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Yu X, Wei L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Zhou J, Xu M. Binocular Visual Deficits at Low to High Spatial Frequency in Intermittent Exotropia After Surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:41. [PMID: 39189992 PMCID: PMC11361387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate binocular visual deficits at low to high spatial frequencies in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) after surgical correction, using the binocular orientation combination task. Methods Thirteen patients whose IXT has been aligned surgically (17 ± 4.8 years old; 7 females) and 13 normal individuals (21.8 ± 2.5 years old; 6 females) were recruited. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. The IXT patients had undergone surgery at least one month prior to the study and achieved successful eye alignment post-surgery. We measured participants' balance points (BPs), defined as the interocular contrast ratio (nondominant eye/dominant eye) when both eyes contributed equally to binocular combination, using the binocular orientation combination task at three spatial frequencies (0.5, 4.0, and 8.0 cycles/degree). The absolute values of log10(BP) (i.e., |logBP|) and the area under of the |logBP| versus spatial frequency curve were used to quantify the extent of binocular imbalance. Results Surgery aligned the eye position of patients with IXT, with a postoperative exodeviation of -4.92 ± 4.29 prism diopters at distance. Participants' |logBP| values showed significant differences between groups, F(1,24) = 9.175, P = 0.006, and across spatial frequencies, F(2,48) = 7.127, P = 0.002. However, the interaction between group and spatial frequency was not significant, F(2,48) = 0.379, P = 0.687. Conclusions Patients whose IXT has been alighted surgically experience binocular imbalance across a wide range of spatial frequencies, with greater binocular imbalance occurring at high spatial frequencies than low spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiya Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanyun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiping Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Zhou S, Weng L, Zhou C, Zhou J, Min SH. Reduced Monocular Luminance Promotes Fusion But Not Mixed Perception in Amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:15. [PMID: 38587443 PMCID: PMC11008760 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand how monocular luminance reduction affects binocular balance and examine whether it differentially influences fusion and mixed perception in amblyopia. Methods Twenty-three normally sighted observers and 12 adults with amblyopia participated in this study. A novel binocular rivalry task was used to measure the phase duration of four perceptual responses (right- and left-tilts, fusion, and mixed perception) before and after a neutral density (ND) filter was applied at various levels to the dominant eye (DE) of controls and the fellow eye (FE) of patients with amblyopia. Phase durations were analyzed to assess whether the duration of fusion or mixed perception shifted after monocular luminance reduction. Moreover, we quantified ocular dominance and adjusted monocular contrast and luminance separately to investigate the relationship between changes in ocular dominance induced by the two manipulations. Results In line with previous studies, binocular balance shifted in favor of the brighter eye in both normal adults and patients with amblyopia. As a function of the ND filter's density, the duration of fusion and mixed perception decreased in normal controls, whereas that of fusion but not mixed perception increased significantly in patients with amblyopia. In addition, changes in binocular balance from luminance reduction were more significant in more balanced amblyopes or normal observers. Furthermore, shifts in binocular balance after contrast and luminance modulation were correlated in both normal and amblyopic observers. Conclusions The duration of fusion but not mixed perception increased in amblyopia after monocular luminance reduction in the FE. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that changes in ocular dominance from contrast-modulation and luminance-modulation are correlated in both normal and amblyopic observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuqing Weng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyan Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seung Hyun Min
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Lu Y, Zou L, Wang W, Chen R, Qu J, Zhou J. Effects of Monocular Flicker on Binocular Imbalance in Amblyopic and Nonamblyopic Adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:33. [PMID: 38530301 PMCID: PMC10982911 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effects of monocular flicker stimulation on binocular imbalance in both amblyopic and nonamblyopic adults. Methods Seven amblyopic patients (28.3 ± 3.3 years; four females) and seven normally sighted participants (27.3 ± 4.1 years; five females) participated in the study. We used liquid crystal spectacles to create externally-generated monocular flicker (4, 7, 10, 15, or 20 Hz) and used the metric of log balance point (logBP) to determine whether imposed flicker could change the eyes' equilibrium interocular contrast ratio. Flicker was applied to either the fellow eye vs. the amblyopic eye or dominant eye (DE) vs. non-DE (non-DE) of amblyopic and nonamblyopic participants, respectively. We defined a logBP of 0 to indicate complete binocular balance and an increase in logBP relative to baseline to indicate a relative strengthening