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Kaido M, Arita R, Mitsukura Y, Tsubota K. Electroencephalogram-detected stress levels in the frontal lobe region of patients with dry eye. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:139-144. [PMID: 38458565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate stress levels extracted from prefrontal electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and investigate their relationship with dry eye symptoms. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study included 25 eyes of 25 patients with aqueous tear-deficient dry eye (low Schirmer group), 25 eyes of 25 patients with short tear breakup time dry eye (short breakup time group), and 24 eyes of 24 individuals without dry eye. An EEG test, the Japanese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and a stress questionnaire were administered. EEG-detected stress levels were assessed under three conditions: eyes closed, eyes open, and eyes open under ocular surface anesthesia. RESULTS Stress levels were significantly lower when the eyes were closed than when they were open in all groups (all P < 0.05). Stress levels during eyes open under ocular surface anesthesia were significantly lower than those during eyes open without anesthesia only in the low Schirmer group; no differences were found between the short breakup time and control groups. OSDI scores were associated with EEG-detected stress levels (P = 0.06) and vital staining score (P < 0.05) in the low Schirmer group; they were not associated with EEG-detected stress (P > 0.05), but with subjective stress questionnaire scores and breakup time values in the short breakup time group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the low Schirmer group, peripheral nerve stimulation caused by ocular surface damage induced stress reactions in the frontal lobe, resulting in dry eye symptoms. Conversely, in the short breakup time group, the stress response in the frontal lobe was not related to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kaido
- Wada Eye Clinic, Chiba, Japan; Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Reiko Arita
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan; Itoh Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasue Mitsukura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Asiedu K. Neurophysiology of corneal neuropathic pain and emerging pharmacotherapeutics. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25285. [PMID: 38284865 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The altered activity generated by corneal neuronal injury can result in morphological and physiological changes in the architecture of synaptic connections in the nervous system. These changes can alter the sensitivity of neurons (both second-order and higher-order projection) projecting pain signals. A complex process involving different cell types, molecules, nerves, dendritic cells, neurokines, neuropeptides, and axon guidance molecules causes a high level of sensory rearrangement, which is germane to all the phases in the pathomechanism of corneal neuropathic pain. Immune cells migrating to the region of nerve injury assist in pain generation by secreting neurokines that ensure nerve depolarization. Furthermore, excitability in the central pain pathway is perpetuated by local activation of microglia in the trigeminal ganglion and alterations of the descending inhibitory modulation for corneal pain arriving from central nervous system. Corneal neuropathic pain may be facilitated by dysfunctional structures in the central somatosensory nervous system due to a lesion, altered synaptogenesis, or genetic abnormality. Understanding these important pathways will provide novel therapeutic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Asiedu
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cai Y, Zhang S, Chen L, Fu Y. Integrated multi-omics and machine learning approach reveals lipid metabolic biomarkers and signaling in age-related meibomian gland dysfunction. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4215-4227. [PMID: 37675286 PMCID: PMC10480060 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the ocular surface that significantly impacts patients' vision and quality of life. The underlying mechanism of aging and MGD remains largely uncharacterized. The aim of this work is to investigate lipid metabolic alterations in age-related MGD (ARMGD) through integrated proteomics, lipidomics and machine learning (ML) approach. For this purpose, we collected samples of female mouse meibomian glands (MGs) dissected from eyelids at age two months (n = 9) and two years (n = 9) for proteomic and lipidomic profilings using the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. To further identify ARMGD-related lipid biomarkers, ML model was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. For proteomic profiling, 375 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Functional analyses indicated the leading role of cholesterol biosynthesis in the aging process of MGs. Several proteins were proposed as potential biomarkers, including lanosterol synthase (Lss), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr24), and farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase 1 (Fdft1). Concomitantly, lipidomic analysis unveiled 47 lipid species that were differentially expressed and clustered into four classes. The most notable age-related alterations involved a decline in cholesteryl esters (ChE) levels and an increase in triradylglycerols (TG) levels, accompanied by significant differences in their lipid unsaturation patterns. Through ML construction, it was confirmed that ChE(26:0), ChE(26:1), and ChE(30:1) represent the most promising diagnostic molecules. The present study identified essential proteins, lipids, and signaling pathways in age-related MGD (ARMGD), providing a reference landscape to facilitate novel strategies for the disease transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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Xu R, Zhang YW, Gu Q, Yuan TJ, Fan BQ, Xia JM, Wu JH, Xia Y, Li WX, Han Y. Alteration of neural activity and neuroinflammatory factors in the insular cortex of mice with corneal neuropathic pain. