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Mokari-Mahallati M, Ebrahimpour R, Bagheri N, Karimi-Rouzbahani H. Deeper neural network models better reflect how humans cope with contrast variation in object recognition. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00007-X. [PMID: 36681154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visual inputs are far from ideal in everyday situations such as in the fog where the contrasts of input stimuli are low. However, human perception remains relatively robust to contrast variations. To provide insights about the underlying mechanisms of contrast invariance, we addressed two questions. Do contrast effects disappear along the visual hierarchy? Do later stages of the visual hierarchy contribute to contrast invariance? We ran a behavioral experiment where we manipulated the level of stimulus contrast and the involvement of higher-level visual areas through immediate and delayed backward masking of the stimulus. Backward masking led to significant drop in performance in our visual categorization task, supporting the role of higher-level visual areas in contrast invariance. To obtain mechanistic insights, we ran the same categorization task on three state-of the-art computational models of human vision each with a different depth in visual hierarchy. We found contrast effects all along the visual hierarchy, no matter how far into the hierarchy. Moreover, that final layers of deeper hierarchical models, which had been shown to be best models of final stages of the visual system, coped with contrast effects more effectively. These results suggest that, while contrast effects reach the final stages of the hierarchy, those stages play a significant role in compensating for contrast variations in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Mokari-Mahallati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Ebrahimpour
- Center for Cognitive Science, Institute for Convergence Science and Technology (ICST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran P.O.Box:11155-1639, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Nasour Bagheri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani
- MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK; Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
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2
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Mohan A, Luckey A, Weisz N, Vanneste S. Predisposition to domain-wide maladaptive changes in predictive coding in auditory phantom perception. Neuroimage 2021; 248:118813. [PMID: 34923130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is hypothesised to be a predictive coding problem. Previous research indicates lower sensitivity to prediction errors (PEs) in tinnitus patients while processing auditory deviants corresponding to tinnitus-specific stimuli. However, based on research with patients with hallucinations and no psychosis we hypothesise tinnitus patients may be more sensitive to PEs produced by auditory stimuli that are not related to tinnitus characteristics. Specifically in patients with minimal to no hearing loss, we hypothesise a more top-down subtype of tinnitus that may be driven by maladaptive changes in an auditory predictive coding network. To test this, we use an auditory oddball paradigm with omission of global and local deviants, a measure that is previously shown to empirically characterise hierarchical prediction errors (PEs). We observe: (1) increased predictions characterised by increased pre-stimulus response and increased alpha connectivity between the parahippocampus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and parahippocampus, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex; (2) increased PEs characterised by increased P300 amplitude and gamma activity and increased theta connectivity between auditory cortices, parahippocampus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in the tinnitus group; (3) increased overall feed-forward connectivity in theta from the auditory cortex and parahippocampus to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; (4) correlations of pre-stimulus theta activity to tinnitus loudness and alpha activity to tinnitus distress. These results provide empirical evidence of maladaptive changes in a hierarchical predictive coding network in a subgroup of tinnitus patients with minimal to no hearing loss. The changes in pre-stimulus activity and connectivity to non-tinnitus specific stimuli suggest that tinnitus patients not only produce strong predictions about upcoming stimuli but also may be predisposed to stimulus a-specific PEs in the auditory domain. Correlations with tinnitus-related characteristics may be a biomarker for maladaptive changes in auditory predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Mohan
- Global Brain Health Institute & Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Luckey
- Global Brain Health Institute & Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathan Weisz
- Salzburg Brain Dynamics Lab, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute & Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green 2, Dublin, Ireland; Lab for Clinical & Integrative Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, United States.
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3
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Acoustically Driven Cortical δ Oscillations Underpin Prosodic Chunking. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0562-20.2021. [PMID: 34083380 PMCID: PMC8272402 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0562-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillation-based models of speech perception postulate a cortical computational principle by which decoding is performed within a window structure derived by a segmentation process. Segmentation of syllable-size chunks is realized by a θ oscillator. We provide evidence for an analogous role of a δ oscillator in the segmentation of phrase-sized chunks. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) in humans, while participants performed a target identification task. Random-digit strings, with phrase-long chunks of two digits, were presented at chunk rates of 1.8 or 2.6 Hz, inside or outside the δ frequency band (defined here to be 0.5–2 Hz). Strong periodicities were elicited by chunk rates inside of δ in superior, middle temporal areas and speech-motor integration areas. Periodicities were diminished or absent for chunk rates outside δ, in line with behavioral performance. Our findings show that prosodic chunking of phrase-sized acoustic segments is correlated with acoustic-driven δ oscillations, expressing anatomically specific patterns of neuronal periodicities.