of the non-DE or amblyopic eye. Results Monocular flicker applied to the DE or fellow eye increased logBP, whereas when applied to the non-DE or amblyopic eye, reduced the logBP. These effects were more pronounced at low temporal frequencies than that at high temporal frequencies. The interaction between eye and temporal frequency was significant in both normals, F(4, 24) = 58.082, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.906, and amblyopes, F(1.923, 11.538) = 60.555, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.91. Conclusions Monocular flicker diminishes the contribution of the flickered eye in binocular combination, resulting in a relative dominance of the nonflickered eye in interocular interactions. Furthermore, a more pronounced temporally modulated effect was observed at lower temporal frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Lu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Zou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruyin Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jiang N, Zheng Y, Chen M, Zhou J, Min SH. Binocular balance across spatial frequency in anisomyopia. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1349436. [PMID: 38332861 PMCID: PMC10850230 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1349436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anisomyopia is prevalent in myopia and studies have reported it exhibits impaired binocular function. We investigated the binocular balance across spatial frequency in adults with anisomyopia and compared it to in individuals with less differences in refractive error, and examined whether ocular characteristics can predict binocular balance in anisomyopia. Methods Fifteen anisomyopes, 15 isomyopes and 12 emmetropes were recruited. Binocular balance was quantitatively measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 c/d. The first two groups of the observers were tested with and without optical correction with contact lenses. Emmetropes were tested without optical correction. Results Binocular balance across spatial frequency in optically corrected anisomyopes and isomyopes, as well as emmetropes were found to be similar. Their binocular balance nevertheless still got worse as a function of spatial frequency. However, before optical correction, anisomyopes but not isomyopes showed significant imbalance at higher spatial frequencies. There was a significant correlation between the dependence on spatial frequency of binocular imbalance in uncorrected anisomyopia and interocular difference in visual acuity, and between the dependence and interocular difference in spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusion Anisomyopes had intact binocular balance following correction across spatial frequency compared to those in isomyopes and emmetropes. Their balance was weakly correlated with their refractive status after optical correction. However, their binocular balance before correction and binocular improvement following optical correction were strongly correlated with differences in ocular characteristics between eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Seung Hyun Min
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chen Y, You W, Hu Y, Chu H, Chen X, Shi W, Gao X. EEG measurement for the effect of perceptual eye position and eye position training on comitant strabismus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10194-10206. [PMID: 37522301 PMCID: PMC10502583 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the clinical features of comitant strabismus is that the deviation angles in the first and second eye positions are equal. However, there has been no report of consistency in the electroencephalography (EEG) signals between the 2 positions. In order to address this issue, we developed a new paradigm based on perceptual eye position. We collected steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) signals and resting-state EEG data before and after the eye position training. We found that SSVEP signals could characterize the suppression effect and eye position effect of comitant strabismus, that is, the SSVEP response of the dominant eye was stronger than that of the strabismus eye in the first eye position but not in the second eye position. Perceptual eye position training could modulate the frequency band activities in the occipital and surrounding areas. The changes in the visual function of comitant strabismus after training could also be characterized by SSVEP. There was a correlation between intermodulation frequency, power of parietal electrodes, and perceptual eye position, indicating that EEG might be a potential indicator for evaluating strabismus visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Chen
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weicong You
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yijun Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Chu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaorong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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Chen H, Jiang X, Liu W, Zhou J, Chen J, Sun Q, Liang L, Lou J, Yu X, Qu J. Quantitative interocular suppression in children with intermittent exotropia. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204061. [PMID: 37600014 PMCID: PMC10434520 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have demonstrated that the depth of unbalanced interocular suppression can be quantified by balancing the interocular luminance differences required when both eyes are viewing simultaneously. In this study, we aimed to investigate the applicability of this method in children with intermittent exotropia (IXT), offering a quantitative assessment of interocular suppression in individuals with binocular imbalance. Additionally, we evaluated its association with the clinical characteristics of IXT. Methods Interocular suppression in IXT was quantitatively measured using a polarizer and neutral-density (ND) filters. The density of the ND filter was adjusted incrementally from 0.3ND to 3ND, with a step size of 0.3ND (a total of 10 levels). Our prospective study involved 46 patients with IXT (mean age: 10.12 ± 4.89 years; mean ± SD) and 24 normal observers (mean age: 7.88 ± 1.83 years). Results The suppression test exhibited good test-retest reliability, supported by statistical analysis. We observed more pronounced interocular suppression in individuals with IXT compared to controls. Notably, the magnitude of suppression during distant and near viewing significantly differed in IXT (1.55 ± 0.93 vs. 0.57 ± 0.64; Z = 4.764, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we identified a positive correlation between interocular suppression and data obtained from the Worth-4-Dot test. Additionally, interocular suppression showed a significant association with distance control scores. Conclusion Our novel test offers a convenient and reliable means to quantify interocular suppression in patients with IXT. The quantitative assessment of interocular suppression provides a sensitive tool to evaluate the clinical characteristics of IXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Liang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Lou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Lu Y, Zou L, Chen Y, Mao Y, Zhu J, Lin W, Wu D, Chen R, Qu J, Zhou J. Rapid Alternate Flicker Modulates Binocular Interaction in Adults With Abnormal Binocular Vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:15. [PMID: 36786740 PMCID: PMC9932553 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current understanding of binocular processing is primarily derived from static spatial visual perception: this leaves the role of temporal information unclear. In this study, we addressed this gap by testing the effect of alternating flicker on binocular information processing in adults with abnormal binocular vision. Our goal was to determine which temporal frequency optimally balanced input from both eyes. Methods We took measurements in four groups of human adults: 10 normal adults with the individual's nondominant eye covered by a 2% neutral density filter (aged 25.60 ± 1.43 years, experiment 1), 9 nonamblyopic anisometropes (aged 24.33 ± 1.66 years, experiment 2), 7 amblyopes (aged 26.5 ± 1.64 years, experiment 3), and 7 treated amblyopes (aged 24 ± 3.21 years, experiment 4). The balance point (BP), where participants' two eyes are equally effective, was measured using a binocular orientation combination task at four spatial frequencies (SFs; 0.5-4 c/d) and five temporal frequencies (TFs; baseline and 4, 7, 10, and 15 Hz). Its log transformation |logBP| was taken into further analysis. Results We observed clear U-shaped temporal tuning of the |logBP| for the entire range of TFs (that we measured: trough occurred at 7 Hz). This pattern occurred and was significant in all four groups (P < 0.001). In addition, the effect of SFs on |logBP| was significant in normal, amblyopic, and treated amblyopic groups (all P < 0.001) and was marginally significant in the nonamblyopic anisometropic group (P = 0.086). Conclusions Alternating flicker around 7 Hz may be the optimal temporal frequency for balancing eyes in human adults with binocular imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liying Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenman Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dingqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chen Y, Mao Y, Zhou J, He Z, Hess RF. The shift in sensory eye dominance from short-term monocular deprivation exhibits no dependence on test spatial frequency. EYE AND VISION 2022; 9:32. [PMID: 36045414 PMCID: PMC9434876 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that short-term monocular deprivation induces a shift in sensory eye dominance in favor of the deprived eye. Yet, how short-term monocular deprivation modulates sensory eye dominance across spatial frequency is not clear. To address this issue, we conducted a study to investigate the dependence of short-term monocular deprivation effect on test spatial frequency. Methods Ten healthy young adults (age: 24.7 ± 1.7 years, four males) with normal vision participated. We deprived their dominant eye with a translucent patch for 2.5 h. The interocular contrast ratio (dominant eye/non-dominant eye, i.e., the balance point [BP]), which indicates the contribution that the two eyes make to binocular combination, was measured using a binocular orientation combination task. We assessed if BPs at 0.5, 4 or 6 cycles/degree (c/d) change as a result of monocular deprivation. Different test spatial frequency conditions were conducted on three separate days in a random fashion. Results We compared the BPs at 0.5, 4 and 6 c/d before and after monocular deprivation. The BPs were found to be significantly affected by deprivation, where sensory eye dominance shift to the deprived eye (F1.86, 16.76 = 33.09, P < 0.001). The changes of BP were consistent at 0.5, 4, and 6 c/d spatial frequencies (F2,18 = 0.15, P = 0.57). Conclusion The sensory eye dominance plasticity induced by short-term deprivation is not dependent on test spatial frequency, suggesting it could provide a practical solution for amblyopic therapy that was concerned with the binocular outcome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40662-022-00303-4.