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12842. [PMID: 36889983 PMCID: PMC10067426 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) affects nearly 55% of people worldwide; several studies have proposed that central sensitization and neuroinflammation may contribute to the developing corneal neuropathic pain of DED, while the underlying mechanisms of this contribution remain to be investigated. Excision of extra orbital lacrimal glands established the dry eye model. Corneal hypersensitivity was examined through chemical and mechanical stimulation, and open field test measured the anxiety levels. Restingstate fMRI is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was performed for anatomical involvement of the brain regions. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) determined brain activity. Immunofluorescence testing and Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were also performed to further validate the findings. Compared with the Sham group, ALFF signals in the supplemental somatosensory area, secondary auditory cortex, agranular insular cortex, temporal association areas, and ectorhinal cortex brain areas were increased in the dry eye group. This change of ALFF in the insular cortex was linked with the increment in corneal hypersensitivity (p < 0.01), c-Fos (p < 0.001), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.01), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (p < 0.05). In contrast, IL-10 levels (p < 0.05) decreased in the dry eye group. DED-induced corneal hypersensitivity and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines could be blocked by insular cortex injection of Tyrosine Kinase receptor B agonist cyclotraxin-B (p < 0.01) without affecting anxiety levels. Our study reveals that the functional activity of the brain associated with corneal neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation in the insular cortex might contribute to dry eye-related corneal neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jie Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qian Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Ming Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Hong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cai Y, Zhou T, Chen J, Cai X, Fu Y. Uncovering the role of transient receptor potential channels in pterygium: a machine learning approach. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:589-602. [PMID: 36692516 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed at identifying the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in pterygium. METHODS Based on microarray data GSE83627 and GSE2513, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and 20 hub genes were selected. After gene correlation analysis, 5 TRP-related genes were obtained and functional analyses of gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed. Multifactor regulatory network including mRNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) was constructed. The 5 gene TRP signature for pterygium was validated by multiple machine learning (ML) programs including support vector classifiers (SVC), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). Additionally, we outlined the immune microenvironment and analyzed the candidate drugs. Finally, in vitro experiments were performed using human conjunctival epithelial cells (CjECs) to confirm the bioinformatics results. RESULTS Five TRP-related genes (MCOLN1, MCOLN3, TRPM3, TRPM6, and TRPM8) were validated by ML algorithms. Functional analyses revealed the participation of lysosome and TRP-regulated inflammatory pathways. A comprehensive immune infiltration landscape and TFs-miRNAs-mRNAs network was studied, which indicated several therapeutic targets (LEF1 and hsa-miR-455-3p). Through correlation analysis, MCOLN3 was proposed as the most promising immune-related biomarker. In vitro experiments further verified the reliability of our in silico results and demonstrated that the 5 TRP-related genes could influence the proliferation and proinflammatory signaling in conjunctival tissue contributing to the pathogenesis of pterygium. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that TRP channels played an essential role in the pathogenesis of pterygium. The identified pivotal biomarkers (especially MCOLN3) and pathways provide novel directions for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies for pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyao Cai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
