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Xu M, Nikolin S, Samaratunga N, Chow EJH, Loo CK, Martin DM. Cognitive Effects Following Offline High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (HF-rTMS) in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:250-276. [PMID: 36857011 PMCID: PMC10920443 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) is a commonly used form of rTMS to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that 'offline' HF-rTMS may have cognitive enhancing effects, although the magnitude and moderators of these effects remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the cognitive effects of offline HF-rTMS in healthy individuals. A literature search for randomised controlled trials with cognitive outcomes for pre and post offline HF-rTMS was performed across five databases up until March 2022. This study was registered on the PROSPERO international prospective protocol for systematic reviews (PROSPERO 2020 CRD 42,020,191,269). The Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias in randomised trials. Separate analyses examined the cognitive effects of excitatory and inhibitory forms of offline HF-rTMS on accuracy and reaction times across six cognitive domains. Fifty-three studies (N = 1507) met inclusion criteria. Excitatory offline HF-rTMS showed significant small sized effects for improving accuracy (k = 46, g = 0.12) and reaction time (k = 44, g = -0.13) across all cognitive domains collapsed. Excitatory offline HF-rTMS demonstrated a relatively greater effect for executive functioning in accuracy (k = 24, g = 0.14). Reaction times were also improved for the executive function (k = 21, g = -0.11) and motor (k = 3, g = -0.22) domains following excitatory offline HF-rTMS. The current review was restricted to healthy individuals and future research is required to examine cognitive enhancement from offline HF-rTMS in clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stevan Nikolin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nisal Samaratunga
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Esther Jia Hui Chow
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colleen K Loo
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donel M Martin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Xu X, Xu M, Su Y, Cao TV, Nikolin S, Moffa A, Loo C, Martin D. Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Combined with Psychological Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1665. [PMID: 38137113 PMCID: PMC10741493 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Psychological interventions are effective in alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms, though results can vary between patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proven to improve clinical symptoms and cognition. It remains unclear whether rTMS can augment the efficacy of psychological interventions. (2) Methods: We examined the effects of rTMS combined with psychological interventions on clinical, functional, and cognitive outcomes from randomized controlled trials conducted in healthy and clinical populations. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases up to April 2023. (3) Results: Twenty-seven studies were ultimately included. Compared to sham rTMS combined with psychological interventions, active rTMS combined with psychological interventions significantly improved overall clinical symptoms (k = 16, SMD = 0.31, CIs 0.08 to 0.54, p < 0.01). We found that 10 or more sessions of rTMS combined with cognitive behavioural therapy significantly improved clinical outcomes overall (k = 3, SMD = 0.21, CIs 0.05 to 0.36, Z = 2.49, p < 0.01). RTMS combined with cognitive training (CT) significantly improved cognition overall compared to sham rTMS combined with CT (k = 13, SMD = 0.28, CIs 0.15 to 0.42, p < 0.01), with a significant effect on global cognition (k = 11, SMD = 0.45, CIs 0.21 to 0.68, p < 0.01), but not on the other cognitive domains. (4) Conclusion: The current results provide preliminary support for the augmentation effects of active rTMS on clinical and cognitive outcomes across diverse populations. Future clinical trials are required to confirm these augmentation effects for specific psychological interventions in specific clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mei Xu
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yon Su
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thanh Vinh Cao
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Stevan Nikolin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Adriano Moffa
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Colleen Loo
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Donel Martin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faulty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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Xu K, Geng S, Dou D, Liu X. Relations between Video Game Engagement and Social Development in Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function and Age-Related Moderation. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:833. [PMID: 37887483 PMCID: PMC10604845 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The global proliferation of video games, particularly among children, has led to growing concerns about the potential impact on children's social development. Executive function is a cognitive ability that plays a crucial role in children's social development, but a child's age constrains its development. To examine the association between video game engagement and children's social development while considering the mediating role of executive function and the moderating role of age, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 431 parents. The results revealed a negative relation between video game engagement and social development in children, with executive function found to mediate this relation fully. Additionally, the negative association between video game engagement and executive function became more pronounced as children grew older. In light of these findings, it is advisable to adopt proactive strategies to limit excessive video game use, consider the developmental characteristics of children at different ages, and prioritize the promotion of executive function to facilitate social development among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (K.X.); (S.G.)
| | - Shuliang Geng
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (K.X.); (S.G.)
| | - Donghui Dou
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiaocen Liu
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (K.X.); (S.G.)
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Qiu B, Chen Y, He X, Liu T, Wang S, Zhang W. Short-Term Touch-Screen Video Game Playing Improves the Inhibition Ability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136884. [PMID: 34206942 PMCID: PMC8297281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is mixed evidence regarding whether video games affect executive function. The inconsistent results in this area may have to do with researchers’ conceptualizations of executive function as a unified construct or as a set of independent skills. In the current study, 120 university students were randomly assigned to play a video game or to watch a screen record of the video game. They then completed a series of behavioral tasks to assess the shifting, updating and inhibiting subcomponents of executive function. Scores on these tasks were also used as indicators of a component-general latent variable. Results based on analysis of covariance showed that, as predicted, the inhibition subcomponent, but not the updating or the shifting subcomponent, was significantly enhanced after gaming. The component-general executive function was not enhanced after gaming once the results were controlled for other subcomponents. The results were unrelated to participants’ self-reported positive and negative affect. The findings add key evidence to the literature on executive function and potentially contribute to the therapeutic use of video games to maintain executive function in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xu He
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Sixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China; (B.Q.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (T.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Correspondence:
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Individual differences in media multitasking ability: The importance of cognitive flexibility. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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