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Min SH, Chen Y, Jiang N, He Z, Zhou J, Hess RF. Issues Revisited: Shifts in Binocular Balance Depend on the Deprivation Duration in Normal and Amblyopic Adults. Ophthalmol Ther 2022; 11:2027-2044. [PMID: 36008603 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-022-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies indicate that short-term monocular deprivation increases the deprived eye's contribution to binocular fusion in both adults with normal vision and amblyopia. In this study, we investigated whether the changes in visual plasticity depended on the duration of deprivation in normal and amblyopic adults. METHODS Twelve anisometropia amblyopic observers (aged 24.8 ± 2.3 years) and 12 age-matched normal observers (aged 23.9 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study. The non-dominant eye of normal observers or amblyopic eye of amblyopic observers was deprived for 30, 120, and 300 min in a randomized order. Their eye balance was measured with a phase combination task, which is a psychophysical test, before and after the deprivation. This design enabled us to measure changes induced in binocular balance as an index visual plasticity due to monocular deprivations. RESULTS By comparing the ocular dominance changes as a result of monocular deprivation with different deprivation durations, we found evidence that the ocular dominance changes are slightly larger after longer deprivations in both normal and amblyopic observers, albeit with a statistical significance. The changes from 120-min were significantly greater than those from 30-min deprivation in both groups. The magnitude of changes in sensory eye balance was significantly larger in normal observers than that in the amblyopic observers; however, the longevity of changes in visual plasticity was found to be more long-lasting in amblyopic observers than the normal counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The duration of deprivation matters in both normal and amblyopic observers. Ocular dominance imbalance that is typically observed in amblyopia can be more ameliorated with a longer duration of deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Min
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yiya Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhifen He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Min SH, Mao Y, Chen S, Hess RF, Zhou J. Modulation of mean luminance improves binocular balance across spatial frequencies in amblyopia. iScience 2022; 25:104598. [PMID: 35789838 PMCID: PMC9249912 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a visual impairment that perturbs binocular balance at high spatial frequencies in favor of the fellow eye. Studies reveal that amblyopes who had been treated with monocular therapies still show imbalance. Binocular balance is achieved when both eyes’ inputs are weighed equally. A reduced light can diminish the dimmed eye's weight in binocular combination. In this study, we examined if binocular balance across spatial frequencies could be improved by reducing the luminance of the fellow eye in adult amblyopes. By doing so, we relieved their binocular imbalance across spatial frequencies. Also, normal observers showed amblyopic binocular imbalance when the dominant eye’s light level was dimmed. Therefore, reducing the luminance in the unaffected eye in amblyopia mitigated the binocular imbalance, whereas doing so in normal adults simulated the amblyopic imbalance across spatial frequencies. Binocular balance is impaired in amblyopia Reduced luminance of the fellow eye can improve it across spatial frequencies in amblyopia Reduced luminance of one eye from normal observers simulates amblyopic imbalance
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Min
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shijia Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Robert F. Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Corresponding author
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11
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Min SH, Mao Y, Chen S, He Z, Hess RF, Zhou J. A clinically convenient test to measure binocular balance across spatial frequency in amblyopia. iScience 2022; 25:103652. [PMID: 35024586 PMCID: PMC8733258 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a visual disorder that originates from the brain. It exhibits no pathology in the eye. Studies have shown that measuring both visual acuity and binocular balance for assessing amblyopia could be more helpful. However, tests that measure binocular balance are time-consuming, often exceeding 30 min. Their long test durations prevent them from being used in the clinic. For this reason, we have developed a quick (i.e., about 7 min) and precise tool that quantitatively measures binocular balance of patients with amblyopia. The new test can capture binocular imbalance that is typically exhibited at high spatial frequency in amblyopes. In addition, it has an excellent test-retest reliability and repeatability between two experimental sessions. We hope that our newly developed test can pave the road for physicians and researchers to better assess and diagnose amblyopia and other visual disorders that disrupt binocular balance beyond the laboratory. Measuring binocular balance of amblyopes is difficult and time-consuming (>30 min) We introduce a psychophysical test that is reliable and quick (7 min)
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Min