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4
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García-Moreno F, Molnár Z. Variations of telencephalic development that paved the way for neocortical evolution. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101865. [PMID: 32526253 PMCID: PMC7656292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charles Darwin stated, "community in embryonic structure reveals community of descent". Thus, to understand how the neocortex emerged during mammalian evolution we need to understand the evolution of the development of the pallium, the source of the neocortex. In this article, we review the variations in the development of the pallium that enabled the production of the six-layered neocortex. We propose that an accumulation of subtle modifications from very early brain development accounted for the diversification of vertebrate pallia and the origin of the neocortex. Initially, faint differences of expression of secretable morphogens promote a wide variety in the proportions and organization of sectors of the early pallium in different vertebrates. It prompted different sectors to host varied progenitors and distinct germinative zones. These cells and germinative compartments generate diverse neuronal populations that migrate and mix with each other through radial and tangential migrations in a taxon-specific fashion. Together, these early variations had a profound influence on neurogenetic gradients, lamination, positioning, and connectivity. Gene expression, hodology, and physiological properties of pallial neurons are important features to suggest homologies, but the origin of cells and their developmental trajectory are fundamental to understand evolutionary changes. Our review compares the development of the homologous pallial sectors in sauropsids and mammals, with a particular focus on cell lineage, in search of the key changes that led to the appearance of the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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5
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Frontoparietal connectivity correlates with working memory performance in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9310. [PMID: 32518271 PMCID: PMC7283327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Working Memory (WM) impairment is the most common cognitive deficit of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, evidence of its neurobiological mechanisms is scarce. Here we recorded electroencephalographic activity of twenty patients with relapsing-remitting MS and minimal cognitive deficit, and 20 healthy control (HC) subjects while they solved a WM task. In spite of similar performance, the HC group demonstrated both a correlation between temporoparietal theta activity and memory load, and a correlation between medial frontal theta activity and successful memory performances. MS patients did not show theses correlations leading significant differences between groups. Moreover, cortical connectivity analyses using granger causality and phase-amplitude coupling between theta and gamma revealed that HC group, but not MS group, presented a load-modulated progression of the frontal-to-parietal connectivity. This connectivity correlated with working memory capacity in MS groups. This early alterations in the oscillatory dynamics underlaying working memory could be useful for plan therapeutic interventions.
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6
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Aboitiz F, Montiel JF. Morphological evolution of the vertebrate forebrain: From mechanical to cellular processes. Evol Dev 2019; 21:330-341. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de NeurocienciasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juan F. Montiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
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7
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Sikkens T, Bosman CA, Olcese U. The Role of Top-Down Modulation in Shaping Sensory Processing Across Brain States: Implications for Consciousness. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:31. [PMID: 31680883 PMCID: PMC6802962 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-down, feedback projections account for a large portion of all connections between neurons in the thalamocortical system, yet their precise role remains the subject of much discussion. A large number of studies has focused on investigating how sensory information is transformed across hierarchically-distributed processing stages in a feedforward fashion, and computational models have shown that purely feedforward artificial neural networks can even outperform humans in pattern classification tasks. What is then the functional role of feedback connections? Several key roles have been identified, ranging from attentional modulation to, crucially, conscious perception. Specifically, most of the major theories on consciousness postulate that feedback connections would play an essential role in enabling sensory information to be consciously perceived. Consequently, it follows that their efficacy in modulating target regions should drastically decrease in nonconscious brain states [non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, anesthesia] compared to conscious ones (wakefulness), and also in instances when a given sensory stimulus is not perceived compared to when it is. Until recently, however, this prediction could only be tested with correlative experiments, due to the lack of techniques to selectively manipulate and measure the activity of feedback pathways. In this article, we will review the most recent literature on the functions of feedback connections across brain states and based on the presence or absence of perception. We will focus on experiments studying mismatch negativity, a phenomenon which has been hypothesized to rely on top-down modulation but which persists during nonconscious states. While feedback modulation is generally dampened in nonconscious states and enhanced when perception occurs, there are clear deviations from this rule. As we will discuss, this may pose a challenge to most theories of consciousness, and possibly require a change in how the level of consciousness in supposedly nonconscious states is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sikkens
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Conrado A Bosman