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Módis LV, Aradi Z, Horváth IF, Bencze J, Papp T, Emri M, Berényi E, Bugán A, Szántó A. Central Nervous System Involvement in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Narrative Review of MRI Findings. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010014. [PMID: 36611306 PMCID: PMC9818673 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is one of the numerous extraglandular manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Moreover, neurological complaints precede the sicca symptoms in 25-60% of the cases. We review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions typical for pSS, involving the conventional examination, volumetric and morphometric studies, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state fMRI. The most common radiological lesions in pSS are white matter hyperintensities (WMH), scattered alterations hyperlucent on T2 and FLAIR sequences, typically located periventricularly and subcortically. Cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation can also occur in pSS. Whilst these conditions are thought to be more common in pSS than healthy controls, DTI and resting-state fMRI alterations demonstrate evident microstructural changes in pSS. As pSS is often accompanied by cognitive symptoms, these MRI alterations are expectedly related to them. This relationship is not clearly delineated in conventional MRI studies, but DTI and resting-state fMRI examinations show more convincing correlations. In conclusion, the CNS manifestations of pSS do not follow a certain pattern. As the link between the MRI lesions and clinical manifestations is not well established, more studies involving larger populations should be performed to elucidate the correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László V. Módis
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-600 (ext. 55252)
| | - Zsófia Aradi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Fanny Horváth
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Bencze
- Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Emri
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ervin Berényi
- Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antal Bugán
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antónia Szántó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Liang RB, Liu LQ, Shi WQ, Sun T, Ge QM, Li QY, Shu HY, Zhang LJ, Shao Y. Abnormal Fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation Changes in Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:900409. [PMID: 35693538 PMCID: PMC9175025 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo investigate spontaneous brain activity in patients with dry eye (DE) and healthy control (HC) using the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) technique with the aim of elucidating the relationship between the clinical symptoms of DE and changes in brain function.Material and MethodsA total of 28 patients with DE and 28 matched healthy volunteers (10 males and 18 females in each group) were enrolled. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in both groups. Then all subjects were required to complete a comprehensive Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the differences in fALFF values between the two groups and their diagnostic value. Linear correlations between HADS and fALFF values in different brain regions of DE patients were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsPatients with DE had significantly higher fALFF values in the left calcarine sulcus (CS) than the HC group, while fALFF values in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and right MFG/right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were significantly lower in DE patients than in HC group. fALFF values had a high diagnostic value for differentiating patients with DE from the HC group (P < 0.001). Right MFG and right MFG/IFG were significantly correlated with HADS values.ConclusionOur study found that DE mainly involved functional disorders in the brain areas of the left CS, bilateral MFG and right MFG/right IFG, which helped us to find possible clinical features of DE disease and reflected the potential pathological mechanism of DE.
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Luo YQ, Liang RB, Xu SH, Pan YC, Li QY, Shu HY, Kang M, Yin P, Zhang LJ, Shao Y. Altered regional brain white matter in dry eye patients: a brain imaging study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2805-2818. [PMID: 35332110 PMCID: PMC9004581 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the regional changes of brain white matter (WM) in DE patients using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). A total of 25 dry eye patients (PAT) and 25 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. All subjects underwent DTI and NODDI, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), isotropic volume fraction (FISO), intra-cellular volume fraction (FICVF), and orientation dispersion index (ODI) were obtained respectively. Then complete Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), anxiety score (AS) or depression scores (DS) were obtained. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of DTI and NODDI in distinguishing the two groups. DTI revealed that PAT had lower FA in both the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (LSLF) and the corpus callosum (CC), and higher MD in the LSLF, the right posterior limb of the internal capsule and the right posterior thalamic radiation. PAT had significant AD changes in regions including the genu of the CC, the right posterior limb of internal capsule, and the right splenium of the CC. From NODDI, PAT showed increased ODI in the LSLF and increased FISO in the right splenium of the CC. FICVF showed a significant decrease in the LSLF while increased in the left anterior corona radiata and the CC. Furthermore, the average values of MD and FICVF were significantly correlated with DS and AS. Hence the results of this study suggest that there are regional changes in WM in DE patients which may contribute to further understanding of the pathological mechanism of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yi-Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Hui-Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Pin Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
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Messmer EM. Pathophysiology of dry eye disease and novel therapeutic targets. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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