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shijia Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhifen He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Cai X, Chen Z, Liu Y, Deng D, Yu M. A Dichoptic Optokinetic Nystagmus Paradigm for Interocular Suppression Quantification in Intermittent Exotropia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:772341. [PMID: 34924941 PMCID: PMC8678071 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.772341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purposes: To investigate the effectiveness of a dichoptic optokinetic nystagmus (dOKN) test to objectively quantify interocular suppression in intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients during the states of orthotropia and exodeviation. Methods: The OKN motion in subjects (15 controls and 59 IXT subjects) who viewed dichoptic oppositely moving gratings with different contrast ratios was monitored and recorded by an eye tracker. Interocular suppression in control subjects was induced using neutral density (ND) filters. The OKN direction ratios were fitted to examine the changes of interocular suppression in subjects under different viewing states. Two established interocular suppression tests (phase and motion) were conducted for a comparative study. Results: The dOKN test, which requires a minimal response from subjects, could accurately quantify the interocular suppression in both IXT and control subjects, which is in line with the established interocular suppression tests. Overall, although comparative, the strength of interocular suppression detected by the dOKN test (0.171 ± 0.088) was stronger than those of the phase (0.293 ± 0.081) and the motion tests (0.212 ± 0.068) in the control subjects with 1.5 ND filters. In IXT patients, when their eyes kept aligned, the dOKN test (0.58 ± 0.09) measured deeper visual suppression compared with the phase (0.73 ± 0.17) or the motion test (0.65 ± 0.14). Interestingly, strong interocular suppression (dOKN: 0.15 ± 0.12) was observed in IXT subjects during the periods of exodeviation, irrespective of their binocular visual function as measured by synoptophore. Conclusion: The dOKN test provides efficient and objective quantification of interocular suppression in IXT, and demonstrates how it fluctuates under different eye positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Purpose Our visual system compares the inputs received from the two eyes to estimate the relative depths of features in the retinal image. We investigated how an imbalance in the strength of the input received from the two eyes affects stereopsis. We also explored the level of agreement between different measurements of sensory eye imbalance. Methods We measured the sensory eye imbalance and stereoacuity of 30 normally sighted participants. We made our measurements using a modified amblyoscope. The sensory eye imbalance was assessed through three methods: the difference between monocular contrast thresholds, the difference in dichoptic masking weight, and the contribution of each eye to a fused binocular percept. We referred them as the “threshold imbalance,” “masking imbalance,” and “fusion imbalance,” respectively. The stereoacuity threshold was measured by having subjects discriminate which of four circles were displaced in depth. All of our tests were performed using stimuli of the same spatial frequency (2.5 cycles/degree). Results We found a relationship between stereoacuity and sensory eye imbalance. However, this was only the case for fusion imbalance measurement (ρ = 0.52; P = 0.003). Neither the threshold imbalance nor the masking imbalance was significantly correlated with stereoacuity. We also found the threshold imbalance was correlated with both the fusion and masking imbalances (r = 0.46, P = 0.011 and r = 0.49, P = 0.005, respectively). However, a nonsignificant correlation was found between the fusion and masking imbalances. Conclusions Our findings suggest that there exist multiple types of sensory eye dominance that can be assessed by different tasks. We find only imbalances in dominance that result in biases to fused percepts are correlated with stereoacuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,McGill Vision Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex S Baldwin
- McGill Vision Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chen S, Min SH, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Yu X, Wei L, Mao Y, Hess RF, Zhou J. Binocular visual deficits at mid to high spatial frequency in treated amblyopes. iScience 2021; 24:102727. [PMID: 34258558 PMCID: PMC8254032 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision with no ocular pathology. The loss of vision in the amblyopic eye is assumed to be the main deficit in amblyopia, which has resulted in visual acuity (VA) being the primary outcome measure for treatment. Here we used a binocular orientation combination task to quantitatively assess the binocular status by measuring the binocular balance. We set out to determine whether amblyopes who reach the acuity-based end point have a residual binocular imbalance. Our results suggest that even amblyopes who have regained normal acuity have residual binocular deficits over a wide range of spatial frequencies. A further control study suggests that these binocular deficits could not be explained by any residual contrast sensitivity deficits of the amblyopic eye. Consequently, amblyopia is not the primary problem and VA is not the appropriate end point measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seung Hyun Min
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ziyun Cheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Wei
