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Cooper AC, Tchernykh M, Shmuel A, Mendola JD. Diffusion tensor imaging of optic neuropathies: a narrative review. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2024; 14:1086-1107. [PMID: 38223128 PMCID: PMC10784057 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been implemented in a breadth of scientific investigations of optic neuropathies, though it has yet to be fully adopted for diagnosis or prognosis. This is potentially due to a lack of standardization and weak replication of results. The aim of this investigation was to review DTI results from studies specific to three distinct optic neuropathies in order to probe its current clinical utility. Methods We reviewed the DTI literature specific to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), optic neuritis (ON), and traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) by systematically searching the PubMed database on March 1st, 2023. Four distinct DTI metrics are considered: fractional anisotropy (FA), along with mean diffusivity (MD, axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). Results from within-group, between-group, and correlational studies were thoroughly assessed. Key Content and Findings POAG studies most consistently report a decrease in FA, especially in the optic radiations, followed in prevalence by an increase in RD and then MD, whilst AD yields conflicting results between studies. It is notable that there is not an equal distribution of investigated DTI metrics, with FA utilized the most, followed by MD, RD, and AD. Studies of ON are similar in that the most consistent findings are specific to FA, RD, and MD. These results are specific to the optic nerve and radiation since only one study measured the intermediary regions. More studies are needed to assess the effect that ON has on the tracts of the visual system. Finally, only three studies assessing DTI of TON have been performed to date, displaying low to moderate replicability of results. To improve the level of agreement between studies assessing each optic neuropathy, an increased level of standardization is recommended. Conclusions Both POAG and ON studies have yielded some prevalent DTI findings, both for contrast and correlation-based assessments. Although the clinical need is high for TON, considering the limitations of the current diagnostic tools, too few studies exist to make confident conclusions. Future use of standardized and longitudinal DTI, along with the foreseen methodological and technical improvements, is warranted to effectively study optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C. Cooper
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxim Tchernykh
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janine D. Mendola
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Yang Y, Yang Z, Lv M, Jia A, Li J, Liao B, Chen J, Wu Z, Shi Y, Xia Y, Yao D, Chen K. Morphological disruption and visual tuning alterations in the primary visual cortex in glaucoma (DBA/2J) mice. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:220-225. [PMID: 37488870 PMCID: PMC10479843 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and previous studies have shown that, in addition to affecting the eyes, it also causes abnormalities in the brain. However, it is not yet clear how the primary visual cortex (V1) is altered in glaucoma. This study used DBA/2J mice as a model for spontaneous secondary glaucoma. The aim of the study was to compare the electrophysiological and histomorphological characteristics of neurons in the V1 between 9-month-old DBA/2J mice and age-matched C57BL/6J mice. We conducted single-unit recordings in the V1 of light-anesthetized mice to measure the visually induced responses, including single-unit spiking and gamma band oscillations. The morphology of layer II/III neurons was determined by neuronal nuclear antigen staining and Nissl staining of brain tissue sections. Eighty-seven neurons from eight DBA/2J mice and eighty-one neurons from eight C57BL/6J mice were examined. Compared with the C57BL/6J group, V1 neurons in the DBA/2J group exhibited weaker visual tuning and impaired spatial summation. Moreover, fewer neurons were observed in the V1 of DBA/2J mice compared with C57BL/6J mice. These findings suggest that DBA/2J mice have fewer neurons in the V1 compared with C57BL/6J mice, and that these neurons have impaired visual tuning. Our findings provide a better understanding of the pathological changes that occur in V1 neuron function and morphology in the DBA/2J mouse model. This study might offer some innovative perspectives regarding the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhaoxi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Maoxia Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ang Jia
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junjun Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Baitao Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing’an Chen
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Yang HC, Lavadi RS, Sauerbeck AD, Wallendorf M, Kummer TT, Song SK, Lin TH. Diffusion basis spectrum imaging detects subclinical traumatic optic neuropathy in a closed-head impact mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1269817. [PMID: 38152638 PMCID: PMC10752006 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1269817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is the optic nerve injury secondary to brain trauma leading to visual impairment and vision loss. Current clinical visual function assessments often fail to detect TON due to slow disease progression and clinically silent lesions resulting in potentially delayed or missed treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) is a novel imaging modality that can potentially fill this diagnostic gap. Twenty-two, 16-week-old, male mice were equally divided into a sham or TBI (induced by moderate Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration device) group. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (5% for 2.5 min followed by 2.5% maintenance during injury induction), had a helmet placed over the head, and were placed in a holder prior to a 2.1-joule impact. Serial visual acuity (VA) assessments, using the Virtual Optometry System, and DBSI scans were performed in both groups of mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histological analysis of optic nerves was also performed after in vivo MRI. Results VA of the TBI mice showed unilateral or bilateral impairment. DBSI of the optic nerves exhibited bilateral involvement. IHC results of the optic nerves revealed axonal loss, myelin injury, axonal injury, and increased cellularity in the optic nerves of the TBI mice. Increased DBSI axon volume, decreased DBSI λ||, and elevated DBSI restricted fraction correlated with decreased SMI-312, decreased SMI-31, and increased DAPI density, respectively, suggesting that DBSI can detect coexisting pathologies in the optic nerves of TBI mice. Conclusion DBSI provides an imaging modality capable of detecting subclinical changes of indirect TON in TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Raj Swaroop Lavadi
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew D. Sauerbeck
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael Wallendorf
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Terrance T. Kummer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tsen-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Sujanthan S, Shmuel A, Mendola JD. Resting-state functional MRI of the visual system for characterization of optic neuropathy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:943618. [PMID: 36330314 PMCID: PMC9622755 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.943618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathy refers to disease of the optic nerve and can result in loss of visual acuity and/or visual field defects. Combining findings from multiple fMRI modalities can offer valuable information for characterizing and managing optic neuropathies. In this article, we review a subset of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies of optic neuropathies. We consider glaucoma, acute optic neuritis (ON), discuss traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), and explore consistency between findings from RS and visually driven fMRI studies. Consistent with visually driven studies, glaucoma studies at rest also indicated reduced activation in the visual cortex and dorsal visual stream. RS-fMRI further reported varying levels of functional connectivity in the ventral stream depending on disease severity. ON patients show alterations within the visual cortex in both fMRI techniques. Particularly, higher-than-normal RS activity is observed in the acute phase and decreases as the disease progresses. A similar pattern is observed in the visual cortex of TON-like, open globe injury (OGI), patients. Additionally, visually driven and RS-fMRI studies of ON patients show recovery of brain activity in the visual cortex. RS-fMRI suggests recovery of signals in higher-tier visual areas MT and LOC as well. Finally, RS-fMRI has not yet been applied to TON, although reviewing OGI studies suggests that it is feasible. Future RS-fMRI studies of optic neuropathies could prioritize studying the fine scale RS activity of brain areas that visually driven studies have identified. We suggest that a more systematic longitudinal comparison of optic neuropathies with advanced fMRI would provide improved diagnostic and prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeevini Sujanthan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sujeevini Sujanthan,
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Physiology, and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Amir Shmuel,
| | - Janine Dale Mendola
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Janine Dale Mendola,
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