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Rajaei K, Mohsenzadeh Y, Ebrahimpour R, Khaligh-Razavi SM. Beyond core object recognition: Recurrent processes account for object recognition under occlusion. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007001. [PMID: 31091234 PMCID: PMC6538196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Core object recognition, the ability to rapidly recognize objects despite variations in their appearance, is largely solved through the feedforward processing of visual information. Deep neural networks are shown to achieve human-level performance in these tasks, and explain the primate brain representation. On the other hand, object recognition under more challenging conditions (i.e. beyond the core recognition problem) is less characterized. One such example is object recognition under occlusion. It is unclear to what extent feedforward and recurrent processes contribute in object recognition under occlusion. Furthermore, we do not know whether the conventional deep neural networks, such as AlexNet, which were shown to be successful in solving core object recognition, can perform similarly well in problems that go beyond the core recognition. Here, we characterize neural dynamics of object recognition under occlusion, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), while participants were presented with images of objects with various levels of occlusion. We provide evidence from multivariate analysis of MEG data, behavioral data, and computational modelling, demonstrating an essential role for recurrent processes in object recognition under occlusion. Furthermore, the computational model with local recurrent connections, used here, suggests a mechanistic explanation of how the human brain might be solving this problem. In recent years, deep-learning-based computer vision algorithms have been able to achieve human-level performance in several object recognition tasks. This has also contributed in our understanding of how our brain may be solving these recognition tasks. However, object recognition under more challenging conditions, such as occlusion, is less characterized. Temporal dynamics of object recognition under occlusion is largely unknown in the human brain. Furthermore, we do not know if the previously successful deep-learning algorithms can similarly achieve human-level performance in these more challenging object recognition tasks. By linking brain data with behavior, and computational modeling, we characterized temporal dynamics of object recognition under occlusion, and proposed a computational mechanism that explains both behavioral and the neural data in humans. This provides a plausible mechanistic explanation for how our brain might be solving object recognition under more challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rajaei
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Niavaran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Mohsenzadeh
- Computer Science and AI Lab (CSAIL), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reza Ebrahimpour
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Niavaran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (RE); (S-MK-R)
| | - Seyed-Mahdi Khaligh-Razavi
- Computer Science and AI Lab (CSAIL), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (RE); (S-MK-R)
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9
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Behroozi M, Billings BK, Helluy X, Manger PR, Güntürkün O, Ströckens F. Functional MRI in the Nile crocodile: a new avenue for evolutionary neurobiology. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0178. [PMID: 29695446 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians are important for understanding the evolutionary history of amniote neural systems as they are the nearest extant relatives of modern birds and share a stem amniote ancestor with mammals. Although the crocodilian brain has been investigated anatomically, functional studies are rare. Here, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), never tested in poikilotherms, to investigate crocodilian telencephalic sensory processing. Juvenile Crocodylus niloticus were placed in a 7 T MRI scanner to record blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes during the presentation of visual and auditory stimuli. Visual stimulation increased BOLD signals in rostral to mid-caudal portions of the dorso-lateral anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR). Simple auditory stimuli led to signal increase in the rostromedial and caudocentral ADVR. These activation patterns are in line with previously described projection fields of diencephalic sensory fibres. Furthermore, complex auditory stimuli activated additional regions of the caudomedial ADVR. The recruitment of these additional, presumably higher-order, sensory areas reflects observations made in birds and mammals. Our results indicate that structural and functional aspects of sensory processing have been likely conserved during the evolution of sauropsids. In addition, our study shows that fMRI can be used to investigate neural processing in poikilotherms, providing a new avenue for neurobiological research in these critical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Behroozi
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Felix Ströckens
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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10
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Hofman MA. On the nature and evolution of the human mind. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 250:251-283. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Proactive Sensing of Periodic and Aperiodic Auditory Patterns. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:870-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Montiel JF, Aboitiz F. Homology in Amniote Brain Evolution: The Rise of Molecular Evidence. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2018; 91:59-64. [PMID: 29860258 DOI: 10.1159/000489116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.,Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Opris I, Chang S, Noga BR. What Is the Evidence for Inter-laminar Integration in a Prefrontal Cortical Minicolumn? Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:116. [PMID: 29311848 PMCID: PMC5735117 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this perspective article is to examine columnar inter-laminar integration during the executive control of behavior. The integration hypothesis posits that perceptual and behavioral signals are integrated within the prefrontal cortical inter-laminar microcircuits. Inter-laminar minicolumnar activity previously recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of nonhuman primates, trained in a visual delay match-to-sample (DMS) task, was re-assessed from an integrative perspective. Biomorphic multielectrode arrays (MEAs) played a unique role in the in vivo recording of columnar cell firing in the dlPFC layers 2/3 and 5/6. Several integrative aspects stem from these experiments: 1. Functional integration of perceptual and behavioral signals across cortical layers during executive control. The integrative effect of dlPFC minicolumns was shown by: (i) increased correlated firing on correct vs. error trials; (ii) decreased correlated firing when the number of non-matching images increased; and (iii) similar spatial firing preference across cortical-striatal cells during spatial-trials, and less on object-trials. 2. Causal relations to integration of cognitive signals by the minicolumnar turbo-engines. The inter-laminar integration between the perceptual and executive circuits was facilitated by stimulating the infra-granular layers with firing patterns obtained from supra-granular layers that enhanced spatial preference of percent correct performance on spatial trials. 3. Integration across hierarchical levels of the brain. The integration of intention signals (visual spatial, direction) with movement preparation (timing, velocity) in striatum and with the motor command and posture in midbrain is also discussed. These findings provide evidence for inter-laminar integration of executive control signals within brain's prefrontal cortical microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Opris