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mao Y, Min SH, Chen S, Gong L, Chen H, Hess RF, Zhou J. Binocular Imbalance in Amblyopia Depends on Spatial Frequency in Binocular Combination. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:7. [PMID: 32634205 PMCID: PMC7425706 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the role of spatial frequency on binocular imbalance in binocular combination in adults with amblyopia. Methods Ten amblyopes (23 ± 4.9 [SD] years old; one deprivation, two mixed, seven anisometropia patients) and 10 age-matched normal adults (23 ± 2.3 years old) participated. The interocular contrast ratio (fellow eye/amblyopic eye, i.e., the balance point [BP]) that resulted in an equal contribution of both eyes in binocular combination was measured using a binocular orientation combination task at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 cycles per degree (c/d). The extent of binocular imbalance was quantified as the absolute value of the BP on log scale (i.e., |logBP|). Results When the base contrast of the amblyopic eye was set at 100% (Experiment 1), the |logBP| was found to be significantly affected by stimulus spatial frequency (F(1.44, 26.01) = 51.6, P < 0.001, ηg2= 0.40) and group (F(1, 18) = 66.97, P < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.74), the interaction between spatial frequency and group was also significant (F(1.44, 26.01) = 38.12, P < 0.001, ηg2= 0.33). Such spatial frequency–dependent binocular imbalance remained present, even when the base contrast of the amblyopic eye was set at equal suprathreshold contrast levels across spatial frequencies (Experiment 2). Conclusions Binocular balance was more disrupted at higher spatial frequencies in binocular combination in amblyopia. This imbalance might not originate solely from the amblyopic eye's deficit in contrast sensitivity but is likely to be related to the difference in contrast sensitivity between the eyes.
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Chen Y, He Z, Mao Y, Chen H, Zhou J, Hess RF. Patching and Suppression in Amblyopia: One Mechanism or Two? Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1364. [PMID: 32009874 PMCID: PMC6974542 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if benefits from occlusion therapy are due to decreased suppression from the fellow eye in children with amblyopia. Methods Ten newly diagnosed amblyopes (7.2 ± 1.4 years old), two with strabismus and eight with anisometropia, participated. Patients were first given a 2-month period of refractive adaptation, followed by occlusion therapy (i.e., patching their fellow eye with an opaque patch for 4 h/day). Visual acuity of the amblyopic eye and interocular suppression were measured before and after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 months of occlusion therapy. We quantified interocular suppression with a binocular phase combination task. Results Visual acuity (in logMAR) improved from 0.50 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD) to 0.33 ± 0.20 for patients who finished a short-term (2 months) occlusion (A1–A10), from 0.53 ± 0.20 to 0.32 ± 0.22 for patients who finished a medium-term (4 months) occlusion (A1–A9), and from 0.48 ± 0.19 to 0.22 ± 0.10 for patients who finished a long-term (6 months) occlusion (A1–A8). Although their visual acuity significantly improved, their degree of suppression, which was abnormal in all cases, did not change consistently. This was true in all durations of occlusion therapy. Conclusion Reduced suppression from the fixing eye might not be result from occlusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiya Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhifen He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Chen H, He Z, Xu J, Mao Y, Liang Y, Lin D, Xu M, Dai Z, Chen X, Zhou J, Yu X. A Convenient and Robust Test to Quantify Interocular Suppression for Children With Amblyopia. Iperception 2019; 10:2041669519864971. [PMID: 31384415 PMCID: PMC6657131 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519864971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interocular suppression was quantified by the interocular luminance difference that was needed when the two eyes were balanced in discriminating a black-white stripe formed butterfly stimulus, which was dichoptically presented through polarized glasses. Stronger interocular suppression was found in amblyopes than that in controls at both the near (33 cm, 0.95 ± 1.00 vs. 0.14 ± 0.18, p < .001) and far (5 m, 2.18 ± 0.97 vs. 0.24 ± 0.16, p < .001) viewing distances. The interocular suppression in amblyopes was significantly correlated with the interocular visual acuity difference, the visual acuity of amblyopic eye, the Worth-4-Dot test, and the stereo acuity at both the near and far distances (for all cases, p < .001). Our new test enables convenient and robust measurements of interocular suppression in children with amblyopia. The measured interocular suppression is in agreement with other clinical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhifen He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinling Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yunjie Liang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Danli Lin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Meiping Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhiyue Dai
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinping Yu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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