcome regularity perceptual sensitivity and its relationship to hand motor function in 5-16-year-old children. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17606. [PMID: 36266454 PMCID: PMC9585081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the comparator model, the perception of action-outcome regularity is involved in the generation of sense of agency. In addition, the perception of action-outcome regularity is related to motor performance. However, no studies have examined the developmental changes in the perception of action-outcome regularity. The current study measured perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity and manual dexterity in 200 children aged between 5 and 16 years. The results showed that perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly lower in 5-6-year-old children than in 9-16-year-old children, and that it was significantly lower in children with low manual dexterity than in children with medium to high manual dexterity. Correlation analyses revealed significant correlations of age and perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity, but no significant correlation of manual dexterity and perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity, either overall or in any age band. The present study suggests that perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity is immature at 5-6 years of age and that it may be impaired in 5-16-year-old children with poor manual dexterity.
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7
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Di Vincenzo M, Palini F, De Marsico M, Borghi AM, Baldassarre G. A Natural Human-Drone Embodied Interface: Empirical Comparison With a Traditional Interface. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:898859. [PMID: 36310633 PMCID: PMC9614065 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.898859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of usability in human-machine interaction (HMI), most commonly used devices are not usable by all potential users. In particular, users with low or null technological experience, or with special needs, require carefully designed systems and easy-to-use interfaces supporting recognition over recall. To this purpose, Natural User Interfaces (NUIs) represent an effective strategy as the user's learning is facilitated by features of the interface that mimic the human “natural” sensorimotor embodied interactions with the environment. This paper compares the usability of a new NUI (based on an eye-tracker and hand gesture recognition) with a traditional interface (keyboard) for the distal control of a simulated drone flying in a virtual environment. The whole interface relies on “dAIsy”, a new software allowing the flexible use of different input devices and the control of different robotic platforms. The 59 users involved in the study were required to complete two tasks with each interface, while their performance was recorded: (a) exploration: detecting trees embedded in an urban environment; (b) accuracy: guiding the drone as accurately and fast as possible along a predefined track. Then they were administered questionnaires regarding the user's background, the perceived embodiment of the device, and the perceived quality of the virtual experience while either using the NUI or the traditional interface. The results appear controversial and call for further investigation: (a) contrary to our hypothesis, the specific NUI used led to lower performance than the traditional interface; (b) however, the NUI was evaluated as more natural and embodied. The final part of the paper discusses the possible causes underlying these results that suggest possible future improvements of the NUI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria De Marsico
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M. Borghi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- AI2Life Srl Innovative Startup, Spin-Off of ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianluca Baldassarre
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8
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Villa R, Aglioti SM. Reduced ownership over a virtual body modulates dishonesty. iScience 2022; 25:104320. [PMID: 35602961 PMCID: PMC9118670 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies suggest that even higher-order functions can be embodied, whether body awareness may bias moral decisions toward (dis)honesty remains underinvestigated. Here, we tested if the Sense of body Ownership (SoO) and the magnitude of monetary rewards influence the tendency to act immorally. Through a virtual body, participants played a card game in which they could lie to others to steal high or low amounts of money. To manipulate SoO, the virtual body was seen and controlled from a first-person perspective, with hands attached or detached, or from a third-person perspective. In third-person perspective, SoO was significantly reduced and more egoistic lies were produced in high reward conditions. Thus, SoO reduction and high monetary reward facilitate dishonest behavior, likely by separating the self from the dishonest actions performed through the disowned body. Because most future interactions will likely occur in a digital metaverse, our results may have crucial societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome (RM) 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome (RM) 00179, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome (RM) 00185, Italy
| | - Riccardo Villa
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome (RM) 00161, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome (RM) 00161, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome (RM) 00179, Italy
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9
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Brown DD, Wijffels G, Meulenbroek RGJ. Individual Differences in Sequential Movement Coordination in Hip-Hop Dance: Capturing Joint Articulation in Practicing the Wave. Front Psychol 2021; 12:731901. [PMID: 34777113 PMCID: PMC8579815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study highlights individual differences in the joint articulation strategies used by novices practicing a hip-hop dance movement, the wave. Twelve young adults, all naive regarding hip-hop dance performance, practized the wave in 120 trials separated into four blocks with the order of internal or external attentional focus counterbalanced across subjects. Various kinematic analyses were analyzed to capture performance success while exploiting the observed individual differences in order to establish the reliability of the proposed performance indicators. An external focus of attention marginally facilitated the smooth transfer of a wave motion across neighboring limb segments as characterized by a constant propagation speed combined with large wave amplitudes. Systematic correlations between the success indicators were found, exemplifying the various degrees of joint articulation that novices prove capable of during an initial practicing session to try and perform a novel complex motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick D Brown