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stephano Chang
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brian R. Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Kunze T, Peterson ADH, Haueisen J, Knösche TR. A model of individualized canonical microcircuits supporting cognitive operations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188003. [PMID: 29200435 PMCID: PMC5714354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major cognitive functions such as language, memory, and decision-making are thought to rely on distributed networks of a large number of basic elements, called canonical microcircuits. In this theoretical study we propose a novel canonical microcircuit model and find that it supports two basic computational operations: a gating mechanism and working memory. By means of bifurcation analysis we systematically investigate the dynamical behavior of the canonical microcircuit with respect to parameters that govern the local network balance, that is, the relationship between excitation and inhibition, and key intrinsic feedback architectures of canonical microcircuits. We relate the local behavior of the canonical microcircuit to cognitive processing and demonstrate how a network of interacting canonical microcircuits enables the establishment of spatiotemporal sequences in the context of syntax parsing during sentence comprehension. This study provides a framework for using individualized canonical microcircuits for the construction of biologically realistic networks supporting cognitive operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kunze
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jens Haueisen
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Knösche
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Kenigfest NB, Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin in the pigeon telencephalic auditory center. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1234567817020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Liu Z, Ciarleglio CM, Hamodi AS, Aizenman CD, Pratt KG. A population of gap junction-coupled neurons drives recurrent network activity in a developing visual circuit. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1477-86. [PMID: 26763780 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01046.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In many regions of the vertebrate brain, microcircuits generate local recurrent activity that aids in the processing and encoding of incoming afferent inputs. Local recurrent activity can amplify, filter, and temporally and spatially parse out incoming input. Determining how these microcircuits function is of great interest because it provides glimpses into fundamental processes underlying brain computation. Within the Xenopus tadpole optic tectum, deep layer neurons display robust recurrent activity. Although the development and plasticity of this local recurrent activity has been well described, the underlying microcircuitry is not well understood. Here, using a whole brain preparation that allows for whole cell recording from neurons of the superficial tectal layers, we identified a physiologically distinct population of excitatory neurons that are gap junctionally coupled and through this coupling gate local recurrent network activity. Our findings provide a novel role for neuronal coupling among excitatory interneurons in the temporal processing of visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming; and
| | | | - Ali S Hamodi
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming; and
| | - Carlos D Aizenman
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kara G Pratt
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming; and
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17
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Aboitiz F, Montiel JF. Olfaction, navigation, and the origin of isocortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:402. [PMID: 26578863 PMCID: PMC4621927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are remarkable similarities between the brains of mammals and birds in terms of microcircuit architecture, despite obvious differences in gross morphology and development. While in reptiles and birds the most expanding component (the dorsal ventricular ridge) displays an overall nuclear shape and derives from the lateral and ventral pallium, in mammals a dorsal pallial, six-layered isocortex shows the most remarkable elaboration. Regardless of discussions about possible homologies between mammalian and avian brains, a main question remains in explaining the emergence of the mammalian isocortex, because it represents a unique phenotype across amniotes. In this article, we propose that the origin of the isocortex was driven by behavioral adaptations involving olfactory driven goal-directed and navigating behaviors. These adaptations were linked with increasing sensory development, which provided selective pressure for the expansion of the dorsal pallium. The latter appeared as an interface in olfactory-hippocampal networks, contributing somatosensory information for navigating behavior. Sensory input from other modalities like vision and audition were subsequently recruited into this expanding region, contributing to multimodal associative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Juan F. Montiel
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Montiel JF, Aboitiz F. Pallial patterning and the origin of the isocortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:377. [PMID: 26512233 PMCID: PMC4604247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with a complex variety of behavioral, physiological, morphological, and neurobiological innovations, mammals are characterized by the development of an extensive isocortex (also called neocortex) that is both laminated and radially organized, as opposed to the brain of birds and reptiles. In this article, we will advance a developmental hypothesis in which the mechanisms of evolutionary brain growth remain partly conserved across amniotes (mammals, reptiles and birds), all based on Pax6 signaling or related morphogens. Despite this conservatism, only in mammals there is an additional upregulation of dorsal and anterior signaling centers (the cortical hem and the anterior forebrain, respectively) that promoted a laminar and a columnar structure into the neocortex. It is possible that independently, some birds also developed an upregulated dorsal pallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Montiel
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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