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour-Donders Centre for Cognition Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guido Wijffels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud G J Meulenbroek
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour-Donders Centre for Cognition Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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10
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Ratcliffe N, Greenfield K, Ropar D, Howard EM, Newport R. The Relative Contributions of Visual and Proprioceptive Inputs on Hand Localization in Early Childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:702519. [PMID: 34737692 PMCID: PMC8562564 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming an accurate representation of the body relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory inputs. Both vision and proprioception are important for body localization. Whilst adults have been shown to integrate these sources in an optimal fashion, few studies have investigated how children integrate visual and proprioceptive information when localizing the body. The current study used a mediated reality device called MIRAGE to explore how the brain weighs visual and proprioceptive information in a hand localization task across early childhood. Sixty-four children aged 4–11 years estimated the position of their index finger after viewing congruent or incongruent visuo-proprioceptive information regarding hand position. A developmental trajectory analysis was carried out to explore the effect of age on condition. An age effect was only found in the incongruent condition which resulted in greater mislocalization of the hand toward the visual representation as age increased. Estimates by younger children were closer to the true location of the hand compared to those by older children indicating less weighting of visual information. Regression analyses showed localizations errors in the incongruent seen condition could not be explained by proprioceptive accuracy or by general attention or social differences. This suggests that the way in which visual and proprioceptive information are integrated optimizes throughout development, with the bias toward visual information increasing with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ratcliffe
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Greenfield
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Howard
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Newport
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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11
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Barresi G, Marinelli A, Caserta G, de Zambotti M, Tessadori J, Angioletti L, Boccardo N, Freddolini M, Mazzanti D, Deshpande N, Frigo CA, Balconi M, Gruppioni E, Laffranchi M, De Michieli L. Exploring the Embodiment of a Virtual Hand in a Spatially Augmented Respiratory Biofeedback Setting. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:683653. [PMID: 34557082 PMCID: PMC8454775 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.683653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the embodiment of artificial limbs—the individuals' feeling that a virtual or robotic limb is integrated in their own body scheme—is an impactful strategy for improving prosthetic technology acceptance and human-machine interaction. Most studies so far focused on visuo-tactile strategies to empower the embodiment processes. However, novel approaches could emerge from self-regulation techniques able to change the psychophysiological conditions of an individual. Accordingly, this pilot study investigates the effects of a self-regulated breathing exercise on the processes of body ownership underlying the embodiment of a virtual right hand within a Spatially Augmented Respiratory Biofeedback (SARB) setting. This investigation also aims at evaluating the feasibility of the breathing exercise enabled by a low-cost SARB implementation designed for upcoming remote studies (a need emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic). Twenty-two subjects without impairments, and two transradial prosthesis users for a preparatory test, were asked (in each condition of a within-group design) to maintain a normal (about 14 breaths/min) or slow (about 6 breaths/min) respiratory rate to keep a static virtual right hand “visible” on a screen. Meanwhile, a computer-generated sphere moved from left to right toward the virtual hand during each trial (1 min) of 16. If the participant's breathing rate was within the target (slow or normal) range, a visuo-tactile event was triggered by the sphere passing under the virtual hand (the subjects observed it shaking while they perceived a vibratory feedback generated by a smartphone). Our results—mainly based on questionnaire scores and proprioceptive drift—highlight that the slow breathing condition induced higher embodiment than the normal one. This preliminary study reveals the feasibility and potential of a novel psychophysiological training strategy to enhance the embodiment of artificial limbs. Future studies are needed to further investigate mechanisms, efficacy and generalizability of the SARB techniques in training a bionic limb embodiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacinto Barresi
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinelli
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Caserta
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Movement Biomechanics and Motor Control Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Tessadori
- Visual Geometry and Modelling, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Boccardo
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Freddolini
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Mazzanti
- Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nikhil Deshpande
- Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Albino Frigo
- Movement Biomechanics and Motor Control Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gruppioni
- Centro Protesi INAIL, Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Chaves TC, Stanton TR, Grant A, Pulling BW, Madden VJ, Newport R, Moseley GL. Imprecise Visual Feedback About Hand Location Increases a Classically Conditioned Pain Expectancy Effect. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:748-761. [PMID: 33529708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that rendering sensory input about hand location imprecise increases a classically conditioned pain expectancy effect, increases generalization of the effect to novel locations and reduces extinction of the effect. Forty healthy volunteers performed movements with their right hand along predefined paths. Each path passed through 2 locations that were defined as either i) the conditioned stimulus (CS+; paired with a painful unconditioned stimulus), or ii) unpaired (CS-). During acquisition phase, participants watched their hand as they moved it. Participants were randomly allocated to an Imprecise group, for whom visual feedback of the hand was offset 30 to 50 mm from its true location, or a Precise group, for whom vision was not disrupted. In the test phase, participants moved their hands to 5 locations-the CS+, CS-, and 3 locations that lay between the 2 ("generalization stimuli"). Our primary hypothesis was supported-pain expectancy was greater at the CS+ location in the Imprecise group than in the Precise group (6.9 [SD = 1.9] vs 5.4 [SD = 2.5], P= .02). Pain expectancies generalized to novel locations similarly in both groups and there was no difference in extinction between groups. Our primary hypothesis was supported but our subsequent hypotheses were not. PERSPECTIVE: We conditioned pain expectancy at a certain location of one hand, even though most participants were unaware of the contingency. Conditioned pain expectancy was greater when sensory information about location was less precise. This adds support to the possibility that associative learning may play a role in the progression of an acute pain episode to a more generalized pain disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Chaves
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ashley Grant
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brian W Pulling
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Victoria J Madden
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roger Newport
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Differential effects of minified and magnified mirror visual feedback on the underlying misperception of hand size. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:2281-2290. [PMID: 33754299 PMCID: PMC8213598 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perception of the size of body parts, for instance the hand, has been shown to be distorted in healthy participants, with over- and underestimations of width and length, respectively. Illusory manipulations of body shape and size have highlighted the flexibility of the body representation and have also been found to update immediate perceptions of body size and surrounding objects. Here, we examined whether underlying misperceptions of hand width and length can be modified through exposure to illusory changes in hand size using a mirror visual feedback (MVF) paradigm. While questionnaire responses indicated subjective susceptibility to both magnified and minified manipulations, objective hand size estimates only showed significant differences following exposure to minifying mirrors. These variations might reflect differences in the way that stored representations are accessed or updated in response to size manipulations. Secondly, the findings further reinforce differences between subjective and objective outcomes of illusions on subsequent body perception.
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14
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Hayashida K, Furukawa E, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Altered sense of agency in children with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 107:103794. [PMID: 33086140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have deficits in sensory-motor integration, but it is unclear whether the sense of agency (SoA) generated by sensory-motor integration is altered. AIMS To investigate whether there is a difference in the time window for SoA between children with DCD and typically developing (TD) children. METHODS AND PROCEDURES An agency attribution task was used to quantitatively measure and compare the time window for SoA in 15 children with DCD and 46 children in the TD group. Variables that correlated with the time window for SoA were also examined in both groups of children. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The time window for SoA was significantly extended in children with DCD compared to TD children. The time window for SoA in TD children was significantly associated with manual dexterity, whereas the time window for SoA in children with DCD was significantly associated with depressive tendency. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The time window for SoA is altered in children with DCD. The present results suggest that there may be a bidirectional relationship between an internal model deficit and depressive tendency and SoA in children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hayashida
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujiikai Rehabilitation Hospital, 17-6 Yayoi-cho, Higashiosaka-city, Osaka, 579-8026, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya-city, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
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15
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Burin D, Liu Y, Yamaya N, Kawashima R. Virtual training leads to physical, cognitive and neural benefits in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117297. [PMID: 32828927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, such as high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercise (HIE), can improve executive functions. Although performing strength or aerobic training might be problematic or not feasible for someone. An experimental situation where there is no actual movement, but the body shows physiological reactions, is during the illusion through immersive virtual reality (IVR). We aimed to demonstrate whether a virtual HIE-based intervention (vHIE) performed exclusively by the own virtual body has physical, cognitive, and neural benefits on the real body. 45 healthy young adults (cross-over design) experienced HIE training in IVR (i.e., the virtual body performed eight sets of 30 s of running followed by 30 s of slow walking, while the subject is completely still) in two random-ordered conditions (administered in two sessions one week apart): the virtual body is displayed in first-person perspective (1PP) or third-person perspective (3PP). During the vHIE, we recorded the heart rate and subjective questionnaires to confirm the effectiveness of the illusion; before and after vHIE, we measured cortical hemodynamic changes in the participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) using the fNIRS device during the Stroop task to test our main hypothesis. Preliminary, we confirmed that the illusion was effective: during the vHIE in 1PP, subjects' heart rate increased coherently with the virtual movements, and they reported subjective feelings of ownership and agency. Primarily, subjects were faster in executing the Stroop task after the vHIE in 1PP; also, the lDLPFC activity increased coherently. Clinically, these results might be exploited to train cognition and body simultaneously. Theoretically, we proved that the sense of body ownership and agency can affect other parameters, even in the absence of actual movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yingxu Liu
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriki Yamaya
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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16
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Phoon Nguyen AH, Balasubramaniam R, Bellan V, Newport RN, Stanton TR. The effect of multisensory illusions on pain and perceived burning sensations in patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A proof-of-concept study. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:505-513. [PMID: 32531809 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain disorder affecting the oral cavity. Previous work has shown promising analgesic results of bodily illusions in other chronic pain conditions. The aim of this proof-of-concept, pilot study was to investigate whether bodily illusions reduce pain in BMS patients. METHODS Nine participants diagnosed with BMS underwent bodily illusions using a MIRAGE-mediated reality system. All participants completed four conditions and performed standardised movements of the tongue. First, a baseline condition was performed while the tongue was viewed at normal size and colour. Then, three conditions were performed in random order: resizing shrink, colour-based (blue tongue) and incongruent movement illusions. During each condition, participants rated overall pain intensity and the intensity of burning pain/sensation on the tongue. RESULTS There was no difference in overall pain intensity ratings between conditions. However, a significant effect of condition was found for burning pain/sensation of the tongue. The colour illusion significantly reduced burning pain compared with baseline (MD = -12.8, 95% CI -20.7 to -4.8), corresponding to an average pain reduction of 32%. Exploratory analyses showed the colour illusion also significantly reduced pain compared with the shrink illusion (MD = -11.7, 95% CI -22.2 to -1.1). CONCLUSION Using visual illusions to change tongue colour to blue resulted in significant reductions in burning pain/sensations in BMS patients for the duration of the illusion. This proof-of-concept study suggests that BMS patients may benefit from bodily illusions, and supports additional research using larger samples and more comprehensive control conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valeria Bellan
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub (CSN-RH), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roger N Newport
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Nobusako S, Tsujimoto T, Sakai A, Shuto T, Hashimoto Y, Furukawa E, Osumi M, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. The time window for sense of agency in school-age children is different from that in young adults. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Visual appearance of the virtual hand affects embodiment in the virtual hand illusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5412. [PMID: 32214171 PMCID: PMC7096421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Body ownership (the feeling that one’s body belongs to oneself) is commonly studied with Rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigm that allows inducing a temporary illusory feeling of ownership of a life-sized rubber hand. However, it remains unclear whether illusory ownership of the fake hand relies on the same mechanisms as ownership of one’s own real hand. Here, we directly compared ownership of the own hand (OH) and fake hand (FH) in the same set of conditions within immersive virtual reality. We obtained behavioral (proprioceptive drift) and subjective (questionnaire) measures of ownership and disownership for virtual OH, FH and object (Obj) that were located congruently or incongruently with the participant’s real hand and were stimulated synchronously or asynchronously with the real hand. Both OH and FH (but not Obj) were embodied after synchronous stimulation in both locations. Crucially, subjective ownership of the OH was stronger than of the FH in congruent location after synchronous stimulation. It was also present after asynchronous stimulation, being stronger when the virtual OH was subjectively more similar to the real hand. The results suggest that the detailed appearance of the body might act as an additional component in the construction of body ownership.
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Effects of Human Synchronous Hand Movements in Eliciting a Sense of Agency and Ownership. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2038. [PMID: 32029854 PMCID: PMC7005016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self is built as an entity independent from the external world using the human ability to experience the senses of agency and ownership. Humans usually experience these senses during movement. Nevertheless, researchers recently reported that another person’s synchronous mirror-symmetrical movements elicited both agency and ownership in research participants. However, it is unclear whether this elicitation was caused by the synchronicity or the mirror symmetry of the movements. To address this question, we investigated the effect of interpersonal synchronization on the self-reported sense of agency and ownership in two conditions, using movements with and without mirror symmetry. Participants performed rhythmic hand movements while viewing the experimenter’s synchronous or random hand movements, and then reported their perceptions of agency and ownership in a questionnaire. We observed that agency and ownership were significantly elicited by the experimenter’s synchronous hand movements in both conditions. The results suggested that the synchronous movements of another person—rather than mirror- or non-mirror-symmetrical movements—appear to elicit the experience of a sense of agency and ownership. The results also suggested that people could experience these senses not only from their own movements but also from another person’s synchronous movements.
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20
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Nishigami T, Wand BM, Newport R, Ratcliffe N, Themelis K, Moen D, Jones C, Moseley GL, Stanton TR. Embodying the illusion of a strong, fit back in people with chronic low back pain. A pilot proof-of-concept study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019; 39:178-183. [PMID: 30049618 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This proof-of-concept pilot study aimed to investigate if a visual illusion that altered the size and muscularity of the back could be embodied and alter perception of the back. METHODS The back visual illusions were created using the MIRAGE multisensory illusion system. Participants watched real-time footage of a modified version of their own back from behind. Participants undertook one experimental condition, in which the image portrayed a muscled, fit-looking back (Strong), and two control conditions (Reshaped and Normal) during a lifting task. Embodiment, back perception as well as pain intensity and beliefs about the back during lifting were assessed. RESULTS Two participants with low back pain were recruited for this study: one with altered body perception and negative back beliefs (Participant A) and one with normal perception and beliefs (Participant B). Participant A embodied the Strong condition and pain and fear were less and both perceived strength and confidence were more than for the Normal or the Reshaped condition. Participant B did not embody the Strong condition and reported similar levels of pain, fear strength and confidence across all three conditions. DISCUSSION An illusion that makes the back look strong successfully induced embodiment of a visually modified back during a lifting task in a low back pain patient with altered body perception. Both participants tolerated the illusion, there were no adverse effects, and we gained preliminary evidence that the approach may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishigami
- Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Benedict Martin Wand
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Roger Newport
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Kristy Themelis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - David Moen
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cat Jones
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kannape OA, Smith EJ, Moseley P, Roy MP, Lenggenhager B. Experimentally induced limb-disownership in mixed reality. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Stanton TR, Gilpin HR, Edwards L, Moseley GL, Newport R. Illusory resizing of the painful knee is analgesic in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5206. [PMID: 30038863 PMCID: PMC6054060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical evidence support a link between body representations and pain. This proof-of-concept study in people with painful knee osteoarthritis (OA) aimed to determine if: (i) visuotactile illusions that manipulate perceived knee size are analgesic; (ii) cumulative analgesic effects occur with sustained or repeated illusions. METHODS Participants with knee OA underwent eight conditions (order randomised): stretch and shrink visuotactile (congruent) illusions and corresponding visual, tactile and incongruent control conditions. Knee pain intensity (0-100 numerical rating scale; 0 = no pain at all and 100 = worst pain imaginable) was assessed pre- and post-condition. Condition (visuotactile illusion vs control) × Time (pre-/post-condition) repeated measure ANOVAs evaluated the effect on pain. In each participant, the most beneficial illusion was sustained for 3 min and was repeated 10 times (each during two sessions); paired t-tests compared pain at time 0 and 180s (sustained) and between illusion 1 and illusion 10 (repeated). RESULTS Visuotactile illusions decreased pain by an average of 7.8 points (95% CI [2.0-13.5]) which corresponds to a 25% reduction in pain, but the tactile only and visual only control conditions did not (Condition × Time interaction: p = 0.028). Visuotactile illusions did not differ from incongruent control conditions where the same visual manipulation occurred, but did differ when only the same tactile input was applied. Sustained illusions prolonged analgesia, but did not increase it. Repeated illusions increased the analgesic effect with an average pain decrease of 20 points (95% CI [6.9-33.1])-corresponding to a 40% pain reduction. DISCUSSION Visuotactile illusions are analgesic in people with knee OA. Our results suggest that visual input plays a critical role in pain relief, but that analgesia requires multisensory input. That visual and tactile input is needed for analgesia, supports multisensory modulation processes as a possible explanatory mechanism. Further research exploring the neural underpinnings of these visuotactile illusions is needed. For potential clinical applications, future research using a greater dosage in larger samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R. Stanton
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen R. Gilpin
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Louisa Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G. Lorimer Moseley
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Newport
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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